Permanent Magnet DC Motor - LabVolt Series By Festo Didactic
Electricity and New EnergyPermanent Magnet DC MotorCourseware Sample86357-F0
Order no.:86357-10Revision level: 12/2014By the staff of Festo Didactic Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2011Internet: www.festo-didactic.come-mail: did@de.festo.comPrinted in CanadaAll rights reservedISBN 978-2-89640-505-3 (Printed version)ISBN 978-2-89747-239-9 (CD-ROM)Legal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2011Legal Deposit – Library and Archives Canada, 2011The purchaser shall receive a single right of use which is non-exclusive, non-time-limited and limitedgeographically to use at the purchaser's site/location as follows.The purchaser shall be entitled to use the work to train his/her staff at the purchaser's site/location andshall also be entitled to use parts of the copyright material as the basis for the production of his/her owntraining documentation for the training of his/her staff at the purchaser's site/location withacknowledgement of source and to make copies for this purpose. In the case of schools/technicalcolleges, training centers, and universities, the right of use shall also include use by school and collegestudents and trainees at the purchaser's site/location for teaching purposes.The right of use shall in all cases exclude the right to publish the copyright material or to make thisavailable for use on intranet, Internet and LMS platforms and databases such as Moodle, which allowaccess by a wide variety of users, including those outside of the purchaser's site/location.Entitlement to other rights relating to reproductions, copies, adaptations, translations, microfilming andtransfer to and storage and processing in electronic systems, no matter whether in whole or in part, shallrequire the prior consent of Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG.Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment onthe part of Festo Didactic. The Festo materials described in this document are furnished under a licenseagreement or a nondisclosure agreement.Festo Didactic recognizes product names as trademarks or registered trademarks of their respectiveholders.All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Other trademarks and trade names maybe used in this document to refer to either the entity claiming the marks and names or their products.Festo Didactic disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own.
Safety and Common SymbolsThe following safety and common symbols may be used in this manual and onthe equipment:SymbolDescriptionDANGER indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if notavoided, will result in death or serious injury.WARNING indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which,if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.CAUTION indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if notavoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.CAUTION used without the Caution, risk of danger sign ,indicates a hazard with a potentially hazardous situation which,if not avoided, may result in property damage.Caution, risk of electric shockCaution, hot surfaceCaution, risk of dangerCaution, lifting hazardCaution, hand entanglement hazardNotice, non-ionizing radiationDirect currentAlternating currentBoth direct and alternating currentThree-phase alternating currentEarth (ground) terminal Festo Didactic 86357-10III
Safety and Common SymbolsSymbolDescriptionProtective conductor terminalFrame or chassis terminalEquipotentialityOn (supply)Off (supply)Equipment protected throughout by double insulation orreinforced insulationIn position of a bi-stable push controlOut position of a bi-stable push controlIV Festo Didactic 86357-10
Table of ContentsPreface . VII About This Manual . IX To the Instructor . XI Introduction Permanent Magnet DC Motors . 1 DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS . 1 Work, torque, and power. 1 Basic dc motor operation . 3 Permanent magnet dc motors. 5 Exercise 1 Prime Mover and Brake Operation . 7 DISCUSSION . 7 Introduction to the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/PowerSupply . 7 Two-quadrant constant-torque brake. 7 Clockwise constant-speed prime mover/brake . 8 Counterclockwise constant-speed prime mover/brake . 9 Speed, torque, and mechanical power measurementsusing the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply . 10 Motor operation . 10 Generator operation . 10 PROCEDURE . 11 Setup and connections . 11 Two-quadrant, constant-torque brake operation. 13 Constant-speed prime mover operation . 16 Constant-speed prime mover driving a loaded generator . 20 Exercise 2 Permanent Magnet DC Motor Operating as a Generator. 25 DISCUSSION . 25 Permanent magnets . 25 Magnetic field around a conductor . 26 Magnetic field in a loop of wire (electromagnet) . 27 Electromagnetic induction . 29 Construction of a permanent magnet dc motor . 33 Permanent magnet dc motor operating as a generator . 34 Reducing the fluctuations of the generated dc voltage . 38 Characteristic of the generated voltage as a function ofthe rotation speed . 40 Torque opposing rotation in a permanent magnetdc motor operating as a generator . 40 Opposition torque-versus-current characteristic . 42 Festo Didactic 86357-10V
Table of ContentsPROCEDURE . 43 Electromagnetic induction phenomenon . 43 Opposition to rotation . 44 Voltage-versus-speed characteristic of a permanentmagnet dc motor operating as a generator . 44 Clockwise rotation. 46 Counterclockwise rotation . 48 Torque-versus-current characteristic of a permanentmagnet dc motor operating as a generator . 50 Exercise 3 Permanent Magnet DC Motor Operating as a Motor . 57 DISCUSSION . 57 Operation of a permanent magnet dc motor as a motor . 57 Magnetic field produced in the armature . 58 Armature rotation resulting from the interaction betweenthe magnetic fields of the armature and permanentmagnets . 60 Equivalent diagram of a permanent magnet dc motor . 62 PROCEDURE . 65 Setup and connections . 66 Speed-versus-voltage characteristic of a permanentmagnet dc motor operating as a motor . 67 Clockwise rotation. 67 Counterclockwise rotation . 70 Torque-versus-current and speed-versus-torquecharacteristics of a permanent magnet dc motoroperating as a motor . 71 Clockwise rotation. 72 Counterclockwise rotation . 74 Appendix A Equipment Utilization Chart . 81 Appendix B Glossary of New Terms. 83 Appendix C Circuit Diagram Symbols . 85 Appendix D Preparation of the Lead-Acid Battery Pack . 91 Charging procedure . 91 Sulfation test . 92 Battery maintenance . 93 Index of New Terms . 95 Bibliography . 97 VI Festo Didactic 86357-10
PrefaceThe production of energy using renewable natural resources such as wind,sunlight, rain, tides, geothermal heat, etc., has gained much importance in recentyears as it is an effective means of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.The need for innovative technologies to make the grid smarter has recentlyemerged as a major trend, as the increase in electrical power demand observedworldwide makes it harder for the actual grid in many countries to keep up withdemand. Furthermore, electric vehicles (from bicycles to cars) are developed andmarketed with more and more success in many countries all over the world.To answer the increasingly diversified needs for training in the wide field ofelectrical energy, the Electric Power Technology Training Program wasdeveloped as a modular study program for technical institutes, colleges, anduniversities. The program is shown below as a flow chart, with each box in theflow chart representing a course.The Electric Power Technology Training Program. Festo Didactic 86357-10VII
PrefaceThe program starts with a variety of courses providing in-depth coverage of basictopics related to the field of electrical energy such as ac and dc power circuits,power transformers, rotating machines, ac power transmission lines, and powerelectronics. The program then builds on the knowledge gained by the studentthrough these basic courses to provide training in more advanced subjects suchas home energy production from renewable resources (wind and sunlight), largescale electricity production from hydropower, large-scale electricity productionfrom wind power (doubly-fed induction generator [DFIG], synchronous generator,and asynchronous generator technologies), smart-grid technologies (SVC,STATCOM, HVDC transmission, etc.), storage of electrical energy in batteries,and drive systems for small electric vehicles and cars.Do you have suggestions or criticism regarding this manual?If so, send us an e-mail at did@de.festo.com.The authors and Festo Didactic look forward to your comments.VIII Festo Didactic 86357-10
About This ManualRotating machines such as electrical motors and generators (or alternators) arefound in almost every sector of the industry. The basic principles of operation ofrotating machines have been known for almost two centuries. Rotating machinesoperate due to the interaction between magnetic fields and current-carryingconductors, and are split into two basic categories: motors and generators.Permanent magnet dc motors are rotating machines that operate using directcurrent (i.e., they are dc powered). They can be used as either generators ormotors. Permanent magnet dc motors are rugged components that are easy toconnect and require little maintenance. They are found in a variety ofapplications, such as battery charging, small electric vehicles, windmilltechnology, mobility scooters, pumps, machine tools, kitchen appliances, opticalequipment, etc.The present course introduces the student to permanent magnet dc motors usedas either generators or motors. The course covers the construction, operatingprinciples, and characteristic curves of permanent magnet dc motors related toeach of these two operating modes.The equipment for the course mainly consists of the Permanent MagnetDC Motor and the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. The operation ofthe motor is controlled using the LVDAC-EMS software, which also provides theinstrumentation required to record the experimental data and plot characteristiccurves.Safety considerationsSafety symbols that may be used in this manual and on the equipment are listedin the Safety Symbols table at the beginning of the manual.Safety procedures related to the tasks that you will be asked to perform areindicated in each exercise.Make sure that you are wearing appropriate protective equipment whenperforming the tasks. You should never perform a task if you have any reason tothink that a manipulation could be dangerous for you or your teammates.PrerequisiteAs a prerequisite to this course, you should have read the manual titledDC Power Circuits, p.n. 86350.Systems of unitsUnits are expressed using the International System of Units (SI) followed by theunits expressed in the U.S. customary system of units (between parentheses). Festo Didactic 86357-10IX
To the InstructorYou will find in this Instructor Guide all the elements included in the StudentManual together with the answers to all questions, results of measurements,graphs, explanations, suggestions, and, in some cases, instructions to help youguide the students through their learning process. All the information that appliesto you is placed between markers and appears in red.Accuracy of measurementsThe numerical results of the hands-on exercises may differ from one student toanother. For this reason, the results and answers given in this manual should beconsidered as a guide. Students who correctly performed the exercises shouldexpect to demonstrate the principles involved and make observations andmeasurements similar to those given as answers.Equipment installationIn order for students to be able to perform the exercises in the Student Manual,the Electric Power Technology Training Equipment must have been properlyinstalled, according to the instructions given in the user guide Electric PowerTechnology Training Equipment, part number 38486-E. Festo Didactic 86357-10XI
Sample ExerciseExtracted fromthe Student Manualand the Instructor Guide
Exercise2Permanent Magnet DC Motor Operating as a GeneratorEXERCISE OBJECTIVEWhen you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the constructionof permanent magnet dc motors as well as their operation as generators.DISCUSSION OUTLINEThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: DISCUSSIONPermanent magnets Magnetic field around a conductor Magnetic field in a loop of wire (electromagnet) Electromagnetic induction Construction of a permanent magnet dc motor Permanent magnet dc motor operating as a generator Reducing the fluctuations of the generated dc voltage Characteristic of the generated voltage as a function of the rotationspeed Torque opposing rotation in a permanent magnet dc motor operating asa generator Opposition torque-versus-current characteristic Permanent magnetsA permanent magnet is a piece of iron or metal surrounded by a magnetic field,as Figure 13 shows. This magnetic field is constant, i.e., it persists naturallywithout the need of an electrical current. The magnet has a north (N) pole and asouth (S) pole. These poles are situated near the ends of the magnet where themagnetic field strength is the greatest.North (N)poleMagnetic fieldNMagnetic fieldSSouth (S)poleFigure 13. A permanent magnet has two poles called north (N) and south (S). Festo Didactic 86357-1025
Exercise 2 – Permanent Magnet DC Motor Operating as a Generator DiscussionThe direction of the magnetic field is indicated by the line arrows: from north tosouth outside the magnet, and from south to north within the magnet.Like poles on magnets repel each other while unlike poles attract each other, asFigure 14 shows.xRepulsion: when a pole on a magnet is moved toward a pole of similarpolarity on another magnet, the magnets repel each other, as Figure 14ashows.xAttraction: when a pole on a magnet is moved toward a pole of oppositepolarity on another magnet, the magnets attract each other, asFigure 14b shows.SNNSSN(a) RepulsionSN(b) AttractionFigure 14. Like poles repel each other while opposite poles attract each other.Magnetic field around a conductorWhen electrical current flows through a conductor like an electric wire, amagnetic field is created. The magnetic field is represented by concentric linescentered around the wire axis, as Figure 15 shows. The direction of the magneticfield lines can be determined by using the right-hand rule, as Figure 15 shows.26xThe thumb represents the direction of the current in the conductor.xThe other fingers represent the direction of the magnetic field lines. Festo Didactic 86357-10
Exercise 2 – Permanent Magnet DC Motor Operating as a Generator DiscussionMagneticfield ܫ Thumb in the direction of current flow. Theother fingers show the direction of themagnetic field lines.ConductorRight handFigure 15. When electrical current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is createdaround the conductor.Magnetic field in a loop of wire (electromagnet)When current flows through a loop of wire, a magnetic field is created in the loop.As Figure 16 shows, this magnetic field has north and south poles, like apermanent magnet. In this condition, the loop of wire forms an electromagnet.Permanentmagnet Magnetic fielddirectionWhen current flowsthrough the loop, thewire loop forms anelectromagnetFigure 16. Magnetic field created in a loop of wire.By using the right-hand rule, the direction of the magnetic field inside the loop ofwire and, therefore, the location of the north and south poles can be determined.The higher the current flowing through the loop, the stronger the magnetic fieldproduced in the loop. When the current flow is interrupted, the magnetic fielddisappears. Festo Didactic 86357-1027
Exercise 2 – Permanent Magnet DC Motor Operating as a Generator DiscussionFigure 17. Permanent magnet dc generators can be used for battery charging.Figure 18. Permanent magnet dc generators can be used in small-scale wind turbines.28 Festo Didactic 86357-10
Exercise 2 – Permanent Magnet DC Motor Operating as a Generator DiscussionElectromagnetic inductionThe operation of various electric devices (transformers, generators, alternators,motors, etc.) is based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, whichstates the following:1. A voltage is induced across the terminals of a wire loop if the magneticflux passing through the loop varies as a function of time.2. The value of the induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change ofthe magnetic flux.The voltage induced across the terminals of a wire loop when the magnetic fluxpassing through the loop varies can be calculated usi
require the prior consent of Festo Didactic GmbH & Co. KG. Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Festo Didactic. The Festo mat
EC Electric Cylinder - User s Manual 4 Cylinder Configuration Guide 2 D 24VDC, 4.5 Amp, Permanent Magnet Motor H 160VDC, 2 Amp, Permanent Magnet Motor H4 160VDC, 5 Amp, Permanent Magnet Motor P22[*x] NEMA 23 Frame, Step Motor, 3 Stack P32[*x] NEMA 34 Frame, Step Motor, 2 Stack S32[*x] NEMA 34 Frame, Step Motor, 2 Stack S42[*x] NEMA 42 Frame, Step Motor, 2 Stack .
characteristics of motor. Permanent magnet brushless DC motor, design and its dynamic performance analysis is done on ANSYS/RM Expert and then its electromagnetic studies has done on ANSYS/Maxwell 3D.In last motor is analyze by varying the lead angle in control circuit. Keywords- highest running Permanent magnet brushless DC motor, FEM method .
The motor to be optimized in terms of performances and efficiency is a 4 pole, 3 phase winding Y connected, 24 slots brushless permanent magnet motor. It has been used as motor for pump applications at 2000 rpm. The motor drive is 48 Volts sine drive capable of delivering 50 Amps max. The magnet material used in the current design is ceramic .
N2 Electric Cylinder - User's Manual 4 Cylinder Configuration Guide D 24VDC, 4.5 Amp, Permanent Magnet Motor H 160VDC, 2 Amp, Permanent Magnet Motor P22[*x] NEMA 23 Frame, Step Motor, 3 Stack S32[*x] NEMA 34 Frame, Step Motor, 2 Stack B23 23 Frame Brushless Servo Motor X Customer Supplied Motor ( motor described in "Options" element of part number)
The permanent magnet linear synchronous motor usually can be divided into sine wave driving permanent magnet linear synchronous motor and the square-wave driving permanent magnet Brushless DC motor. In the paper, the two control strategies FOC and DTC were researched for PMLSM driven by three phase sine wave. II. THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PMLSM
To cite this article: Lianxue Gao & Ran Zhang (2021) Design analysis and control of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor in micro electric vehicle, Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 18:4, 303-309, DOI: 10.1080/1448837X.2021.1982444 . and obtains a design for permanent-magnet BLDC motors. The BLDC motor has the .
To achieve more powerful motor, the design of the motor and position along with the angle of the permanent magnet is research in order to obtain better torque density. Having a good design which included the position and angle of the interior permanent magnet in rotor section contribute to increasing the power density of the motor[3].
2 - Motor Design Ltd. 1 Scotland Street, Ellemere, Shropshire, SY12 OEG, UK, jacek.junak@continental-corporation.com, grzegorz.ombach@continental-corporation.com, dave.staton@motor-design.com Abstract - Despite the increased use of brushless permanent magnet motors over past 25 years, the permanent magnet dc
