UGC-NET Paper 1st Unit-1 Ugc-net Fillerform(UGC .
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.comFillerform(UGC NET Free Online Class)Unit-1 Teaching aptitude(english)More Notes- Click HereThrough the teaching aptitude, the skills and knowledge of the candidate in terms ofteaching methods will be determined. This will examine the various knowledge domain ofthe student such as problem-solving skills, student management, teaching methods, etc.The objective of TeachingThe major objective of teaching covers different types of intended learning outcomes.1.2.3.4.Acquisition of knowledgeDevelopment of UnderstandingDevelopment of Conceptual, intellectual and subject-specific skillsDevelopment of values valuesIn general – To Change behaviour and conduct of studentTo improve the learning skills of students, including methodological, criticalthinking, writing, creativity, hypothesis etc.Subject KnowledgeTo provide a social and efficient member of societyNature and characteristic of Teachingpg. 1
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.comTeaching is a social and cultural process, which is planned in order to enable an individualto learn something in his life. We can describe the nature and characteristics of teaching inthe following way: Teaching is a complete social process- Teaching is undertaken for society and bysociety. With ever-changing social ideas, it is not possible to describe the exact andpermanent nature of teaching.Teaching is giving information- Teaching tells students about the things they haveto know and students cannot find out themselves. Communication of knowledge isan essential part of teaching.Teaching is an interactive process- Teaching is an interactive process between thestudent and the teaching sources, which is essential for the guidance, progress, anddevelopment of students.Teaching is a process of development and learning.Teaching causes a change in behaviour.Teaching is art as well as science.Teaching is face to face encounter.Teaching is observable, measurable and modifiable.Teaching is a skilled occupation:- Every successful teacher is expected to know thegeneral methods of teaching-learning situations.Teaching facilitates learningTeaching is both a conscious and an unconscious process.Teaching is from memory level to reflective level.Teaching is a continuum of training, conditioning, instruction, and indoctrination.Levels of TeachingThe Overall object of teaching is to build the overall personality of the learners and it evolvesaround the development of learner’s capability, thinking and change in the behavior ofstudents.Different level of Teaching pg. 2Memory Level of TeachingUnderstanding the Level of TeachingReflective Level of Teaching
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.comImportant Points on Memory level teaching (MLT) Memory level teaching emphasis on presentation of fact and information and it’s allabout CRAMMING.Knowledge or information is gained by the learner through memorization.It is the initial stage of teaching and induces the habit of ROTE Learning of facts andsubject mattersIt provides students the ability to retain and reproduce the learned subject.It covers only the knowledge-based objectives of Bloom’s Taxonomy. At this level,the student learns to identify, recall or remembers the objects, events, ideas and retainthem in memory.The teacher plays a very dominating and authoritarian role while instructingThe evaluation system mainly includes Oral, Written and easy type-examination aswell organized and is simple in nature so that it can be acquired through rote learning.The role of the teacher is prominent (Primary & active) and that of the student issecondary (Secondary & Passive).Memory level teaching does not improve intelligence and increase student’scapability but this is required for other types of teaching levels.The Herbartian theory of apperception supports that the young children’s mind is ready forperceiving themselves and the world around. Their mind is ready for a great mass of factualinformation including concepts, elements, structures, models and theories. They can acquireand retain information about a large number of things, objects, and material throughmemorization.Classification of memory: pg. 3Immediate memory: when a recall is immediatePermanent memory: the recalling of material for a longer time.Personal memory: while recalling past experiences, we remember our personal pastexperience.Impersonal memory: recalling from books, and companion.Active memory: make effort to recall past experiences, recalling answers in exams.Passive memory: recall past experience without effort.Mechanical memory or physical memory: body becoming habitual of doing any taskrepeatedly.Rote memory: cramming facts without understanding.
UGC-NET Paper 1st Unit-1www.ugc-net.comLogical memory: to learn something by using intellect and it’s recalling whenneeded.Important Points on Understanding level of teaching(ULT) Memory level teaching is the prerequisite for the understanding level of teaching asit talks about the generalization of principles, theory and other key important facts.This helps to build the thinking level of students to make use of their acquiredknowledge on the basis of previously known facts and subjects.The teacher explains the student about the relationship between principles and factsand teaches them how these principles can be applied.It focusses on mastery of the subjectIt provides more and more opportunity for the students to develop skills of ‘Memory Insight’The evaluation system of this level is mainly objective type questions and essays.Student and teacher both play an active role in the Understanding level of teachingMorrison has divided the understanding level of teaching into 5 steps; Exploration: testing previous knowledge, analyzing the content.Presentation: content is presented, diagnosis, and recapitulation till the studentsunderstand.Assimilation: generalization, individual activities, working in laboratory and library,the test of content.Organization: pupils are provided with the occasions for representation.Recitation: The pupil presents the content orally.Important Points on Reflective level of teaching(RLT)Reflecting on something means giving careful thought to something over a period of time.It also means thinking deeply about something. pg. 4It talks about both ‘Understanding level’ & ‘Memory Level’ teaching and itsproblem-centered.Its main objective to develop problem-solving, critical and constructive,independent, original thinking.At this level, the emphasis is laid on identifying the problem, defining it and findinga solution to it. The student’s original thinking and creative-abilities develop at thislevel.
UGC-NET Paper 1st Unit-1www.ugc-net.comA student is Core ‘Active & Primary’ while the Teacher becomes ‘Secondary &passive’ in this.In Reflective level of teaching (RLT) Hunt is the main Proponent. It includes ULTand MLT. It is problem-centered teaching. The students are assumed to adopt somesort of research approach to solve the problem. The classroom environment is to besufficiently ‘Open and Independent’Hunt developed the reflective model of teaching which goes through the varioussteps including creating a problematic situation. Formulate and verify the hypothesis,data analysis and testing the hypothesis around the problem.An essay type test is used to evaluate the learning process.The teaching at this level is not teacher-centered or subject-centered, it is leanercentered.Basic Requirements in Teachinga.b.c.d.e.Three variables in teaching – Includes the Teacher, Student & Environmental factorsProfessionalismSuitable EnvironmentTeacher Student RelationshipStudents DisciplineLearner Characteristicsi. Readiness – Motivation, interest & curiosity to learnii. Exercise – Practice what is learntiii. Effect – Activities associated with pleasure are preferred over those that lead to pain orpunishmentiv. Attitudes & Habits – Must be positive & encouragingv. Absence of anger & jealousy- They weaken learning abilitiesvi. Slow beginning followed by gradual development of interestsMethods of Teachingpg. 5
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.comTeaching is an exercise of both talent & creativity involving a repertoire of skills, techniquesand procedures. The teaching profession has faced many challenges and transformationsand has adopted recent and sophisticated technology.The act of teaching has three phases mainly,···Pre-Active: Planning phaseInter-Active: Implementation of what was planned i.e. actual teachingPost- Active: Evaluating activities that serve as feedbackThere are five steps involved in the process of teaching:a. Preparation· Of both the teacher and student· Teacher must identify the level of the children· The teacher can introduce the lesson by asking appropriate questions from aprevious chapter to connect it to the new chapter· Relevant topics/stories can be discussed & narrated in class· Introduction must be brief and create interest to stimulate curiosity in studentsb. Presentation· Teacher must state the aim of the lesson to be taught so that the students can preparethemselves for what they are expecting· The teacher then presents the lesson by using different materials, presenting facts and otherprinciples relevant to the lesson· The teacher can leave some area of the lesson for the student to explorec. Comparisonpg. 6
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.com· The third step of learning where the student is presented with the opportunity to comparetwo sets of factsd. Generalization· By observation and comparison various conclusions can be drawn· Teachers must aid the students when they arrive at incorrect generalizations· The students must understand the law/principle taught by the teacher for this stage to besuccessfule. Application· Knowledge loses half its value unless if used in the discovery of further facts and theirapplication to new situations· Makes learning meaningful and permanent· Serves purpose of revision of what has been learnt· Children can be evaluated through examinationsA. Methods of Teaching According to Different Schools of Philosophya. Methods by Idealism-They speak of the general nature of teaching methods onlyThey don’t specify any method to be adopted while learning (used during theUpanishadic period too in India)aka informal dialectic methodIdealist value use of well prepared & presented lecturesSocrates – Question methodPlato – Conversational methodAristotle – Inductive and Deductive methodsHegel – Logical methodPestalozzi – Self activity methodHerbart – Discussion methodFroebel’s metaphor of ‘Kindergarten’b.pg. 7Methods by Naturalism
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.com-Rousseau believed education lasts throughout life & is gained everyday through variouslife experiencesHe believes learning should be based on actual experience & a practical problem mustbe studied in its natural settingLearning can also take place in the spirit & methods of playThe methods recommended by Rousseau maybe identified with the heuristic method &experimental method advocated by John Deweyc.-Pragmatic MethodsFocus on child and society and the activities thereinLearning occurs as a result of an activityChildren must learn how to discover & method of teaching experimentalIt must develop reflective thinking in children so that they ask ‘Why?’Teaching aids helps students to improve their skills and make learning fun. There are variouskinds of teaching aids.1. Chart - Shows group facts in the form of a diagram, table or graph & includes an outline orword definitions2. Flash Cards - A set of cards that have number, letters, pictures or words on it & are used forfacts and enhance memory3. Flip Charts - Useful for teaching large groups at a time and while teaching a lesson whichinvolves stages or a process.4. Maps - Used in social studies so that students can understand spatial relations5. Newspapers - Used to learn about different places, cultures, grammar & current events.6. Graphs - Can be used in any subject. To compare population growth in social studies,numbers & ratios7. Surveys - Can be used by the teacher to gain feedback.pg. 8
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.com8. Audio Visual Aids - Things to remember while using AV aids:- Select the one suited for the topic- Use AV to support or reinforce the activity- Make sure the AV aid can be seen & heard clearly- Practice using the aids before hand9. Hardware - Radio, TV & Tape recorder10. Software - Board, Cartoons & ModelsE.EvaluativeSystemsThey are a device through which we can gauge what exactly a student achieve from Helps to know about the physical, mental, emotional and social behavior of the individualAidsinguidanceofthepupil- Three methods of personality assessment: Psychometric, Projective & BehavioralProjectiveTestsHelps- An ambiguous stimulus is presentedprojecting their personality- Two widely used Projective tests area.pg. 9touncover unconscious motivesto the client who interprets it as they like thusthroughtheirresponses.: Rorschach Test & Thematic Apperception TestRorschachTest
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.com- Developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in the 1920's- Series of 10 cards each displaying different inkblots either colored or black & white- The subject is asked to look at each card one at a time & report everything seen on the card- After all 10 cards are done, the examiners goes over every response to ask them ionb.ThematicApperceptionTest(TAT)- Developed at Harvard University by Henry Murray in 1930's- Less ambiguous than Rorschach as it consists of actual scenes on 20 cards- The subject is asked to base a story depending on the picture- The test is intended to reveal the 'themes' that occur in the persons imaginations- Apperceptions is perceptions of things in a certain way due to past experience- If a problem is bothering a particular subject, they may show up in a number of stories.3.PhilosophicalEvaluationbasedonmasteryof- Test the memory, mastery and ability to apply the skills learntEvaluationsubjectmatterOff-Line and On-Line Learningऑफ-लाइन और ऑन-लाइन अधिगमOff-Line Learning (ऑफ-लाइन अधिगम)Off-line learning is the traditional learning method. Here the teacher act as a sender and thestudent act as a receiver. The communication between them is through talking face to facethrough calk and chalkboard or overhead projectors. This method has been used for decadesas an educational strategy.ऑफ लाइन अधिगम पारंपररक धिक्षण पद्धधि है। यहां धिक्षक एक प्रेषक के रूप में कायय करिा है और छात्र एकररसीवर के रूप में कायय करिा है। उन दोनों के बीच का संवाद कालक और चॉकबोर्य या ओवरहेर् प्रोजेक्टर केमाध्यम से आमने-सामने बाि करने के माध्यम से होिा है। इस पद्धधि का उपयोग दिकों से एक िैधक्षक रणनीधि केरूप में धकया जािा रहा हैpg. 10
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.comCharacteristics of Off-Line Methods (ऑफ-लाइन धिधियों की धिशेषताएँ)The Off-Line method is traditional but there are pros and cons of Off-line methods. Hereare the following some characteristics of Off-line methods.ऑफ-लाइन धवधि पारंपररक है लेधकन ऑफ-लाइन धवधियों के फायदे और नकु सान हैं। यहां ऑफ-लाइन धवधियोंकी कुछ धविेषिाएं धनम्नधलधिि हैं1. Teacher’s role is important. धिक्षक की भधू मका महत्वपणू य है2. Students are not active. छात्र सधिय नहीं हैं।3. This approach can give good marks in the examination यह दृधिकोण परीक्षा में अच्छे अकंधदला सकिा हैAdvantages of Off-Line Methods (ऑफ-लाइन धिधियों के लाभ)Here are some advantages regarding the off-line method of learning. सीिने की ऑफ-लाइनपद्धधि के बारे में कुछ फायदे यहां धदए गए हैं।1. Easy approach आसान दृधिकोण2. Popular method. लोकधप्रय धवधि।3. Marks oriented. अकु ।ं उन्मिDisadvantages of Off-Line Methods (ऑफ-लाइन धिधियों का नुकसान) :1. Marks oriented rather than result-oriented. पररणाम उन्मिु होने के बजाय अकु ।ं उन्मि2. Based on memorization but not understanding. सस्ं मरण पर आिाररि लेधकन समझ में नहींआना।3. Students depend on teachers. छात्र धिक्षकों पर धनभयर करिे हैं।4. Students are passive listeners. छात्र धनधरिय श्रोिा हैं।5. Can not gain extra knowledge. अधिररक्त ज्ञान प्राप्त नहीं कर सकिाOnline Learning (ऑनलाइन अधिगम) :Online learning is the modern method of learning. It is facilitated by electronic gadgets. Itis abbreviated as E-Learning. It includes the services of electronic gadgets, teleconferencing,video conferencing, computer-based conferencing etcpg. 11
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.comऑनलाइन अधिगम धिक्षण की आिधु नक धवधि है। यह इलेक्रॉधनक गैजटे ् स द्वारा सधु विाजनक है। यह ई-लधनिंग केरूप में सधं क्षप्त है। इसमें इलेक्रॉधनक गैजटे ् स, टेलीकाफ्रं ें धसंग, वीधर्यो कॉन्फ्रेंधसगं , कंप्यटू र-आिाररि कॉन्फ्रेंधसगंआधद की सेवाएं िाधमल हैंPre-requisite for On-Line Learning (ऑन लाइन अधिगम के धलए शतत)There are basically two prerequisite for E-Leaning. They are ई-लधनिंग के धलए मलू रूप से दो िियहैं। वो हैं1. They call for the services of the computers, laptops. इसके धलए कंप्यटू र, लैपटॉप की जरुरिहैं।2. The use of Internet services and Web technology is a must for their functioning.इटं रनेट सेवाओ ं और वेब प्रौद्योधगकी का उपयोग उनके कामकाज के धलए जरूरी हैCharacteristics of On-Line Methods (ऑन-लाइन धिधियों की धिशेषताएँ)Online method is traditional but there are pros and cons of On-line methods. Here are thefollowing some characteristics of On-line methods ऑनलाइन धवधि पारंपररक है, लेधकन ऑन-लाइनधवधियों के फायेदे और नकु सान हैं। यहााँ ऑन-लाइन धवधियों की कुछ धविेषिाएाँ दी गई हैं1.2.3.4.It is computer-enhanced learning यह कंप्यटू र-वधियि धिक्षा हैSeparation of teachers and learners. धिक्षकों और धिक्षाधथययों का पृथक्करण।Self-paced learning स्वप्रधिधक्षि धिक्षाThe use of a computer network is essential. कंप्यटू र नेटवकय का उपयोग आवश्यक हैAdvantages of On-Line Methods (ऑन-लाइन धिधियों के लाभ)Both the sides of the coin are not the same. If there are benefits of something then theremight also be disadvantages simultaneously. Here we are going to discuss some benefitsregarding On-Line method of learning.धसक्के के दोनों पहलू समान नहीं हैं। अगर धकसी चीज के फायदे हैं िो साथ में नकु सान भी हो सकिा है। यहां हमऑन-लाइन पद्धधि सीिने के बारे में कुछ लाभों पर चचाय करने जा रहे हैं।1.2.3.4.pg. 12Content update is easy सामग्री अद्यिन आसान हैSaves travel cost. यात्रा लागि बचािा है।Saves time. समय बचािा है।Internet connections are widely available. इटं रनेट कनेक्िन व्यापक रूप से उपलब्ि हैं।
UGC-NET Paper 1stUnit-1www.ugc-net.com5. Accessibility and suitability पहचाँ और उपयक्तु िाDisadvantages of Online Methods (ऑनलाइन धिधियों का नुकसान)Following are some disadvantages of online learning methods. ऑनलाइन धिक्षण धवधियों के कुछनकु सान धनम्नधलधिि हैं1.2.3.4.5.Feedback is limited प्रधिधिया सीधमि हैCostly method of learning सीिने की महगं ी धवधिHealth issues. स्वास््य के मद्दु ।ेSlower performance due to limited bandwidth. सीधमि बैंर्धवर््थ के कारण िीमा प्रदियन।Lack of personal connections. व्यधक्तगि संबंि का अभावDifference between Off-Line Learning and Online Learning(ऑफ-लाइन अधिगम और ऑनलाइन अधिगम के बीच अंतर)Off-Line Learning ऑफ-लाइन अधिगमOnline Learning ऑनलाइन अधिगमTraditional method पारंपररक धवधिModern method आिधु नक धवधिNo health issues कोई स्वास््य संबंिी समस्या नहींBad health issues िराब स्वास््य मद्दु ेNeed to be physically present िारीररक रूप से No need to be physically present िारीररक रूपउपधस्थि होने की आवश्यकिा हैसे उपधस्थि होने की आवश्यकिा नहीं हैStrict rules and guidelines सख्ि धनयम और No strict rules and guidelines कोई सख्ि धनयमधदिाधनदेिऔर धदिाधनदेि नहींNo self-paced learning कोई आत्म-अध्ययन नहींSelf-paced learning आत्म-अध्ययनRequires more time and money अधिक समय और Do not require more time and money अधिकिन की आवश्यकिा हैसमय और िन की आवश्यकिा नहीं हैNot so costly इिना महगं ा नहीं हैCostly method महगं ा िरीकाSome trending Online Methods (कुछ प्रचधलत ऑनलाइन तरीके )Here we are providing y
UGC-NET Paper 1st Unit-1 www.ugc-net.com pg. 4 Logical memory: to learn something by using intellect and it’s recalling when needed. Important Points on Understanding level of teaching(ULT) Memory level teaching is the prerequisite for the understanding level of teaching as it talks about the generaliza
UGC NET Paper 1st Unit-2 www.ugc-net.com pg. 1 UGC NTA NET Unit-2 Research Aptitude Research means to search the existing thing 'something' but remains unknown to us. So, Research means to find out something new on the topic that already existed. It is a searching process for finding new information about the things we already know.
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