ِمْيِحَّرلا ِنَمْحَّرلا ِللها ِمْسِب ARIC Arabic Class Notes
ِ س ِم اهللِ الرَّ ْح َمنِ الرَّ ِحْيم ْ ِ ب ARIC – Arabic Class NotesPart 1 (ver. 1.1)TopicsParts of Speech – English vs. ArabicArabic AlphabetsArabic Vowel SignsIndefinite & DefiniteNoun EndingsThe Nominal SentenceVisiit http://AbdurRahman.Org/ for More Resources1
Revision HistoryDateVer AuthorRevision CommentsMar. 1, 20101Zahid NaeemInitial versionMar. 10, 20101.1Zahid NaeemMultiple Corrections (e.g., ٌ د ّمة to ٌ ض ّمة , genetive to genitive)There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – يٌس ِبيلِ ٌاللٌَِّه َ ِف Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.comARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)2
Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic English has eight parts of speech1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus)2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and we used to replace a noun)3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tall man)4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takesplace, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow)5.6.7.8. Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. hello and hi)Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink)Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but)Preposition (A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at)Arabic has only three parts of speech1. Noun ٌ اِ ْسم 2. Verbٌ فِ ْعل 3. Particleٌ َح ْرف ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)3
Parts of Speech – English vs. ArabicEnglishArabicNounPronounAdjectiveNounٌ اِ ْسم Verbٌ ِف ْعل AdverbInterjectionVerbConjunctionPrepositionARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)Particleٌ َح ْرف 4
Arabic Alphabets Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet Consonants (have speech sound) : 28 Alif: serves two purposes ِElongates a consonant, e.g. ٌ ك َتاب Act as a bearer of ٌ ( َه ْم َزة hamza), e.g. ٌ اَب ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا 10987654321 ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز 20191817161514131211 ء ي و ه ن م ل ك ق 292827262524232221ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)5
Arabic Vowel Signs There are 3 short vowel signs in Arabic Fathah (ٌ حة َ – ) َف ْت denoting “a”, e.g. da ( ) ٌَد Kasrah (ٌ َس َرة ْ – )ك denoting “i”, e.g. di ( ) ٌِد Dummah (ٌ ض َّمة َ ) – denoting “u”, e.g. du (ٌ )د Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by Sukun (ٌ )سك ْون , e.g. notice ٌْد in ٌ َم ْد َر َسة Long vowels are formed by adding the associated letters to the short vowels ٌا to elongate fathah, e.g. daa ( ) َدا ي to elongate kasrah, e.g. dii ( ) ِدي و to elongate dummah, e.g. duu ( )دو ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)6
Indefinite & Definite ِ )ن or definite (ٌ ) َم ْع ِر َفة Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite (ٌ َك َرة An indefinite noun is indicated by ٌ َت ْن ِو ْين , which doubles the vowel sign at the endof the word, e.g. ِA book – ٌ ك َتاب A chair - ٌ ك ْر ِسي A Definite noun is indicated by ل ٌْ َ ا prefixed to the noun. This also results ineliminating the ٌ َت ْن ِو ْين at the end of the word, e.g. ِ ْ اَل The book - ٌ ك َتاب The chair - ٌ اَلْك ْر ِسي ٌ اَ ْل and ٌ َت ْن ِو ْين cannot coexist. So ٌ اَ ْل ِك َتاب will be incorrect Please note many proper nouns, e.g. ٌ َخالِد ,ٌ م َح َّمد end with ٌ َت ْن ِو ْين , but they are stilldefiniteARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)7
Noun Endings In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentenceِ )اَلْ َّت ْش These are called noun cases (ٌ ك ْيل ndingVowel SignFunction in asentenceExamplesDummahSubjectٌ َم ْنص ْوب FathahObject of a verbٌ َم ْجر ْور KasrahPossessor of athing, or comesafter a prepositionor an adverb,ٌ محمد ,ٌ ٌكتاب ,ٌ الكتاب ٌ باب ٌ ٌبابا ,ٌ محمد ,ٌ كتابا , الكتاب ٌٌَ,ٌ محمد ,ٌ كتاب , الكتاب ٌٌِ باب ٌ َم ْرف ْوع ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)8
ِ )اَلْج ْم َلة The Nominal Sentence (ٌ ٌالإ ْس ِم َّية A sentence that starts with a nounHas a subject (ٌ )م ْب َتدَا and a predicate (ٌ ) َخ َبر The subject is always nominative (ٌ ) َم ْرف ْوع The predicate is always nominative (ٌ ) َم ْرف ْوع , if it is one wordThe subject is mostly definite (ٌ ) َم ْع ِر َفة ِ )ن The predicate is mostly indefinite (ٌ َك َرة ٌ ٌٌج ِد ْيد َ اَلْ ِك َتاب ٌ َخ َبٌر ٌ ٌ َم ْرف ْوع ٌ ٌن َِك َرة ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)ٌ اَلْ َق َلمٌٌٌ َم ْكس ْور ٌ َه َذاٌٌٌٌ َب ْيت ٌ ٌم ْب َتدَا ٌ ٌ َم ْرف ْوع ٌ ٌ َم ْع ِر َفة 9
ِ س ِم اهللِ الرَّ ِح َمنِ الرَّ ِحِيم ِ ِ ب ARIC – Arabic Class NotesPart 2 (ver. 1)TopicsThis ( ) َه َذا vs. That (ََ ) َذلِك Solar vs. Lunar LettersThe Joining Hamza ( ص َِل ْ ) َه ْم َزةَُال ْ َو َه ْم َزة َُْالق َْطَِع Examples from Quran (ِ طع ْ َ َهمِزَ ُة اْلق ,ِ هَمِزَةُ اْل َوصِل ,ُ شَ ِمسِيَّةُ وَال َقمَرِيَّة َّ )احلُ ُروِفُ ال What ( ) َما vs. Who ( ن َْ ) َم Particle of Interrogation and AnswerVisiit http://AbdurRahman.Org/ for More Resources1
This ( ) َه َذا vs. That (ََ ) َذلِك Demonstrative pronoun (َ )اِ ْس ُمَا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِة َه َذا : ب َِ اِ ْس ُمَا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِةَلِ ْل َق ِر ْي ََ َذلِك : اِ ْس ُمَا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِةَلِ ْل َب ِع ْي َِد That is a door (َ ) َذلِكَََ َباب Like all pronouns, these are definiteThese are masculine , i.e. these are used when pointing tomasculine nounsThey have feminine counterparts – will learn later َه َذا and ََ َذلِك are pronounced as َها َذا and ََ َذالِك respectively,but are written without the alifThis is a book (َ ) َه َذاَ ِك َتاب ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1)2
Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2) Of 28 consonant letters, 14 letters are called solar letters ( فَالشَّ ْم ِس َّي َُة َُ الح ُر ْو ُ ) and 14are called lunar letters ( فَال َق َم ِر َّي َُة ُ الحَُر ْو ُ )This distinction is only for pronunciation of words starting with these letterswhen prefixed with ( ال the definite article)Articulation of solar letters involves the tip of the tongue, e.g., ر , ن , ش , س , ت Tip of the tongue plays no role for lunar letters, e.g., و , ك , م , ق , ب When ال is prefixed to a noun beginning with a solar letter, the ل of the ال isassimilated to the solar letter, e.g., al-shamsu is pronounced as ash-shamsu The assimilation is indicated by the shaddah on the first letter of the noun In writing, the ل is not assimilated, e.g., س َُ الشَّ ْم No such assimilation takes place for lunar letters, e.g., al-qamaru is pronouncedas al-qamaru ( )ال َق َمَُر ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1)3
) Solar vs. Lunar Letters (2 of 2 ب اَ الا ّّ َُ اب ب َالب َُ الج َّنَُة ج َ ِ الح َماَُر ح الخ ْبَُز خ ُ ع ال َع ْي َُن غ ال َغد ََُاء 4 ف ال َف ُمَ ق ال َق َمَُر ك ال َك ْل َُ ب م ال َم َُاء و ال َولَ َُد اله َو َُاء ه َ ي َالي ُدَ ت ال َّت ِ اج ُرَ ث الثَّ ْو َُ ب د ال ِّد ْيكَُ ذ ال َّذ َه َُ ب ر ال َّر ُج ُلَ ز ال َّز ْه َرَُة الس َمكَُ س َّ سَ ش الشَّ ْم ُ الص ْدَُر ص َّ الض ْي َُ ف ض َّ ط ال َّطالِ َُ ب ظ ال َّظ ْهَُر ل ن اللَّ ْح ُمَ ال َّن ْج َُم ) ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1
The Joining Hamza ( ل َِ ) َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْص The ا in ( ال the definite article) is called ل َِ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْص If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced E.g., ت َُ ( اَلْ َب ْي the house) is pronounced al-baitu and ت َُ ( َوالْ َب ْي and the house) is pronouncedas wa l-baitu and not wa al-baitu َِ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْصل also appears words without the ال , e.g., ( اِ ْس َم name) – بِ ْس ِمَاللََِّه َ ( اِ ْبن son) – ِع ْي َسىَا ْب ُنَ َم ِر َي ََم To signify ا as Aَ َو ْصل (Joining, uniting,attaching)َِ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْصل , look for one of the following three conditions:symbol on alif, as Without any or ء symbol on alif Completely omitted in writing, e.g., بِ ْس ِمَاللََِّه Both ا and ل in ال are not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter andis preceded with another word E.g., ََوال َّن ْج َُم is pronounced as wan-najmu and not wa al-najmu or wa an-najmuARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1)5
َ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط ِع As opposed to َِ صل ْ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو position in the sentence, َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط َِع is always pronounced, regardless of its َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط َِع is usually written with a ء symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows: أ إ Examples: َ ( اّّ َحد one) – َ قُ ْلَ ُه َوَاللَّ ُهَاّّ َحد ( اِ َْذ when) – .َ َ َواِ ْذَ َقا َلَ َر ُّبك ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) َق ْط َع (Cutting,Discontinuing,Separating)6
فَالشَّ ْم ِس َّي ُة ََوال َق َم ِر َّيَُة َ , ه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْص َِل , الح ُر ْو ُ ) ُ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْ ط َِع( Examples from Quran فَالشَّ ْم ِس َّيَُة( Find solar letters الح ُر ْو ُ الح ُر ْو ُ فَال َق َم ِر َّيَُة( ُ ), lunar letters ُ ) and instances صلَِ of َ in Surah Al-Fatiha ه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط َِع َ and ه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْ ََٱلْ َح ْمدَُلِلَّ ِهَ َر ِّبَٱلْ َعالَ ِم ْي َن َٱل َّر ْح َم ِنَٱل َّر ِح ْي ِم َ َمالِ ِكَ َي ْو ِمَٱل ِّد ْي ِن َ اطَٱلْ ُم ْس َت ِق ْي َم ِ َص َر َ لص َر َ اطَ اِ َّيا َكَنَ ْع ُبد ََُواِ َّيا َكَن َْس َت ِع ْي ُن ََٱِ ْه ِدنَاَٱ ِّ لضالِّ ْي َن َ ينَاّّنْ َع ْم َتَ َع َل ْي ِه ْمَ َغ ْيرَِٱلْ َم ْغ ُض ْو ِبَ َع َل ْي ِه ْم ََو َلاَٱ َّ ٱلَّ ِذ َ َه ْم َزةَُالْ َق ْط ِعَ 7 َه ْم َزةَُالْ َو ْص ِلَ Lunar letter Solar letter ) ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1
َما What ( ) vs. Who (َ ) َم ْن َما َ َم ْن Meaning“What”“Who”UsageUsed for irrational thingsِ ) َغ ْي ُرَ َع , e.g. non-living(َ اقل things, animals, plantsetc.Used for rational beingsِ ) َع . Three categories(َ اقل include humans, jinns, andangels.ExampleWhat is this? ( ) َماَ َه َذا Who is he? ( ) َم ْنَ َه َذا ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1)8
Particle of Interrogation and Answer This is a house (َ ) َه َذاَ َب ْيت Is this a house? ( )اّّ َه َذاَ َب ْيت؟ Prefixing َّّ ا to a statement turns it into a questionِ ف Used in this context َّّ ا is called َالا ْس َت ْف َها َِم ُ ( َح ْر particle of interrogation) لا means “no” نَ َع َْم means “yes” لا and نَ َع َْم are called اب َِ َالج َو ُ ( ُح ُر ْو particles of answer)َ ف ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1)9
ِ س ِم اهللِ الرَّ ْح َمنِ الرَّ ِحْيم ْ ِب ARIC – Arabic Class NotesPart 3 (ver. 3)TopicsPreposition ( جر َ ف ُ & ) َح ْر Genitive Case ( ) َم ْج ُر ْور ِ ) َض ِم ْير ُم ْنف Detached Pronoun ( َصل Possessed & Possessor ( ضاف إِلَ ْي ِه َ ) ُم َضاف َو ُم 1
Revision HistoryDateVer AuthorRevision CommentsMar. 7, 20101Zahid NaeemInitial versionMar. 14, 20102Zahid Naeemِ َض ِم ْير ُم ْنف Added section for ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه and more description for َصل Mar. 20, 2010 3Zahid NaeemAdded more content for َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور and ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – إللَّ ِه ِ ِفي َس ِبيل Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.comARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3)2
Preposition ( َجر ف ُ & ) َح ْر Genitive Case ( ) َم ْج ُر ْور Literal meaning of َجر ف ُ َح ْر is “a particle of pulling”Examples of preposition ( ف َجر ُ ) َح ْر : In – ِفي On – َع َلى From – ِم ْن To – إِلَي When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said tobe in genitive case ( ) َم ْج ُر ْور The house - ت ُ إَ َلب ْي , In the house – َإلب ْي ِت A house - َب ْيت , In a house – َب ْيت ِفي ِفي إَ َلب ْي ُت ُت got pulled to ِت becauseof the preceding فِي ِفي َإلب ْي ِت إِ ْسم َم ْج ُر ْور ف َجر ُ َح ْر Same as َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور ِفي َإلب ْي ِت is a إلج ْم َل ِة ُ ( ِش ْب ُه phrase) – It looks like asentence but is not oneARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3)3
More Prepositions and Examples from Quran(59:21) Had We sent down thisQuran on a mountain (96:2) He created man from aclot(26:50) we shall but return toour Lord(97:1) We have indeed revealedthis (Message) in the Night ofPower(2:119) And thou will not beasked about the owners of hellfire(2:284) To Allah belongswhatever is in the heavens andwhatever is in the earth.(2:153) O ye who believe! seekhelp with patient perseveranceand prayer; for Allah is withthose who patiently persevere.ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3). لَ ْو إّّن َزلْ َنا َهـٰ َذإ إلْ ُق ْرإ َن َع َلى َج َبل On نسا َن ِم ْن َع َلق َ َخ َل َق إ ْل ِإ From إِنَّا إِلَى َر ِّب َنا ُمن َق ِل ُبو َن To إِنَّا إّّن َزلْ َنا ُه ِفي لَ ْي َل ِة إلْ َق ْد ِر Inِ َو َلإ تُ ْساّّ ُل َع ْن إّّ ْص َح About, اب إلْ َج ِحي ِم concerningِ إلس ٰم َو إت َو َما ِفي َّ لِلَّـ ِه َما ِفي Belongs to, ض ِ إ ْلإ ّّ ْر for الص ْب ِر َّ ِ ين إ َم ُنوإ ْإس َت ِعي ُنوإ ب َ َيا إّّ ُّي َها إلَّ ِذ By, at, in ِين َّ إلصلَا ِة ۚ إِ َّن إللَّـ َه َم َع َّ َو َ إلصابِر َع َلى ِم ْن إِلَى ِفي َع ْن لِي بِي 4
Nominal Sentence with ج ُر ْور ْ َم َجا ٌّر َو Muhammad is in the mosquethe mosqueinMuhammad إل َم ْس ِج ِد ِفي ُم َح َّمد إِ ْسم َم ْج ُر ْور ف َجر ُ َح ْر َخ َبر ، إلج ْم َل ِة ُ ِش ْب ُه ، َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور ُم ْب َتدَإ It is on a tablea tableonIt َم ْك َتب َع َلى ُه َو ُم ْب َتدَإ إِ ْسم َم ْج ُر ْور ف َجر ُ َح ْر َخ َبر ، إلج ْم َل ِة ُ ِش ْب ُه ، َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3)5
ِ ُم ْنف Detached Pronoun ( َصل Masculine3rdSingularHe, It“Dual”They (2)PluralTheySingularShe, It“Dual”They (2)PluralTheySingularYou“Dual”You (2)PluralYou ( 2)SingularYou“Dual”You (2)PluralYou ( 2)SingularIPluralWePersonFeminineMasculine2nd personFeminine1stpersonMasc. & Fem.ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) ُه َو ُه َما ُه ْم ِه َي ُه َما ُه َّن إّّنْ َت إّّنْ ُت َما إّّنْ ُت ْم إّّنْ ِت إّّنْ ُت َما إّّنْ ُت َّن إّّنَا ن َْح ُن ) َض ِم ْير ُم ْف َرد ُم َث َّنى َج ْمع ُم ْف َرد ُم َث َّنى َج ْمع ُم ْف َرد ُم َث َّنى َج ْمع ُم ْف َرد ُم َث َّنى َج ْمع ُم ْف َرد َج ْمع ُم َذكَّر َغايِب ُم َؤنَّث ُم َذكَّر ُم َخا َطب ُم َؤنَّث ُم َت َكلِّم ُم َذكَّر َو ُم َؤنَّث 6
ِ ُم ْنف Detached Pronoun ( َصل Are never attached with any other word Are always ( َم ْع ِر َفة definite) Are considered ( َم ْرفُ ْوع nominative case), eventhough most of them do not have a ض َّمة َ(dummah) ending Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does notchange In Arabic such nouns are called ( َم ْب ِن ٌّي fixed)ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) ) َض ِم ْير ُه َو ُه َما ُه ْم ِه َي ُه َما ُه َّن إّّنْ َت إّّنْ ُت َما إّّنْ ُت ْم إّّنْ ِت إّّنْ ُت َما إّّنْ ُت َّن إّّنَا ن َْح ُن 7
– ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه Possessed & Possessor Used to convey a “possession” relationship between two nouns Also referred to as ضا َف ُة َ ( إَ ِلإ Al-Idaafatu) English uses “of” or “’s” for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilal’s book Made up of two parts: Possessed (or possession) – ضاف َ ُم Possessor – إِلَ ْي ِه Possessor - ُم َضاف ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه Is always ( َم ْج ُر ْور genitivecase) Can take ( َت ْن ِو ْين tanwin) or ( إل the definite article)ِ ( ن indefinite) or Can be َك َرة ( َم ْع ِر َفة definite)ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) بِلَال اب ُ ِك َت (of) BilalbookBilal’s book س ِ إلْ ُم َد ِّر َم ْك َت ُب (of) the teachertablePossessed - ُم َضاف Can take any case ending,as the need be Never takes ( َت ْن ِو ْين tanwin)or ( إل the definite article) Is ( َم ْع ِر َفة definite) bypositionThe teacher’s table8
Examples of Valid إِلَ ْي ِه ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف Different case endings for ضاف َ ُم Definite vs. indefinite إِلَ ْي ِه ُم َضاف َم ْرفُ ْوع س ِ إلْ ُم َد ِّر َم ْك َت ُب (of) the teachertableThe teacher’s table َم ْع ِر َفة َم ْن ُص ْوب إل َّطالِ ِب اب ُ ِك َت س ِ إلْ ُم َد ِّر َم ْك َت َب (of) the studentbook(of) the teachertableThe student’s bookNoun after ن َّ ِ إ isalways ص ْوب ُ َم ْن إِ َّن VerilyVerily the teacher’s table نَ ِك َرة َم ْج ُر ْور َطالِب اب ُ ِك َت س ِ إلْ ُم َد ِّر َم ْك َت ِب َع َلى (of) a studentbook(of) the teachertableonA student’s bookARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3)On the teacher’s table9
ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه 10 Incorrect vs. Correct ِك َتاب بِلَال َت ْن ِو ْين ُ cannot have م َضاف ِ اب إلك َت ُ بِلَال إل ُ cannot have م َضاف اب ِك َت ُ بِلَال َم ْرفُ ْوع ُ cannot be م َضاف ِإلَ ْي ِه اب ِك َت ُ بِلَال َم ْن ُص ْوب ُ cannot be م َضاف ِإلَ ْي ِه اب ِك َت ُ بِلَال ) ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3
More on ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه Even though َم ْن is إِلَ ْي ِه ُم َضاف , it does not have ك َْس َرة (kasrah) ending, because it is ( َم ْبنِ ٌّي indeclinable).Other similar examples: ( َق َل ُم َم ْن Whose pen?) ( ٱِ ْب ُن َم ْن Whose son?)Whose book?(of) who َم ْن ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه book اب ُ ِك َت ُم َضاف Mosque of Allah’s ProphetNotice two sets of إِلَ ْي ِه ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف .ِ َر ُس is ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه in ول ِ َم ْس ِج ُد َر ُس and it ول ِ َر ُس .is ضاف َ ُم in ول إلل ِه ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3)(of) Allah(of the) prophetmosque ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه ِ َر ُس ول ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه ُم َضاف َم ْس ِج ُد ُم َضاف إلل ِه 11
Examples from Quran - ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه (110:1) When comes the help of Allah (114: 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind(24:35) Allah is the light of the heavens and theearth(7:73) This is the she camel of Allah(48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah(6:127) For them is the home of safety(40:55 & 77) Therefore have patience (OMuhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promiseof Allah is trueARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) إِ َذإ َج َاء ن َْص ُر إلل ِه س ِ قُ ْل إّّ ُعو ُذ بِ َر ِّب إل َّنا ِ إلس ٰم َو ض ِ إت َوإ ْلإ ّّ ْر َّ إَلل ُه نُو ُر َه ِذ ِه نَا َق ُة إلل ِه ُم َح َّمد َر ُس ْو ُل إلل ِه إلسلا َ ِم َّ لَ ُه ْم َدإ ُر اص ِب ْر إِ َّن َو ْع َد إللَّ ِه َح ٌّق ْ َف 12
Nominal Sentences with إِلَ ْي ِه ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah(of) AllahMessengerMuhammad إلل ِه َم ْج ُر ْور ، ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه ، لَ ْف ُظ إلْ َجلَالَ ِة َر ُس ْو ُل َخ َبر َو ُه َو ُم َضاف ُم َح َّمد ُم ْب َتدَإ The student’s pen is brokenbroken(of) the studentpen َم ْك ُس ْور َخ َبر إل َّطالِ ِب ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه َق َل ُم ُم ْب َتدَإ َو ُه َو ُم َضاف ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3)13
ِ س ِم اهللِ الرَّ ْح َمنِ الرَّ ِحْيم ْ ِب ARIC – Arabic Class NotesPart 4 (ver. 5)TopicsGender IntroductionSubstitute (ٌ ) َبدَل َ )Adverb (ٌ ظ ْرف Adjective (ٌ )نَعت The Relative Pronoun ( ل ٌُ ) ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ِ )ال ِف ْع ُلٌال َم The Past Tense Verb ( اضي 1
Revision HistoryDateVer AuthorRevision CommentsMar. 27, 20101Zahid NaeemInitial versionApr. 4, 20102Zahid NaeemAdded Substitute and Adverb slidesApr. 10, 20103Zahid NaeemAdded Adjective slidesApr. 24, 20104Zahid NaeemAdded more slides for Adjective and the Past Tense VerbMay 1, 20105Zahid NaeemAdded slides for The Relative PronounThere are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – يٌس ِبيلِ ٌاللٌَِّه َ ِف Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.comARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)2
Gender Introduction All nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminineUsually a masculine noun can be changed tofeminine, by:ٌ ُم َد ِّرس ٌ ُم َد ِّر َسة َ )ال َّت ُاءٌال َم ْر ُبو at the end and,1. Adding a ( ة closed ta – طٌُة ٌ َطالِب َطالِ َبٌة ٌ اِ ْبن ٌ ّّاخ ٌ بِ ْنت ٌ ّْاخْ ت 2. Putting a ٌ ( َف ْت َحة fathah) on the letter before ة Two feminine nouns with a (ت open ta – وح ٌُة َ )ال َّت ُاءٌال َم ْف ُت endingٌ اّْم Not all feminine nouns have a ة or ت endingNot all nouns ending with ة orARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) ت are feminineٌ شَ ْمس َح ْم َزٌُة ٌ َب ْيت 3
Feminine: This ( ) َه ِذٌِه vs. That (ٌَ )تِ ْلك ُم َزكٌَّر َه َذا ٌَ َذلِك ٌ ُم َؤنَّث َه ِذٌِه ٌَ تِ ْلك ٌِ اِ ْس ُمٌا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِةٌلِ ْل َق ِر ْي ب اِ ْس ُمٌا ْل ِاشَ ا َر ِةٌلِ ْل َب ِع ْي ٌِد That is a car (ٌ كٌٌَس َّيا َرة َ )تِ ْل َه ِذٌِه is pronounced as َها ِذٌِه but is written without the alifِِThis is a watch (ٌ ٌٌسا َعة ه ذ َ ) َه ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)4
Gender of Body MembersSingle members areusually masculineDouble members areusually feminineٌ ( َراْس head)ٌ ( َيد hand)ٌ ( اّّنْف nose)ٌ ( َع ْين eye)ٌ ( َفم mouth)ٌ ( ر ِْجل leg)ٌ ( َو ْجه face)ٌ ( اّْ ُذن ear)ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)5
Gender and Nominal Sentence َ must be the same خ َبٌر ُ and مب َتدٌَا Gender of َّث ُم َؤن ٌ َف ِاط َمٌُةٌ َطالِ َبٌة لس َّيا َرٌُةٌ َج ِديدٌَة اَ َّ اجةٌ َه ِذٌِهٌ َد َج َ تِلكَ ٌن َِاف َذٌة 6 ُم َزكٌَّر ُم َح َّمدٌٌ َطالِ ٌ ب اَ ِ ابٌ َج ِديدٌ لك َت ٌُ َه َذاٌ ِديكٌ َذلِكٌٌَ َب ٌ اب ) ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5
ٌ َبدَل Substitute -The house is newThis is newٌ َج ِديد َه َذا ٌ َج ِديد ٌ َخ َبر ٌ ُم ْب َتدَا ٌ َخ َبر ٌ يت ُ َالب ٌ ُم ْب َتدَا This house is newThis house(is) newThe houseThisٌ َج ِديد ٌ يت ُ َالب ٌ َبدَل َه َذا ٌ َخ َبر ٌ ُم ْب َتدَا A substitute (ٌ ) َبدَل is a definite noun (ٌ )اِسمٌ َمع ِر َفة following aِ )اِس ُم demonstrative pronoun ( ٌالاشَ ا َرٌِة ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)7
َAdverb - ٌ ظ ْرف ف ٌ َظ ْر is a noun that indicates the place or time ف ٌ َظ ْر acts like a اف ٌ ُم َض , so the noun following it is اف اِلَيٌِه ٌ ُم َض ف ٌ َظ ْر can never be a ( ُم ْب َتدٌَا subject), even if the sentence starts with itExamples of Adverb of Place ( ان ٌِ فٌالْ َم َك ُ ) َظ ْر ٌَ ( َف ْوق over)ٌ ( اّّ َما َم in front)ٌ ف َ ( َخ ْل behind)ٌ ( َت ْح َت under) ( ُه َنا here)ٌ ( ُه َنا َك there)ٌَ ( َب between) ين ٌَ ُ ( ق near) رب Examples of Adverb of Time ( ان ٌِ فٌالْ َّز َم ُ ) َظ ْر يلا ٌ َ ( ل night)ٌ ( َص َباح morning) ٌ ( ُظهرا noon)ٌ ( َم َساء evening) س ٌِ ( اّّم yesterday)ٌ ( َاليو َم today)ٌ ( َغدا tomorrow)ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)
َExamples from Quran - ٌ ظ ْرف (16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted[others] from the way of Allah - We will increasethem in punishment over [their] punishment forwhat corruption they were causing.(48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers whenthey swore allegiance to you under the tree andHe knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, Hesent down tranquility upon them and rewardedthem with a victory close by.(4:159) And there is none from the People of theScripture but that he will surely believe in Jesusbefore his death. And on the Day of Resurrectionhe will be against them a witness.(18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, Iwill do that tomorrow," . Except [when adding],"If Allah wills." And remember your Lord whenyou forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord willguide me to what is nearer than this to rightconduct."(2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and Hisangels and His books and His messengers,[saying], "We make no distinction between any ofHis messengers." And they say, "We hear and weobey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, andto You is the [final] destination."ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)ٌ نٌس ِبيلِ ٌاللَّـ ِهٌ ِز ْدنَا ُه ْمٌ َع َذاباٌ َف ْو ٌَق َ ينٌ َكف َُر َ الَّ ِذ َ واٌو َصدُّواٌ َع ِ الْ َع َذ ﴾٨٨: ابٌبِ َماٌكَانُواٌ ُي ْف ِسدُونٌٌَ﴿النحل ٌ تٌالشَّ َج َر ِة ٌَ ينٌاِ ْذٌ ُي َبايِ ُعونَكَ ٌ َت ْح َ لَّ َق ْدٌ َر ِض َيٌاللَّـ ُهٌ َعنِ ٌالْ ُم ْؤ ِم ِن ِ َف َع ِل َمٌ َم ٌ ٌالس ِكي َن َةٌ َع َل ْي ِه ْم ٌَواّّثَا َب ُه ْمٌ َف ْتحاٌ َقرِيبا َّ اٌفيٌقُلُوبِ ِه ْمٌ َفاّّن َز َل ﴾١٨: ٌ﴿الفتح ِ َواِنٌ ِّم ْنٌاّّ ْهلٌِا ْل ِك َت ٌ ابٌاِ َّلاٌلَ ُي ْؤ ِم َن َّنٌبِ ِهٌ َق ْب َلٌ َم ْوتِ ِهٌٌۖ َو َي ْو ٌَمٌالْ ِق َيا َم ِة ﴾١٥٩: َي ُكونٌُ َع َل ْي ِه ْمٌشَ ِهيداٌٌ﴿النساء ٌ ﴾ٌاِ َّلا ٢٣: َو َلاٌ َتقُو َل َّنٌلِشَ ْي ٍءٌاِنِّيٌ َف ِاعلٌ َ َٰذلِكَ ٌ َغداٌٌ﴿الكهف ٌ ِ يت ٌَوقُ ْلٌ َع َسىٌٰاّّنٌ َي ْه ِد َين َ اّّنٌ َيشَ َاءٌاللَّـ ُهٌ ٌَۚوا ْذكُرٌ َّر َّبكَ ٌاِ َذاٌن َِس ﴾٢٤: َر ِّبيٌلِا ّّ ْق َر َب ٌِم ْنٌ َهـَٰ َذاٌ َرشَ داٌٌ﴿الكهف ٌ كُلٌا َم َنٌبِاللَّـ ِه ٌَو َملَائِ َك ِت ِه ٌَوكُ ُت ِب ِه ٌَو ُر ُس ِل ِهٌ َلاٌنُ َف ِّرقٌُ َب ْي ٌَنٌ ّّا َح ٍدٌ ِّمن ٌٌ اٌواِلَ ْيكَ ٌالْ َم ِص ُير َ اٌواّّ َط ْع َناٌٌۖ ُغ ْف َرانَكَ ٌ َر َّب َن َ واٌس ِم ْع َن َ ُ ُّر ُس ِل ِهٌ ٌَۚو َقال ﴾٢٨٥: ﴿البقرة 9
Adjective - ٌ نَ ْعت A noun that describes orqualifies another noun iscalled ٌ ( نَ ْعت adjective)A houseٌ َبيت ٌ نَ ْعت is also called ٌ ِصفَة ِAdjective ٌ صفَةٌ َن ْعت A newThe noun beingdescribed or qualifiedis called وت ٌ َمن ُع houseٌ يت َج ِد يد ٌ َب ٌ َمن ُع ٌ وت نَ ْعت وت ٌ َمن ُع is also called ف ٌ َم ْو ُص ْو Noun Qualified وت ٌ ف َمن ُع ٌ َم ْو ُص ْو In Arabic the ٌ ( نَ ْعت adjective) comes after the ٌ َمن ُعوت .In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifiesARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)
Agreements between ٌ نَ ْعت and ٌ َمن ُعوت ت ٌ نَ ْع and وت ٌ َمن ُع should be in agreement in the following:1Gender2Indefinite vs.definiteThis is a small boy َص ِغ ٌير ٌ نَ ْعت 4Number َه َذا َص ِغ َيرٌة نت ٌ ِ ب ٌ َمن ُع ٌ وت نَ ْعت ٌ َه ِذ ِه The new teacher is in the classBilal is a new teacherI am in a new houseThis is a new houseٌِ الج ِدي ُدٌ ِفي الفَصل ٌ س ٌ س َج ِد ٌ ُم َد ِّر َُ يد ال ُم َد ِّر ٌ َمن ُع ٌ وت نَ ْعت ٌ َمن ُعوتٌ نَ ْعت 3Case َولَ ٌد ٌ َمن ُعوت This is a small girlٌ َج ِدي ٍد ٌ نَ ْعت ٍ ِفي َب ٌ يت ٌ َمن ُعوت That is a new studentٌ َج ِد يد ٌ نَ ْعت ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)ٌ ِ َطال ب ٌَ َذلِك ٌ َمن ُعوت اّّنا ٌ َج ِد يد ٌ َبيت ٌ َمن ُع ٌ وت نَ ْعت ٌ بِلَال َه َذا Those are new students اّْولَ ِئكٌَ طُلَّابٌ ُجد ٌُد ٌ َمن ُع ٌ وت نَ ْعت
ٌو َم ْن ُعوتٌ Nominal Sentence with نَ ْعت َ The sparrow is a small bird ال ُع ْص ُف ْو ُرٌ َطائٌِر َص ِغ ْيٌر ُم ْب َتدَاٌ َخ َبرٌ َو َمن ُعوتٌ نَ ْعتٌ The broken chair is in the room ال ُك ْر ِس ٌُّي ال َم ْك ُس ْو ُرٌ ِفيٌ ال ُغ ْر َف ِةٌ ُم ْب َتدَاٌ َو َمن ُعوتٌ نَ ْعتٌ ٌجرٌ َح ْر ُ ف َ اِ ْسمٌٌ َم ْج ُر ْورٌ َجار ٌَوٌ َم ْج ُر ْور ِ ٌ، خ َبرٌ ٌالج ْم َل ِة َ ٌ، ش ْب ُه ُ I am in the secondary school اّّنَا ِفيٌ ُم ْب َتدَاٌ ٌجرٌ َح ْر ُ ف َ ال َم ْد َر َس ِةٌ اِ ْسمٌ َم ْج ُر ْورٌ َو َم ْن ُعوتٌ الثَّانَ ِو َّي ِةٌ نَ ْعتٌ َجار ٌَوٌ َم ْج ُر ْور ِ ٌ، خ َبرٌ ٌالج ْم َل ِة َ ٌ، ش ْب ُه ُ 12 ) ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5
References from Quran -(5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come toyou from Allah light and a luminous Book.ٌ نَ ْعت ٌَو َم ْن ُعوت ﴾١٥: ٌو ِك َتابٌ ُّم ِبينٌ﴿اسورةٌالمائدة ٌَ ٌج َاءكُمٌ ِّم َنٌاللَّـ ِهٌنُور َ َق ْد (68:4) And undoubtedly, you possessexcellent manners.﴾٤: َواِنَّكَ ٌلَ َع َلىٌٰ ُخلُقٍ ٌ َع ِظي ٍمٌ﴿سورةٌالقلم (44:17) and an honourable Messengercame to them.﴾١٧: َو َج َاء ُه ْمٌ َر ُسولٌ َكرِيمٌ﴿اسورةٌالدخان (1:6) Guide us in the straight path.(45:10) And for them is a great torment.(8:274) For them is forgiveness andhonourable provision.(61:13) help from Allah and a near victoryARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)َ الص َر ﴾٦: اطٌالْ ُم ْس َت ِقي َمٌ﴿﴾﴿سورةٌالفاتحة ِّ ٌ ا ْه ِدنَا ﴾١٠: َولَ ُه ْمٌ َع َذابٌ َع ِظيمٌ﴿سورةٌالجاثية ﴾٧٤: ٌو ِر ْزقٌ َكرِيمٌٌ﴿سورةٌالانفال ٌَ لَّ ُهمٌ َّم ْغ ِف َرة ﴾١٣: ن َْصرٌ ِّم َنٌاللَّـ ِهٌ َو َف ْتحٌ َقرِيبٌ ٌۗ ﴿سورةٌالصف 13
Where is the ٌ ? َن ْعت The Arabic is an easy language َس ْه َلٌة ٌ نَ ْعت لُ َغٌة ٌ َخ َبر ٌَو َم ْن ُعوت ٌ ال َع َربِ َّي ُة ٌ ُم ْب َتدَا The Arabic language is easyٌ َس ْه َلة ٌ َخ َبر ٌ ال َع َربِ َّي ُة ٌ نَ ْعت ٌ اللُّ َغ ُة ٌ ٌٌ ُم ْب َتدَاٌ َو َم ْن ُع وت Exercise Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)14
ٌ َن ْعت or not4This book is new1A new bookٌ َج ِديد ٌِ اب ُ الك َت ٌ َه َذا ٌ َج ِديد ٌ ِك َتاب ٌ َخ َبر َبد ٌَل ٌ ُم ْب َتدَا ٌ نَ ْعت ٌ َمن ُعوت 5This new book is heavyThe new book is heavyٌ َث ِق ْيل ٌ الج ِدي ُد َ َه َذا ٌ َث ِق ْيل ٌ َخ َبر ٌ وت نَ ْعت ٌ ُم ْب َتدٌَا َبدَل ٌَو َمن ُع ٌ َخ َبر ٌ اب ُ ال ِك َت Abbas is a merchant 6ِ َت ٌ اجر ٌ َخ َبر ٌ َع َباس ٌ ُم ْب َتدَا 2ٌ اب ُ ال ِك َت ٌ ُم ْب َتدَاٌٌو َمن ُعوتٌ َن ْعت ٌ الج ِدي ُد َThe book is newٌ َج ِديد ٌِ اب ُ الك َت ٌ َخ َبر ٌ ُم ْب َتدَا 3 Exercise Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)15
The Relative Pronoun -ٌ ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل الَّ ِذي is called the relative pronoun ( ) ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌُل It is translated as: “Who” – for all rational beings “Which” – for all irrational beings and things It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later It is always followed by a description, which is known as ل ٌِ ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو The man, who left the room, is a merchantِ َت ٌ اجر ٌ ال ُغ ْر َف ِة ٌ ِم َن ٌ َخ َر َج ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌِل الَّ ِذي ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌُل ٌ ال َّر ُج ُل The book, which is on the table, belongs to the teacherٌ س ِ لِل ُم َد ِّر ٌ ال َمك َت ِب َع َلى ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌِل ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) الَّ ِذي ٌ ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل ٌ اب ُ ال ِك َت 16
نَعتٌ as الَّ ِذي The man is a merchant ال َّر ُج ُلٌ َت ِ اجٌر ُم ْب َتدٌَا َخ َبرٌ The tall man is a merchant ال َّر ُج ُلٌ ال َّطوِي ُلٌ َت ِ اجٌر ٌٌ ُم ْب َتدٌَا َو َم ْن ُعوتٌ نَ ْعتٌ َخ َبرٌ The man, who left the room, is a merchant ال َّر ُج ُلٌ ٌٌ ُم ْب َتدٌَا َو َم ْن ُعوتٌ 17 الَّ ِذي ِالا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل ٌَونَعتٌ ِم َنٌ َخ َر َجٌ ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌِل ال ُغ ْر َف ِةٌ َت ِ اجٌر َخ َبٌر ) ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5
ِ )ال ِف ْع ُلٌال َم The Past Tense Verb ( اضي Verb
ARIC Arabic Class Notes –Part 1 (ver. 1.1) Indefinite & Definite Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite (ٌةرَكَِن) or definite (ٌةَفرِعْمَ) An indefinite noun is indicated by ٌن يْوِنْتَ,
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ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 8 (ver. 5) 6 Classification of Verbs – Example )۪د۪ #۪و۪(ي G۬اب۪۫ر۫ دۨيز۬م۪ ي G۬اب۪ر۫ ۨدۨر S ۪م۫ ي ۬ ۬ال۪۫ ۫ دۨي۬ز۬م۪ ل۫ È۫ف۪ي۪ ل۪ È۪۪ف۪
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