UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE FACULTY OF ECONOMIC
UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATEFACULTY OF ECONOMIC ANDMANAGEMENT SCIENCESBLOEMFONTEIN CAMPUSUNDERGRADUATERULE BOOK 2016 Dean:Prof H J Kroukamp171 Flippie Groenewoud BuildingTel: 051 4013454Email: kroukhj@ufs.ac.za
1TABLE OF CONTENTSGeneral Orientation2Admission Requirements6PRIVATE SECTOR MANAGEMENTBachelor of Commerce16Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in InvestmentManagement and Banking17Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in Economics18Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in Marketing19Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in Entrepreneurship20Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in Human ResourceManagement21Bachelor of Commerce in Law22Bachelor of Commerce extended curriculum programme24PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENTBachelor of Administration26Bachelor of Administration extended curriculum programme28ACCOUNTANCYBachelor of Accounting31Bachelor of Commerce in Accounting32Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
2General OrientationThis section of the Rule Book of the University of the Free State (UFS) sets out therules in respect of the undergraduate programmes and study programmes in theFaculty of Economic and Management Sciences (EMS).In the case of any discrepancies between the 2016 EMS Faculty’s Afrikaans andEnglish Rule Books the information in the English Rule Book is applicable.Faculty and General RulesFor all the various programmes and major fields of study, a number of rules apply.Two sets of rules are relevant:General Rules of the University, which are applicable to all faculties, andconsequently also apply to programmes in this faculty. Unless specifically statedotherwise, the General Rules which apply to Bachelor’s Degree programmes applyto all the programmes listed here.The General Rules contain basic information such as the following: Student registration; module modifications; simultaneous registration;module compilation; duration of study; preconditions; acknowledgement ofmodules passed at other institutions; etc. Semester and year marks; requirements for passing; programme withdistinction; re-admission and exclusion of a student; re-assessments;special examinations; arrangements for examination venues; incorrectreading of examination timetable; marks and final results; etc. The National Benchmark Test (NBT), Rules A2 (1-13) from 2011, (RulesA3.9 (b) and (c) 2016) are compulsory for all prospective first-year studentsat the UFS who have applied for UFS studies. Students applying foradmission to the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences must alsowrite the Mathematics test. All students will be registered (during formalregistration) for the applicable language (EALE1508) and MathematicsDevelopment module(s) (MTDE1508) for the BAdmin extendedcurriculum programme and MATD1554 and MATD1584 for the BComextended curriculum programme, unless they provide proof of aproficient score in the NBTs, which is based on the minimumperformance level determined by the institution and articulated in theadmission requirements.Faculty Rules, which specifically apply to the programme in this faculty, and whichare described in this publication. It is the responsibility of students to beconversant with the General Rules as well as the Faculty Rules.Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
3Bachelor’s Degree ProgrammesInformationThe Bachelor’s Degree programmes in this faculty are intended to maximally developa student’s capabilities and potential. Scientifically-based teaching is applied to equipeach student for various career options in the broader field of Economics andManagement and Sciences. This includes careers in the private and public sectors,certain professions as well as in secondary and higher education institutions oflearning. Postgraduate study is available, upon completion of a relevant Bachelor’sdegree, for further advancement in a large spectrum of study fields.Undergraduate programmes are available in one of the following broad fields of study: Private Sector Management.Public Sector Management.Accountancy.The UFS101 module is an institutional module offered under the aegis of the Centrefor Teaching and Learning. For students registering from 2012 and onwards themodule UFS101 is a compulsory module for a undergraduate degree or diplomaqualification (Rule A3.9 (h) Students register for the module in their first year ofregistration except for students in the extended curricula who register for the modulein their first year of registration at the Bloemfontein Campus.A promotion system is not applied in the Faculty of Economic and ManagementSciences and therefore General Rules regarding promotion are not applicable in thisfaculty.Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
4Private Sector ManagementBachelor of Commerce egreeAcademicplanBCom3 yearsM60006300163001BCom withspecialisation inEconomics3 yearsM60106302163021Bachelor of Commerce withspecialisation in EntrepreneurshipBCom withspecialisation inEntrepreneurship3 yearsM60106382163821Bachelor of Commerce withspecialisation in Human ResourceManagementBCom withspecialisation inHumanResourceManagement3 yearsM60106304163041Bachelor of Commerce withspecialisation in InvestmentManagement and BankingBCom withspecialisation inInvestmentManagementand Banking3 yearsM601063031630313 yearsM60106309163091BCom withspecialisation inMarketing3 yearsM60106305163051BCom extendedcurriculumprogoramme4 yearsM6EXT6388163881Bachelor of CommerceBachelor of Commerce withspecialisation in EconomicsBachelor of Commerce in LawBachelor of Commerce withspecialisation in MarketingBachelor of Commerce extendedcurriculum programmeAbbreviationBCom (Law)Public Sector icprogrammeDegreeAcademicplanBAdmin3 yearsM60206310163101Bachelor of AdministrationUndergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
5Bachelor of Administration extendedcurriculum programmeBAdminextendedcurriculumprogramme4 yearsM60206356163561AccountancyProgrammeBachelor of AccountingBachelor of Commerce in mecodeDegree codeAcademicplan codeBAcc3 yearsM60306319163191BCom(Accounting)3 yearsM60306321163211Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
6RulesFaculty requirementsGeneral admission requirementsOver and above the General Rules regarding admission to this University (GeneralRules A2) and admission to degree study (General Rules A3), the following specificprerequisites for admission to study in this faculty must be met.Academic ProgrammeMinimum Admission Point (AP)and National Senior Certificateperformance levelsBComBCom with specialisation in EconomicsBCom with specialisation in EntrepreneurshipBCom with specialisation in HumanResource ManagementBCom with specialisation in InvestmentManagement and BankingAP 30Mathematics Achievement level 4(50%)BCom with specialisation in MarketingBCom (Law)1BCom extended curriculum programme2BAdmin 3AP 34Mathematics Achievement level 4(50%)AP 25 – 29Mathematics Achievement level 3(40%)AP 30BAdmin extended curriculum programme 4AP 25 – 29BAcc 5AP 34Mathematics Achievement level 5(60%)BCom (Accounting)1(a)AP 30Mathematics Achievement level 4(50%)The system of promotion in terms of the General Rule A9.4(e) is applicable to BCom (Law) studentswho have obtained a module mark of 70% or more in the law modules presented in the third year of thecurriculum of study code 3302 (mainstream LLB). Law modules presented in the first, second and fourthyears of the mainstream LLB cannot be promoted.Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
72(a) Students who qualify for the BCom extended degree programme will only be allowed toattend lectures at the UFS South Campus for the first two study years.(b) Upon completion of the first two study years on the UFS South Campus, students on theBCom extended degree programme will not be allowed to change to either the BCom (Law) orthe BAcc degree programmes.3Students who register for the BAdmin degree programme without the required performancelevel in Mathematics or its equivalent at National Senior Certificate level will not be allowed tosubsequently change to a BCom degree programme.4Students who qualify for the BAdmin extended degree programme will only be allowed toattend lectures at the UFS South Campus for the first two study years.5Students who did not take or pass Accounting or its equivalent at the National Senior Certificateperformance level will register for the EACC1614 in the first semester of their first year and needto pass it with 60% in order to continue with the BAcc degree programme in the secondsemester. Should they not meet the abovementioned requirement they will be converted to theBCom (Accounting) degree programme in the second semester.Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
8Credit values and names of modulesDepartment of EconomicsEquivalentNew moduleold module 71407 EECM3714EKT324EECM3724EECM72407EFEF62306 EFET724071 Only available for BAcc andCreditsName of module16Economic Systems and Basic Microeconomics16Introduction to Macroeconomics16Introduction to rnational Economics20South African Macroeconomic Policy Issues1616Introduction to Mathematical EconomicsStatistics for Economics16Personal Finance16Money and Interest Rates16Financial Instruments, Markets and Institutions16Investment Management16Risk Management in BankingBCom (Accounting) studentsUndergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
9Department of Business ManagementEquivalentNew module Creditsold S74407OBS314EBUS271520EBUS75407EBUS75507Name of moduleBusiness FunctionsGeneral ManagementFundamental Business FunctionsPersonal SellingInnovation ManagementDigital MarketingStrategic MarketingRelationship MarketingSmall Business ManagementEntrepreneurshipStrategic ManagementDepartment of Industrial PsychologyEquivalent old module codesNew module raduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016Credits16Name of moduleIntroduction to Human ResourcesManagement16Introduction to Individual Differences16Career Psychology16Labour Relations Management16Training Management162016Performance ManagementOrganisational PsychologyApplied Research for HRM and IOP
10Centre for AccountingEquivalentNew moduleold 624 &EAUD3724OREODT1524 8ETXA60806EBEL70807CreditsName of countingEACC370832AccountingEMAC262416Managerial AccountingEFIN161416Financial AccountingEFIN162416Financial AccountingEFIN270832Financial AccountingEFIN370832Financial AccountingEMAC271416Managerial AccountingEMNF272416Managerial FinanceEBRF370832Management Accounting and Finance32External AuditingEODT370832External AuditingEBEL261416Basic TaxationEBEL270832TaxationEODT2708Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
214ERKT61406RRK208ERRK60806No old codeNo old codeEBLS370832TaxationEEBS261416Business EthicsERKT261416Computer Applications and ControlERRK162416Accounting for the Legal ProfessionEACE1508EACE26143216Accountancy EnvironmentAccountancy EnvironmentDepartment of Public Administration and ManagementEquivalentNew module Credits Name of moduleold modulecodecodesEPAM51405 EPAM151416Public Administration and Management TheoriesOBB124EPAM162416Public Administration and Management in CPM1514EPAM26141616Calculations for Public ManagersMicro- and Macro-organisational AnalysisEMMA262416The Study of Municipal Management and AdministrationEMMA261416Municipal Management and AdministrationEMMA371416Contemporary Issues in Local GovernmentEPAM371416Public Financial EMMA372520Municipal FinancesEPAM372520Public Policy Administration and ManagementEPAL3714EPAH16241616Public Administration and Management LawHRM in the Public SectorESCM2724EMEP26241616Supply Chain ManagementMonitoring and Evaluation in the Public SectorUndergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
12Additional core modulesEquivalentNew moduleold CPM51405ECPM1514UFS101UFS101CreditsName of module16161616Business CalculationsBusiness CalculationsCalculations for Public ManagersUndergraduate Core CurriculumModules for the extended curriculum programmesEquivalentNew moduleEquivalentmainstreamold EFEC62406EFBC51405EFBC52405EFCP51405CreditsName of 1624202020Public Administration and Management TheoriesPublic Administration and Management in ActionHuman Resource Management in the Public 202020201616161616Introduction to Human Resource ManagementIntroduction to Individual DifferencesBusiness FunctionsGeneral ManagementEconomic Systems and Basic MicroeconomicsIntroduction to MacroeconomicsBusiness CalculationsBusiness CalculationsCalculations for Public ManagersRules regarding admission to modules in the following study yearIn order to proceed to the next study year in a programme, students should complywith the following requirements according to the General Rule, A3.10.The progression requirements are the following:(a) In the first study year of all undergraduate degree programmes, students arerequired to pass 35% of the first-year modules to be allowed to start with thesecond year’s study.(b) In the second study year of all undergraduate degree programmes, studentsare required to pass at least 45% of the second-year modules to be able to startwith the next year’s study.(c) In all other study years of undergraduate degree programmes, students arerequired to pass at least 60% of the modules to be able to progress to the nextyear’s study.(d) Where a student does not qualify to start with the next year’s study, the studentmust register for the outstanding modules and repeat the relevant academicUndergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
13year, and she/he may, with the dean’s permission, add a maximum number ofmodules to the next year’s study, which, together, may not amount to more thana total of 32 credits above the normal curriculum requirements for theprogramme in a specific study year.(e) A student who repeats a study year must either match or exceed therequirement in respect of the percentage of modules stipulated in paragraphsA3.10(a), A3.10(b) and A3.10(c) before she/he shall be allowed to continue withthe next study year of the programme in the following calendar year.(f) A part-time undergraduate student is expected to attain half of theachievements that are required in paragraphs A3.10 (a) to A3.10 (e).Code module changes, equivalent modules and transition rules Current students who registered for the first time in 2011 or before, without abreak in registration, should follow the curricula in the Rule Book of the yearthat they registered for the first time for that specific programme and use thenew eight-digit module codes. Current students who registered for the first time between 2012 and 2014,without a break in registration, should follow the curricula in the Rule Book of2014 and use the new eight-digit module codes. Current students who registered for the first time in 2015, without a break inregistration, should follow the curricula in the Rule Book of 2015 and use thenew eight-digit module codes. New first-year students, who registered for the first time in 2016, should registeraccording to the curricula in this 2016 Rule Book. If students want to be credited for modules already obtained, the following willbe applicable to current students who, in 2016, changed to another programmein this faculty:o If students change from one programme to another they must follow thecurricula of the programme to which they have changed, as appears inthe Rule Book of the year that they registered for that specificprogramme for the first time.o Students must register for the new module codes where applicable.The maximum period within which students may qualify to repeat a module orfor a programme is defined by the following General Rules:(i) A3.11(a) A student who has already twice registered for a particular module(question paper/practical work) and who still fails to comply with the passrequirements, will only be granted one further opportunity to re-register for thequalification on the basis of exceptional merit ‒ with the approval of the dean of thefaculty in which the module is offered, on the recommendation of the academicUndergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
14head of department and/or the programme director, and with written notification tothe senior director: Student Academic Services.A5 (a) “Except in cases where Council via Senate implements new rules withimmediate effect, a student may, for a first qualification, only register at theUniversity for the minimum period allowed for that qualification plus an additionaltwo years, with the second period following directly after the first, and she/hemust complete her/his studies for that particular qualification in accordance withthe rules applicable at the time of first registration.”Module prerequisitesPlease note that in order to register for the module included in the first column of thetables below, the admission requirements have to be met or the modules passed asset out in the second column.Department of MAC2724EINT3715Module prerequisiteNational Senior Certificate with Mathematics performance level 4National Senior Certificate with Mathematics performance level FET3724EECF1624 and EMAC2724EBCS1514, EBCS1524, EECF1514 and EECF1524EBCS1514, EBCS1524, EECF1514 and EECF1524EECF1624 or EFEC2624EECF1624 or EFEC2624EECF1624 or EFEC2624EECF1624 or EFEC2624EECF1614 or EFEC2614EECF1624 or EFEC2624EECF1624 or EFEC26241 Only available for BAcc andBCom (Accounting) studentsDepartment of Business ManagementModuleModule 24EBMA2624Centre for AccountingModuleModule prerequisiteEACC2608EACC1614 or EACC1624EACC3708EACC2608 or EFIN1624EFIN1614Accounting at National Senior Certificate performance level 5 (60%)Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
EODT3708EBLS3708EFIN1614 passed with a mark of 50% or EACC1614 passed with amark of 60%EFIN1624EFIN2708 or EACC3708EACC1614 or EACC1624 or EFIN1614 or EFIN1624EACC1614 or EACC1624 or EFIN1614 or EFIN1624EMAC2714EODT2708EBEL2708UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES IN PRIVATE SECTOR MANAGEMENTGeneral InformationProgrammes in Private SectorManagement skills can be obtained in several fields of study. These are allaccommodated within the degree programme Bachelor of Commerce (BCom). This isa highly regarded and comprehensive basic management programme and isstructured for economic and management positions (especially in the private sector),academic careers at universities and universities of technology, or a career as ateacher. While a BCom degree is directed at economic and management positions in theprivate sector, it is also an excellent programme for a career in the public sector(compare with the undergraduate degree programme in Public SectorManagement). The degree programme is structured around the core subjects of Economics(being the root science), Business Management (including Marketing,Entrepreneurship and Financial Management), Industrial Psychology andAccounting. The BCom degree offers a broader option to students who would likea solid general management background but who prefer not to specialise toosoon. Specialisations from which to choose within the BCom degree programme areindicated on page 6 under General admission requirements.The curricula for each major field of study are explained in the following section.Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
16Rule F1Bachelor of CommerceBCom(Minimum total credits: 428)Compulsory modulesBusiness FunctionsGeneral ManagementFirst study yearSemester 1Semester 2EBUS1514Third study yearSemester 1Semester 2EBUS1624Fundamental Business FunctionsSmall Business ManagementStrategic ManagementEntrepreneurshipEconomics Systems and Basic MicroeconomicsIntroduction to ional EconomicsSecond study yearSemester 1Semester MIC2714EMAC2724EINT3715South African Macroeconomic Policy IssuesAccountingIntroduction to Human Resource ManagementIntroduction to Individual DifferencesCareer PsychologyLabour Relations ManagementManagerial AccountingBusiness CalculationsPersonal 524EFEF1624Choose 1 field of specialisation ective modulesAccountingOrPerformance ManagementOrganisational PsychologyOrIntroduction to Mathematical EconomicsStatistics for EconomicsMinimum credits towards tal modulesUndergraduate Core CurriculumAcademic LiteracyAdditional credits for developmental modulesUndergraduate Core Curriculum (UFS101)64UFS101EALE15083216Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016EECM37246872140
17Rule F2Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in InvestmentManagement and BankingBCom with specialisation in Investment Management and Banking(Minimum total credits: 408)First study yearCompulsory modulesEconomic Systems and Basic MicroeconomicsIntroduction to ional EconomicsSouth African Macroeconomic Policy IssuesIntroduction to Mathematical EconomicsStatistics for EconomicsMoney and Interest RatesFinancial Instruments, Markets and InstitutionsInvestment ManagementRisk Management in BankingBusiness FunctionsGeneral ManagementManagerial FinanceAccountingIntroduction to Human Resource ManagementIntroduction to Individual DifferencesFinancial Planning LawBusiness EthicsBasic TaxationBusiness CalculationsPersonal FinanceMinimum credits towards degreeSemester 1EECF1614Semester 2Additional credits for developmental modulesUndergraduate Core CuriculumSemester 2Third study yearSemester 1Semester ental modulesUndergraduate Core CurriculumAcademic LiteracySecond study yearSemester 1UFS101EALE1508UFS101EALE15083216Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 201680EFEF1624641446868136
18Rule F3Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in EconomicsBCom with specialisation in Economics(Minimum total credits: 396)Compulsory modulesFirst study yearSemester 1Economic Systems and BasicMicroeconomicsIntroduction to MacroeconomicsSemester 2Second study yearSemester 1Semester 2Third study yearSemester 1Semester icsEMAC2724International EconomicsEINT3715South African Macroeconomic Policy IssuesEECT3725Introduction to Mathematical EconomicsEECM3714Statistics for EconomicsEECM3724Money and Interest RatesEFES2714Financial Instruments, Markets andInstitutionsInvestment ManagementEFES2724EFET3714Risk Management in BankingBusiness FunctionsEFET3724EBUS1514General ManagementEBUS1624Fundamental Business FunctionsEBUS1614EntrepreneurshipEBUS2714Strategic ManagementEBUS2715AccountingEACC1614Introduction to Human ResourceManagementIntroduction to Individual DifferencesEHRM1514Business al FinanceMinimum credits towards degreeEFEF16246464Developmental modulesUndergraduate Core CurriculumAcademic LiteracyAdditional credits for developmentalmodulesUndergraduate Core 16Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 20167252124
19Rule F4Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in MarketingBCom with specialisation in Marketing(Minimum total credits: 392)First study yearCompulsory modulesSemester 1Business FunctionsEntrepreneurshipEBUS1514Semester 2Semester 1Semester 2Third study yearSemester 1Semester 2EBUS2714General ManagementFundamental Business FunctionsSecond study yearEBUS1624EBUS1614Personal SellingEBMA2624Innovation ManagementENOV2624Brand ManagementDigital MarketingBKO254*EBMA3725Strategic MarketingEBMA3715Relationship MarketingEBMA3724Integrated Marketing CommunicationBKO344*Economic Systems and Basic MicroeconomicsEECF1614Introduction to MacroeconomicsAccountingEACC1614Introduction to Human Resource ManagementEECF1624EACC1624EHRM1514Introduction to Individual DifferencesEIOP1524Labour Relations ManagementMarketing usiness rsonal FinanceMinimum credits towards degreeEFEF162412848961445268120Developmental modulesUndergraduate Core CurriculumAcademic LiteracyUFS101UFS101EALE1508EALE1508Additional credits for developmental modules32Undergraduate Core Curriculum16* For modules from other faculties it is the responsibility of the student to ensure that the prerequisites for those modules aremet.Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016
20Rule F5Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in EntrepreneurshipBCom with specialisation in Entrepreneurship(Minimum total credits: 400)First study yearCompulsory modulesBusiness FunctionsDigital MarketingGeneral ManagementFundamental Business FunctionsInnovation ManagementSmall business ManagementStrategic MarketingStrategic ManagementEntrepreneurshipEconomic Systems and Basic MicroeconomicsIntroduction to MacroeconomicsAccountingIntroduction to Human Resource ManagementIntroduction to Individual DifferencesCareer PsychologyLabour Relations ManagementMicroeconomicsMacroeconomicsPerformance ManagementOrganisational PsychologyBusiness CalculationsPersonal FinanceMinimum credits towards degreeSemester 1EBUS1514Semester 2Semester 1Semester 2Third study yearSemester 1Semester 724EORG3715EBCS1514EBCS15246480144Developmental modulesUndergraduate Core CurriculumUFS101UFS101Academic LiteracyEALE1508EALE1508Additional credits for developmental modulesUndergraduate Core CurriculumSecond study year3216Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 2016486411276EFEF162468144
21Rule F6Bachelor of Commerce with specialisation in Human Resource ManagementBCom with specialisation in Human Resource Management(Minimum total credits: 360)Compulsory modulesIntroduction to Human Resources ManagementIntroduction to Individual DifferencesCareer PsychologyTraining ManagementLabour Relations ManagementPerformance ManagementOrganisational PsychologyApplied research for Human Resource Management and IOPGeneral ManagementStrategic ManagementPsychologyFundamental Business FunctionsBusiness CalculationsPersonal FinanceElective modulesEconomics (both semesters)OrAccounting (both semesters)Minimum credits towards degreeDevelopmental modulesUndergraduate Core CurriculumAcademic LiteracyAdditional credits for developmental modulesUndergraduate Core CurriculumFirst study yearSemester 1Semester 2EHRM1514EIOP1524Second study yearSemester 1Semester 2Third study yearSemester 1Semester 6472112UFS101EALE1508EALE15083216* For modules from other faculties it is the responsibility of the student to ensure that the prerequisites for those modules aremet.It is recommended that students who are not registered for the BCom with specialisation in HumanResource Management degree programme and intend to do their Honours Degree in IndustrialPsychology, contact the departmental head (Industrial Psychology) or programme coordinator fordirectives regarding the compilation of their undergraduate Industrial Psychology modules.Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Management Sciences 201648120
22Rule F7Bachelor of Commerce LawBCom (Law)(Minimum total credits: 512 credits)Compulsor
English Rule Books the information in the English Rule Book is applicable. . BCom extended degree programme will not be allowed to change to either the BCom (Law) or . BCom (Accounting) degree programme in the second semester. 8 Undergraduate Rule Book Economic and Ma
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
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Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
