Dorothy Vaughan And Fortran - Storage.googleapis
LEARN LIKE THE LEADERS SERIESDorothy Vaughan and FortranSUMMARYStudents learn about an inspiring leader in STEM, Dorothy Vaughan, and learn how toprogram math formulas, like Fortran, using Ozobot’s Deconstruction Method.OVERVIEWStudents will learn programming ‘like the leader’ Dorothy Vaughan, one of NASA’searliest programmers and an inspiring leader in STEM.This lesson celebrates Dorothy’s accomplishments in computer science andmathematics and in changing the cultural view that African Americans and womenwere less capable of leadership and technical expertise. In the 1950s, Dorothy taughtherself IBM’s new computer programming language FORTRAN, then taught her fellowblack women computers (back then, it was humans who did the computing!) thelanguage to continue to help launch rockets into space.This lesson aims to inspire students of all backgrounds to explore worlds they neverconsidered by reading about Dorothy Vaughan’s life. Students will also explore theearly programming language FORTRAN (now written as Fortran), which will givestudents further insight into the uses for, and power of, math formulas and algebra,especially as they are used for engineering.The coding portion of this lesson follows Ozobot’s Deconstruction Method, whereinstudents play a pre-made math program for Ozobot, then read the OzoBlocklyprogram to see how it actually works. This helps students use Ozobot for math on theirown or in future lessons (read more about Deconstruction here: eries). Students will learn variables and mathoperator code blocks, and how they are used to create mathematical formulas.LESSON OUTLINE1. Learn about Dorothy Vaughan’s accomplishments and struggles.2. Discover IBM’s Fortran programming language, and how it is used forengineering calculations, like at NASA.3. Deconstruct a math formula Ozoblockly program for Ozobot to model a rocketwith enough force to lift off.Dorothy Vaughan and Fortran1
PREREQUISITES Experience with OzoBlockly code editor. Use the OzoBlockly Mini Lesson to teachstudents how to use the editor portal.ozobot.com/lessons/detail/ozoblockly-mini This lesson discusses formulas by dissecting the formula for force and calculatescompeting forces on a rocket using weight and thrust. Students should know thebasics of what a formula is and be able to appreciate cancelling forces.GROUPINGPairs or groups of threeMATERIALS Evo or Bit, by Ozobot, 1 per every 2-3 students Printed student worksheets (attached below) Pencils and blank paper Tablets or computers to use ozoblockly.com/editor Optional OzoBlockly Getting Started Guide for calibration and flash loading ckly-getting-started.pdfGRADE LEVELGrades 5 and upDURATION50 minutesQUESTIONS ABOUT THIS LESSON?Please contact us at ozoEdu@ozobot.comDorothy Vaughan and Fortran2
LESSONPREPARATION Print the handouts for each student (see attached). The “About” stories can beprinted front and back because they are read together.Prepare computers or tablets for pairs or groups to access ozoblockly.com/editorCharge your class set of Bits or Evos (at least a 2:1 student to robot ratio).Read the student handouts and test the OzoBlockly program.STEP 1 LEARN ABOUT DOROTHY VAUGHAN AND FORTRAN - 20 minutesExplain the steps of this lesson:1. Students will read about Dorothy Vaughan, an African American STEM leader whoworked at NASA.2. Students will read about Fortran, and early computer language that Dorothytaught herself.3. Students will load an OzoBlockly program that demonstrates how Fortran worksand uses the formula for ‘force’, especially as it relates to rockets (like what DorothyVaughan worked on).You can choose whether the class reads the handouts together or in groups.Students will answer the questions from the sheet using a separate piece of paper.The later worksheet also has questions to be answered on separate paper, sostudents can keep it handy.Hand out the “About” pages to each student.Students read the stories of Dorothy Vaughan and Fortran, the programminglanguage, then answer the questions.SAMPLE ANSWERSABOUT DOROTHY VAUGHAN1 After reading about Dorothy’s life, what do you think her quote at the top of thepage means?A: The quote means that she worked hard to change the perception of African Americanwomen as scientists, engineers and leaders at NASA as much as she could, but was limitedby cultural perceptions of her, especially with Jim Crow laws still in effect.Dorothy Vaughan and Fortran3
2 What do you think it was like for Dorothy to work in a segregated office in the1940s-1960s?A: It was probably harder to get noticed for her hard work because she was put out of theway of main operations. She also probably did not get recognized for her accomplishmentsand her great mathematic and engineering skills.3 What would NASA and STEM be like now if women like Dorothy had never foughthard for their beliefs and passions?A: Today, NASA might not have a sense of equality like it does now, and might not bepushing for more minorities in leadership and science roles. As well, there might not be asmany women and African Americans in engineering and science since, without Dorothy,many of her peers might not have become the engineers and leaders they did without hersupport. Therefore, there might be fewer role models without Dorothy’s work.ABOUT FORTRAN1 Computer programs were first used for mathematical computations. What do wedo with computers that isn’t math?A: We use computers for everything these days, like for taking notes, taking pictures, sendingmessages, and playing games. For these applications, we use our computer screens, whichweren’t necessarily needed when we used computers for computations.2 Describe how one thing you enjoy doing on a computer might use math.A: I love to take pictures with my phone and tablet. Since computers understand 1s and 0s,and colors are represented by numbers, too, there is probably lots of math involved increating and saving photographs.3 What are some other scientific uses for formulas and large computations, besidesthe example of launching a rocket?A: Astronomy uses lots of mathematical formulas to calculate the distance of celestialbodies, their brightness, and their movements. Chemistry uses formulas to calculate theenergy going into or coming out of reactions, and how much of a chemical is needed toproduce something new.STEP 2 DECONSTRUCT MATH FORMULAS IN PROGRAMMING – 30 minutesExplain that students will work with a completed program that models what a rocketneeds to lift off. This program is a simplified version of what calculations are actuallyrequired. This program will cause their Ozobot to move if there is enough ‘thrust’ to movethe robot against its weight.Ask students if they know how rockets work. Explain that rockets fire gas (exhaust) fromthe bottom of the rocket, which causes the rocket to move up (the exhaust is pushingagainst the ground or the air). The rocket will only go up if the force of the thrust, theDorothy Vaughan and Fortran4
power of the exhaust, is stronger than the rocket’s weight.Explain that the activity requires groups to read a “manual” about creating formulas inOzoBlockly, much like Fortran. Students will teach themselves, and each other, what ishappening in the program and understand how to program formulas in the future.Separate students into groups of 2-4, if they aren’t already.Hand out one tablet or computer and an Ozobot to each group, and worksheets to eachstudent.Students read the “Manual” and answer the Questions before beginning the activity.SAMPLE ANSWERSQUESTIONS – BEFORE YOU CODE1 “Math is the key to how the world works.” What does this statement mean, especially whenyou consider formulas?A: Math formulas explain how nature works. For example, e mc2 explains that energy isrelated to mass and speed of light. Or, pi is the ratio of circumference and diameter. Mathshows the relationship between different forces or attributes that create the world around us.2 Imagine you are pushing a box. If you increase your pushing force, will “m” or “a” go up ordown?A: a (acceleration) will go up, because we are increasing the speed, therefore acceleration.3 How might the formula for force help NASA get rockets into space?A: when NASA engineers know how much force is on a rocket, they can make sure they canbuild it safely so it won’t explode, and make sure it will actually lift off.4 If the variables for weight are all set to zero, what condition would that represent?A: This represents being in space, where all objects are (relatively) weightless.5 What other forces act on a rocket while it leaves Earth?A: there is drag, which is the air rushing past the rocket and slowing it down because air ismade of matter. There are also different forces depending on the angle of the rocket, like lift.Lead students through screen calibration and program loading. Use the OzoBlocklyGetting Started Guide for the steps: etting-started.pdfGroups load the program for their robot onto their tablet with the following links:Evo: https://ozoblockly.com/editor#pty3msBit: https://ozoblockly.com/editor#4iogwtDorothy Vaughan and Fortran5
Students play the program to see what it does to their robot.Students edit the different values for the variables of weight and thrust to see changes toOzobot’s speed, using the Activity prompts on their Manual. They can explore othervalues, as well. Make sure students reset the values of the variables before doing a newtest by hitting the “undo” button or revisiting the link to the program.SAMPLE ANSWERSTest the current program: What does it do? Why?move forward (100 mm) at a speed created by the difference between weight andthrust.Variables1 m weight 30a weight 20What happens? Why?This program makes Ozobot not “lift off” or move because the weightis greater than the thrust.2 m thrust 30a thrust 20This program makes Ozobot go faster than the initial programbecause thrust is higher than before3 m weight 0a weight 0This program makes Ozobot go very fast because it is weightless.Discuss what each variable for mass and acceleration has to do with the weight andthrust.Ask the class these questions:Why is weight a force?Why is thrust a force?What is mass, and why does force change when you change the mass?What is acceleration, and why does force change when you change the acceleration?Did students have any other observations or questions?If there is any extra time in the lesson, students can choose, or look up, other formulasthey know and create a program for their Ozobot with it.Students can save any programs they make by creating a link or saving the file totheir personal folder (not available on tablets).Dorothy Vaughan and Fortran6
QUICK TEACHER’S LESSON CUESDorothy Vaughan and FortranPREPARATION Print the handouts for each student (see attached). The “About” stories can beprinted front and back because they are read together.Preparecomputers or tablets for pairs or groups to access ozoblockly.com/editor Charge your class set of Bits or Evos (at least a 2:1 student to robot ratio). Read the student handouts and test the OzoBlockly program.STEP 1 LEARN ABOUT DOROTHY VAUGHAN AND FORTRAN - 20 minutes4. Explain the tasks for the lesson:a. Students will read about Dorothy Vaughan, an African American STEMleader who worked at NASA.b. Students will read about Fortran, and early computer language thatDorothy taught herself.c. Students will load an OzoBlockly program that demonstrates how Fortranworks and also uses the formula for ‘force’, especially as it relates to rockets(like what Dorothy Vaughan worked on).5. Hand out the student worksheets about Dorothy Vaughan and Fortran.6. Students read as a class, or in groups.7. Students write answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper.a. Suggested answers are in the lesson above.STEP 21.2.3.4.DECONSTRUCT MATH FORMULAS IN PROGRAMMING – 30 minutesSeparate students into groups of 2-4, if they aren’t already.Hand out one tablet or computer and an Ozobot to each group, and worksheets.Students read the “Manual” and answer the Questions before the activity.Lead students through screen calibration and program loading:a. Use the OzoBlockly Getting Started Guide for the ockly-getting-started.pdf5. Groups load the program for their robot onto their tablet with the following links:a. Evo: https://ozoblockly.com/editor#pty3msb. Bit: https://ozoblockly.com/editor#4iogwt6. Students play the program to see what it does to their robot.7. Students edit the different values for the variables of weight and thrust to seechanges to Ozobot’s speed, then conclude what each variable for mass andacceleration has to do with the weight and thrust.Dorothy Vaughan and Fortran7
ABOUT DOROTHY VAUGHAN“I changed what I could. What I couldn’t, I endured”- Dorothy VaughanWhat do you think this quote from Dorothy Vaughan might mean? Read about her lifebelow to discover its meaning.Dorothy Vaughan studied mathematics incollege, and was encouraged to pursuegraduate studies in the field. As an adult in the1930s, she got a job as a math teacher, whichwas one of only a few good jobs available toAfrican American women.Graduate studies: after college, graduatesstudy their field more to become expertsand discover new findings and knowledgeDuring World War 2 (1939-1945), the US neededto hire more people for the war effort, likeairplanemanufacturersandtestpilots,computers, engineers, and scientists. Thegovernment was forced to hire women andAfrican Americans, who were normally excludedfrom these ‘good’ jobs.Computer: a person who completescomplex math formulas by handAt this time, the US was also racially segregatedby what are known as Jim Crow laws, which area series of laws that segregated schools,transportation, restaurants and workplaces sothat whites and blacks would not mix.Racially segregated: when space is separatedto keep people apart based on their race.In this climate in 1943, Dorothy Vaughan joinedNACA (the National Advisory Committee forAeronautics, which became NASA) as acomputer. Her department was called the WestArea Computers, which was where all of theblack women computers did their work.Bathrooms, eating areas and offices at NACAwere all segregated by skin color. Some whiteemployees didn’t know they existed.After the war, Vaughan continued to work atNACA, and even became the head of WestArea Computers. However, she was not officiallygiven the title, or the pay, until years later.Much of Dorothy’s work was towards the ScoutLaunch Vehicle Program, which was a family ofrockets with an exciting pedigree. These rocketslaunched satellites and scientific experiments forover 30 years, and have a very high successrate.In the 1950s, IBM machine computers, whichwere so big that one could fill a large room,began to arrive at NASA. Dorothy quicklyrecognized that these machines would replacethe human computers, so she taught herself,and her fellow female black computers, how toprogram them. The IBM’s programminglanguage FORTRAN is still used for largecalculations in engineering.Because of her hard work in learning computerprogramming, she became the head of theprogrammingsectionofAnalysisandComputation Division of NASA in Langley,Virginia.Dorothy’s push towards learning computerscience and programming has had a big effecton the field. Due to her perseverance in havingwomen and African Americans recognized fortheir work and get high level assignments, shehelped the push towards equality in the US andin STEM fields.Some of the women she supervised also left theirmark on space flight. Katherine Johnson didvital computations on trajectories of AstronautsAlan Shepard and John Glenn (who was the firstto orbit Earth). Mary Jackson become NASA’sfirst black female engineer after working in WestArea Computers and returning to university tostudy engineering.Vital: important, life or deathTrajectory: the flight path of a craft,or person, in air and spaceDorothy Vaughan died in 2008 at age 98,working at NASA and NACA for a total of 28years. During her career, she also raised her 6children, one of whom would also work at NASA.Sources: 1) es/who-was-dorothy-j.-vaughan.aspx2) Shetterly, Margot Lee. 2016. Hidden figures: the american dream and the untold story of the black women mathematicians whohelped win the space race.Dorothy Vaughan and Fortran
ABOUT FORTRANFORTRAN is an early text-based programminglanguage that languages like Python andJavaScript possible. It was written by JohnBackus’s team at IBM, which built computers foruse in companies and science labs.The purpose of FORTRAN (now written as Fortran)is to accurately compute large calculations forengineers and scientists. To launch a rocket, forexample, there are many numbers engineersneed, like how much force the rocket’s bodycan handle, the amount of energy the enginesproduce, the direction of the forces so therocket goes up, and the effect of gravity on therocket. Then, the engineers put these numberstogether to make sure the rocket works.To program in Fortran, a programmer will firstgive the computer the numbers that theprogrammer knows. Then, the programmerwrites the formula using those numbers, calledvariables. The answer will equal the number thatis needed. Here is an example of dable to a general reader, it’s a muchbetter way to code than before.The ancestors to Fortran forced people to writein machine language. This means that theprogrammer had to write the program in onlyones and zeros (binary), which is whatcomputers understand.Fortran allowed humans to write in “natural”language, which at the time was a breakthrough and has influenced all languages.Similar to previous languages, though, Fortranprogrammers had to hole punch cards andfeed the card into the computer to tell it theprogram. One program might need many cards,and any mistakes by the programmer would beunknown unless the program failed or wasretested. For launching humans into space, thenumbers must be 100% accurate.Today, programming languages make codingeasy. They alert the programmer to any errors,and potential reasons for it. Everything is donedigitally on a screen and is easy to fix. We nolonger need physical pieces of paper to pourinto a machine (which, by the way, only hadswitches and lights - no screen!).Fig. 1 This program creates the Fibonacci sequenceNew updates to Fortran allow you to computelarge calculations on your computer using thegraphical interface, your screen. Fortran is stillused by engineers and scientists around theworld because it is straightforward and can bepersonalized to the type of work they do.Sources: 1) IBM, Fortran Manual 704 FortranProgRefMan Oct56.pdf2) “FORTRAN”, Encyclopedia Britannica r these questions on a separate sheet of paper:ABOUT DOROTHY VAUGHAN1 After reading about Dorothy’s life, what do youthink her quote at the top of the page means?2 What do you think it was like for Dorothy to workin a segregated office in the 1940s-1960s?3 What would NASA and STEM be like now ifwomen like Dorothy had never fought hard for theirbeliefs and passions?Dorothy Vaughan and FortranABOUT FORTRAN1 Computer programs were first used formathematical computations. What do we do withcomputers that isn’t math?2 Describe how one thing you enjoy doing on acomputer might use math.3 What are some other scientific uses for formulasand large computations, besides the example oflaunching a rocket?
THE OZOBLOCKLY FORTRAN MANUALWELCOMETOTHEOZOBLOCKLYFORTRANMANUAL. In this shortmanual, we will go throughhow we use computers tosolve mathematical problems.FIRST,WHATAREFORMULAS?Formulas are like sentencesabout nature,
Dorothy Vaughan and Fortran SUMMARY Students learn about an inspiring leader in STEM, Dorothy Vaughan, and learn how to program math formulas, like Fortran, using Ozobot’s Deconstruction Method. OVERVIEW Students will learn programming ‘like the leader’ Dorothy Vaughan, one of NAS
Course focus on Fortran 90 (called Fortran for simplicity) Changes in later versions (mostly) not important for us ‣ Fortran 95: Minor revision of Fortran 90 ‣ Fortran 2003: Major additions to Fortran 95 ‣ Fortran 2008: Minor revision of Fortran 2003 gfortran compiler: ‣ Fortran 95: Completely supported
Fortran Evolution Fortran stands for FORmula TRANslation. The first compiler appeared in 1957 and the first official standard in 1972 which was given the name of Fortran 66'. This was updated in 1980 to Fortran 77, updated in 1991 to Fortran 90, updated in 1997 to Fortran 95, and further updated in 2004 to Fortran 2003. At each update some
INTRODUCTION TO ABSOFT FORTRAN Absoft Fortran is a complete implementation of the FORTRAN programming languages: FORTRAN 77, Fortran 90, and Fortran 95. It also completely implements ISO Technical Reports TR15580 and TR15581. The microprocessor-based computers of today are vastly more powerful and sophisticated than their predecessors.
Fortran is short for FORmula TRANslation and this guide is based on Fortran 90, which is a version agreed in 1990. Fortran 95, a later standard, was a minor revision of Fortran 90. The latest standard, Fortran 2003, is now supported by some compilers as well. Fortran was developed for general scientific computing and is a very
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2. The Vaughan Company, Realtors (hereinafter “VCR”) was incorporated under the laws ofthe State ofNew Mexico on November 13, 1972 by the defendant, DOUGLAS F. VAUGHAN (hereinafter VAUGHAN). At all times relevant to this Indictment, VAUGHAN was the chairman, chiefexecutive off
This book covers modern Fortran array and pointer techniques, including facilities provided by Fortran 95, with attention to the subsets e-LF90 and F as well. It provides coverage of Fortran based data struc-tures and algorithm analysis. The principal data structure that has traditionally been provided by Fortran is the array. Data struc-turing .
B.Sc in Gaming & Mobile Application Development Semester Sl. No Paper Code Subjects Credits Theory Papers T P Total First 1 ENG101 English 3 0 3 2 EMA102 Engineering Math 4 0 4
