VEGETABLE CROP HANDBOOK - Growing Produce
SOUTHEASTERN VEGETABLE EXTENSION WORKERSSOUTHEASTERN U.S.2018VEGETABLE CROPHANDBOOK"Everything you need on the dashboard of your truck."
SOUTHEASTERN VEGETABLE EXTENSION WORKERSHandbook Senior Editor:SOUTHEASTERN U.S.2018VEGETABLE CROPHANDBOOKJ.M. Kemble,Auburn University, Auburn, ALAssociate Editors:I.M. MeadowsNorth Carolina State UniversityPlant PathologyK.M. JenningsNorth Carolina State UniversityWeed ScienceJ.F. WalgenbachNorth Carolina State UniversityEntomologyCover Photos:Top Left: ‘Rainbow’ Swiss chard on polyethylene plasticby J. Kemble, Auburn UniversityTop Center: Early blight lesions on a tomato leafletby R. A. Melanson, Mississippi State University Extension,Bugwood.orgTop Right: Squash Vine borerby M. Sexton, LSU AgCenterCenter Large: Signs of southern blight on a tomato stemby R. A. Melanson, Mississippi State University Extension,Bugwood.orgBottom Left: Greenhouse cherry tomatoby I.M. Meadows, NC State University"Everything you need on the dashboard of your truck."
SOUTHEASTERN VEGETABLE EXTENSION WORKERSV EGETA BL E C ROP HANDBOOK 2018Dear Reader,The Southeastern Vegetable Extension Workers Group is proud to offer you the 19th edition of the VegetableCrop Handbook for the Southeastern United States. For this edition, we have partnered with Meister MediaWorldwide, Willoughby, Ohio. We are excited about this new partnership and look forward to working withMeister Media Worldwide as we provide growers, crop advisers, county educators, Extension agents, andspecialists throughout the southeastern United States with this handbook.This handbook represents a joint effort among Extension Specialists and Researchers from 12 land-grantuniversities in the US who work in the area of vegetable production. These specialists and researchersrepresent a wide array of disciplines - agricultural engineering, entomology, olericulture (vegetable production),plant pathology, postharvest physiology, soil science, and weed science.This handbook comprises up-to-the-minute information developed from research and Extension projectsconducted throughout the southeastern United States. The key idea behind this handbook is to provide youwith a practical resource that conveniently fits on your dashboard. It contains the information that you need tomanage your vegetable crops, including which varieties to plant, planting dates, fertilizer recommendations,cover crop selection and conservation tillage options, pesticide selection, grafting, fertigation, plasticulture,postharvest handling, alternative pest management tools and suggestions, as well as many other topics.An electronic version is available pHandbookIn addition to developing this handbook, the SEVEW Group focuses on strengthening and supporting vegetableproduction programs around the region, identifying emerging issues facing this region, and providing a forumfor multistate programming that will benefit growers in the southeastern United States.Vegetable production in this region faces many challenges. Members of the SEVEW Group have combinedtheir knowledge and experiences to develop approaches and answers that will enable growers in the southeastto optimize their production practices and to increase the sustainability of their operations.We hope you enjoy this handbook!Sincerely,SEVEW Group
The 2017 handbook was prepared and reviewed by the following authors at their respective institutions.We also wish to thank all of the past authors and participants that have helped to refine and continually improve this handbook.NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITYAUBURN UNIVERSITYEntomologyA. MajumdarHorticulture J.M. Kemble*Plant PathologyE.J. SikoraEntomologyG.G. Kennedy and J.F. WalgenbachHorticultural ScienceR.B. Batts, M. Clough, J.M. Davis*,E.R. Eure ,C.C. Gunter, K.M. Jennings,D.W. Monks, J.R. Schultheis,A.C. Thornton, and T.E. BirdsellPlant PathologyL.M. Quesada-Ocampo, F.J. Louws, andI.M. MeadowsCLEMSON UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY OF GEORGIAEntomologyA.N. SparksHorticultureG.E. Boyhan* and T.W. CoolongPlant PathologyB. DuttaWeed ScienceS. CulpepperUNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKYEntomologyR. A. Schmidt-Jeffris and P. SmithOKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITYHorticultureR.L. Hassell*, G.A. Miller, and B.K. WardEntomologyR.T. BessinEntomologyE. RebekPlant PathologyE. PfeuferPlant PathologyA. KeinathWeed ScienceM. CutulleHorticulture/Weed ScienceL. Brandenberger, G. Driever,J. Shrefler*, and K. WoodburnPlant PathologyJ. DamiconeSoil ScienceH. ZhangUNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEEBiosystems Eng. & Soil ScienceH. SavoyEntomologyF.A. HaleLOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITYAGRICULTURAL CENTERHorticultureK. Fontenot*, and C. MotsenbockerTEXAS A&M SYSTEMSweet Potato Research StationT. SmithPlant PathologyR.D. FrenchHorticultureC. Sams and A.L. Wszelaki*Plant PathologyR. SinghVIRGINA TECHHorticultureR.A. Arancibia* and R.A. StrawUNIVERSITY OF ARKANSASMISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITYEntomologyM.B. LaytonHorticultureJ. Lee and A. McWhirt*HorticultureR.G. Snyder*Plant PathologyR.A. MelansonEntomologyT.P. KuharPlant PathologyS.L. RideoutNutrient Management/SoilsM.S. Reiter*State CoordinatorsThe purpose of this book is to provide the best and most up-to-date information available for commercial vegetable growers in the southeastern US: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia,Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas, Tennessee, South Carolina and Virginia. These recommendations are suggested guidelines for production inthe above states. Factors such as markets, weather, and location may warrant modifications and/or different practices or planting dates not specifically mentioned in this book.2018 Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United Statesi
UPCOMING EVENTS FOR 2018DATE/TIMEREGIONAL MEETINGSLOCATIONCONTACT/INFOSouthern SAWG Conference – Practical Tools & Solutions for Sustaining Faming Families25 to 28 Jan.Lexington, KYALABAMAFarm, Food and Wildlife ExpoAnnually in AugChilton Research and Extension Center, Clanton, ALAlabama Sustainable Agriculture Network Regional Food and Farm ForumsAnnually from Sept. to Dec.Various locations around Alabama(dates subject to change)Alabama Fruit & Vegetable Growers Association Annual Conference and Trade ShowAnnually in Nov.Clanton Performing Arts Center, Clanton, ALCommercial Horticulture Webinar SeriesLast Monday each monthinfo@ssawg.org or erence/James Pitts at 334-850-5805http://www.aces.eduAlice Evans at 256-682-5742http://www.asanonline.orgMac Higginbotham at nline schedule at: pARKANSAS37th Annual Oklahoma & Arkansas Horticulture Industries ShowTBATulsa, OKPecan SchoolTBAConway, ARDonna Dollins at Donna.Dollins@okstate.edu or 405-744-5414Jackie Lee at jlee@uaex.eduGEORGIASoutheast Regional Fruit & Vegetable Conference5 to 8 JanSavannah, GATim Coolong at tcoolong@uga.eduGeorgia Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association, 877-994-3842http://www.gfvga.orgGeorgia Watermelon Associate Conference27 to 29 JanSt Simons Island, GATim Coolong at ation.orgGeorgia Organics Conference & Expo17 to 19 FebAtlanta, GASunbelt Ag. Expo17 to 19 OctGeorge Boyhan at gboyhan@uga.eduhttp://georgiaorganics.orgMoultrie, GAGeorge Boyhan at entucky Fruit & Vegetable Conference and Trade Show9 to 10 Jan from 8AM to 5PMEmbassy Suites Hotel, 1801 Newton PikeLexington, KY 40511John Strang at jstrang@uky.edu or 856-257-5685Shubin Saha at shubin.saha@uky.edu or 859-257-3374http://www.kyvga.orgLOUISIANALSU AgCenter/LFVGA Fall Field DayTBABaton Rouge, LAGardenFestTBA (mid-June)Kiki Fontenot at ABaton Rouge, LAKiki Fontenot at AMISSISSIPPINorth Mississippi Fruit and Vegetable Growers Conference9 to 10 FebNorth Mississippi Research and Extension Center,Thurs 8AM to 5PM; Fri 8AM to Noon Verona, MSGreenhouse Tomato Short Course7 to 8 MarEagle Ridge Conference Center, Raymond, MSFall Flower & Garden FestMid-Oct (Friday and Saturday)Truck Crops Experiment Station,9AM to 2PM (both days)2024 Experiment Station Road, Crystal Springs, MSDr. Jeff Wilson, jeff.wilson@msstate.eduRick Snyder at Rick.Snyder@msstate.edu; http://greenhousetomatosc.comRick Snyder at u/fallfestNORTH CAROLINAOrganic Growers School9 and 11 MarTomato Field DayTBA (Aug)iiUniv. of North Carolina, AshevilleRod Bowling chool.orgMountain Horticultural Crops Research & Ext. Center,Mills River, NCJeff Chandler at g/Field Days2018 Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United States
UPCOMING EVENTS FOR 2018 (cont’d)DATE/TIMELOCATIONCONTACT/INFONORTH CAROLINA (cont’d)NC Greenhouse Vegetable Growers Annual MeetingTBA (late Oct/early Nov)Raleigh, NCAlternative Crops and Organics Field DayTBA (Aug)Mountain Research Station, Test Farm Road,Waynesville, NCSE Vegetable and Fruit Expo28 to 29 NovMyrtle Beach, SC(jointly held by Clemson and ne Davis at Jeanine davis@ncsu.edu;http://ncherb.orgBonnie Hollowman at 919-334-0099; http://www.ncvga.com;J. Powell Smith at jpsmith@clemson.edu; Chris Gunter at cgunter@ncsu.eduOKLAHOMA37th Annual Oklahoma & Arkansas Horticulture Industries ShowTBATulsa, OKBecky Sellers, Phone (405) 696-3079Oklahoma Organic 2018October TBAOklahoma State University, Oklahoma City CampusOklahoma State University, Janelle Malone (405) 744-3669Student Center, 900 North Portland, Oklahoma City, OKSOUTH CAROLINAPreplant Growers Meeting31 JanWatermelon Field Day12 July (Registration 8AM;Program 8:30AM to 1:00PM)CREC Vegetable Field Day6 JuneUSDA Vegetable Lab/Clemson Coastal Research andEducation Center (CREC), Charleston, SCEdisto Research and Education Center (EREC),64 Research Road, Blackville, SC 29817Gilbert Miller at 803-284-3343 or /edistoPesticide License and CCA Credits availableClemson University Coastal Research & Extension Center, Richard Hassell at 843-402-5399 or rhassell@clemson.eduCharleston, SChttp://www.clemson.edu/public/rec/coastalSE Vegetable and Fruit Expo28 to 29 NovMyrtle Beach, SC(jointly held by Clemson and NCSU)Bonnie Hollowman at 919-334-0099; http://www.ncvga.com;Brian Ward at bw@clemson.edu; Chris Gunter at cgunter@ncsu.eduTENNESSEEPick TN Conference16 to 18 FebUT Steak and Potatoes Field Day1 AugUT Organic Crops Field TourTBA (Oct)Cool Springs MarriottFranklin, ence.comPlateau Research and Education Center,Crossville, TNhttp://plateau.tennessee.eduEast Tennessee Research and Education Center –Organic Crops Unit, Knoxville, TNhttp://east.tennessee.eduVIRGINIAVirginia Biological Farming Conference23 to 24 JanThe Homestead Resort; Hot Spring, VAhttp://vabf.org/conferenceEastern Shore Ag Conference and Trade Show24 to 25 JanEastern Shore Community College, Melfa, VATheresa Pittman at 757-787-1361 ext. 14 or tmjlong@vt.eduWarrenton, VAKenner Love at 540-675-3619 or klove@vt.eduWinter Vegetable SchoolTBA (Feb)Hampton Roads Fruit & Vegetable MeetingTBA (Feb)Chesapeake, VAWatson Lawrence at 757-382-6348 or watsonL@vt.eduVirginia Beach Strawberry Field Walk and SchoolTBA (Feb/Mar)Virginia Tech Eastern Shore Agricultural, Research &Extension Center, Painter, VARoy Flanagan, III at 757-385-4769 or royf@vt.eduDorey Park, Henrico, VALaura Maxey at 804-752-7310 or luaram@vt.eduRichmond Area Vegetable MeetingTBA (March)Virginia Tech Eastern Shore AREC Research Field DayTBA (late July/August)Virginia Tech Eastern Shore Agricultural,Research & Extension Center, Painter, VAMark Reiter at 757-414-0724 ext. 16 or mreiter@vt.eduNorthern Neck Vegetable Growers ConferenceTBA (Dec)Warsaw, VA2018 Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United StatesStephanie Romelczyk at 804-493-8924 or sromelcz@vt.eduiii
Vegetable Production Information Web SitesALABAMAAlabama SARE ate/AlabamaAlabama Cooperative Extension Systemhttp://www.aces.eduCommercial Vegetable Informationhttp://www.aces.edu/dept/com vegAU Plant Diagnostic Labhttp://www.aces.edu/dept/plantdiagnosticlabAL IPM able IPM Infohttp://www.aces.edu/vegetableipmAlabama Beginning Farms rkansas Cooperative Extension Servicehttp://www.uaex.eduArkansas Fruit, Vegetable, and Nut Update, UK CooperativeExtension Specialist’ Bloghttp://www.uaex.edu/hortblogUK CES Commercial Vegetable FLORIDAUniversity of Florida Cooperative Extension Servicehttp://edis.ifas.ufl.eduGEORGIAUniversity of Georgia Cooperative Extension Servicehttp://extension.uga.eduUG Fruits & Vegetable -vegetablesUniversity of Georgia College of Agriculture and EnvironmentalSciences NTUCKYUniversity of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Servicehttp://ces.ca.uky.edu/cesUK Ag Center for Crop Diversificationhttp://www.uky.edu/Ag/CCDKentucky Vegetable Integrated Pest Management ouisiana SARE ate/LouisianaLSU AgCenterhttp://www.lsuagcenter.comLSU Horticulture ouisiana Fruit & Vegetable Growers Associationhttp://www.facebook.com/LAFVGA and http://www.lsu.edu/LFVGAMISSISSIPPIMississippi State University Extension Servicehttp://extension.msstate.eduMS Greenhouse Tomato Production orticulture/greenhouse-tomatoesMS Greenhouse Tomato Short Coursehttp://greenhousetomatosc.comMississippi Commercial Horticulture e/crops/commercial-horticultureivMISSISSIPPI (CONT’D)Farmers’ al-horticulture/farmers-marketsNORTH CAROLINANorth Carolina Cooperative Extension Servicehttp://www.ces.ncsu.eduInformation on Herbs, Organics, & Specialty Cropshttp://ncherb.orgNCSU Vegetable Pathologyhttp://go.ncsu.edu/veggiepathologyNCSU Extension Plant Pathology Portalhttp://plantpathology.ces.ncsu.edu/NCSU Plant Disease and Insect /clinic/NCSU Entomology Portalhttp://entomology.ces.ncsu.edu/NCSU IPM Portalhttp://ipm.ces.ncsu.edu/North Carolina Pest Newshttp://ipm.ncsu.edu/current ipm/pest news.htmlHorticulture Information Leafletshttp://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hilNC Organic Agriculture Internet Resourcehttp://ncorganic.orgWolfpack Weedshttp://wolfpackweeds.com/Fresh Produce AHOMAOklahoma Cooperative Extension Servicehttp://www.oces.okstate.eduOK Dept. of Horticulture Vegetable Fact utreach/research/OK Dept. of Horticulture Vegetable Variety Trial reach/research/vegetable-trial-reportsSOUTH CAROLINAClemson University Cooperative Extension Servicehttp://www.clemson.edu/extensionClemson Coastal Research & Education mson Edisto Research and Extension EUniversity of Tennessee Extensionhttps://extension.tennessee.eduUT Vegetable Productionhttp://vegetables.tennessee.eduUT Organic & Sustainable Crop Productionhttp://organics.tennessee.eduTEXASTexas Agricultural Extension rginia Cooperative Extensionhttp://www.ext.vt.eduVirginia Tech Vegetable Entomology b2018 Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United States
Table of ContentsTABLES FORGENERAL PRODUCTION RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . 1-321A. Vegetable Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Soil Test Interpretations and Recommendations Based onSoil Test Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. General Fertilizer Suggestions for Vegetable Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63. Nutrient Values for Manure Applications and Crop Residues. . . . . . . 93A. Nutrient Values for Various Plant, animal and Natural Products . . . 104. Percentage Equivalents and Conversion Factors for Major,Secondary, and Micronutrient Fertilizer Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105. Optimum and Minimum Temperatures for Transplant Production . . 146. Vegetable Seed Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177. Population of Plants per Acre at Several Between-row and In-rowSpacings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178. Critical Periods of Water Need for Vegetable Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . 179. Available Water-Holding Capacity Based on Soil Texture . . . . . . . . 1710. Soil Infiltration Rates Based on Soil Texture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711. Hours Required to Apply 1” of Water Based on Row Spacing. . . . . 1812. Maximum Application Rate in Minutes for Drip IrrigatedVegetable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813. Predators and Parasites of Vegetable Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2713 A. Relative Impact of Insecticides & Miticides on Key NaturalEnemy Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2814. Recommended Storage Conditions and Cooling Method forMaximum Postharvest Life of Commercially Grown Vegetables. . . 32LIST OF INSECT, DISEASE, ANDWEED CONTROL TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v-viiiGENERAL PRODUCTION RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . 1Varieties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Crop Rotation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Soils and Soil Fertility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Nutrient Management and Maximizing Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Minimum Tillage for Vegetable Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Cover Crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Transplant Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Grafting in Vegetable Crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Disease Control in Plant Beds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Seed Storage and Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Plant Populations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Irrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Mulches and Row Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Pollination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22How to Improve Pest Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Beneficial Insects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Diagnosing Vegetable Crop Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Air Pollution Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31What are Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Basic Principles of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) . . . . . . . . . . . 31Food Safety Modernization Act’s (Fsma) Produce Safety Rule. . . . . . 33Postharvest Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Optimizing Commerical Cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Cooling Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342018 Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United StatesSPECIFIC COMMODITY RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . 36-107Asparagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Beans: Lima/Butter and Snap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Beets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Collards, Kale, and Kohlrabi. . . . . . . . . 42Carrots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Cucumbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Eggplant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Garlic and Elephant Garlic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Greens: Mustard and Turnip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Herbs: Basil, Parsley and Cilantro, and Hops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Hops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Leeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Melons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Okra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Onions and Green Onions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Parsnip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Peas: English/Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Peppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Potatoes (Irish). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Pumpkins and Winter Squash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Radishes, Rutabagas, and Turnips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Southern Peas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Spinach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Summer Squash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Sweet Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Sweetpotato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Tomatoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Watermelon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103PEST MANAGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Soil Pests: Their Detection and Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107CALIBRATING CHEMICAL APPLICATION EQUIPMENT . . 110-115Calibrating a Sprayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Calibrating a Granular Applicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Calibrating a Broadcast Spreader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Calibration Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110113114115REGISTERED FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, ANDMITICIDES FOR VEGETABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116-124Resistance Management and the Insecticide Resistance ActionCommittee (IRAC) Codes for Modes of Action of Insecticides. . . . . . .General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Respiratory Protective Devices for Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Protecting Our Groundwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Toxicity of Chemicals Used in Pest Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Conversion Information for Use of Pesticides on Small Areas. . . . . . .Pesticide Dilution Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116117120121123124124INSECT, DISEASE, AND WEED CONTROL TABLES . . . 125-282EMERGENCY NUMBERS BY STATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283v
Insect, Disease, & Weed Control TablesALL VEGETABLESTable 2-24.Table 2-25.Table 2-26.Table 2-27.Table 2-28.Table 2-29.Table 3-43.Table 3-44.Table 3-45.Table 3-46.Table 3-47. Table 3-48.Table 3-49.Table 3-50.Table 3-51.Table 3-52.Table 3-53.Table 3-54.ASPARAGUSTable 2-1.Table 3-1.Table 3-2.Table 4-1.BASILTable 3-3.BEANTable 2-2.Table 3-4.Table 3-5.Table 3-6.Table 4-2.BEETTable 2-3.Table 4-3.Relative Effectiveness of Insecticides And Miticides for Insect and Mite Control on Field-Grown Vegetables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Preharvest Intervals (In Days) for Pyrethroid Insecticides in Vegetable Crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162List of Generic Insecticides by Active Ingredient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Components of Insecticide Mixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Insect Control for Greenhouse Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Alternative LPM and Bioinsecticide Recommendations In Vegetable Crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Efficacy of Fumigants or Fumigant Combinations for Managing Soilborne Nematodes and Diseases, and Weeds . . . . . . . . . . 226Management of Soilborne Nematodes with Non-Fumigant Nematicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Greenhouse Disease Control for Tomato and Other Vegetable Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Biorational and Biological Products for Greenhouse Disease Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Recommended Temperatures and Treatment Times for Hot Water Disinfestation of Vegetable Seed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Products for Seed Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Biocontrol Agents and Disinfestants Registered for Seed Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Sweetpotato Storage House Sanitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Water, Produce and Equipment Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Various Fungicides for Use on Vegetable Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Biopesticides And Fungicide Alternatives for Vegetables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Fungicide Modes of Action for Fungicide Resistance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Insect Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Disease Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Alternative Management Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Chemical Weed Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Disease Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Insect Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Disease Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Efficacy of Products for Disease Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Relative Importance of Alternative Management Practices for D
Dear Reader, The Southeastern Vegetable Extension Workers Group is proud to offer you the 19th edition of the Vegetable C
Crop images Cropping is the process of removing portions of an image to create focus or strengthen the composition. You can crop an image using the Crop tool and the Crop command Using the Crop tool Crop an image using the Crop tool 1. Select the Crop tool . 2. Drag over the part of the image you want to keep to create a marquee.
as monthly crop water requirement at different growing stages of maize crop. The crop water requirement and irrigation requirement for maize crop 238.6 mm and 212.6 mm. Considering the above findings it was suggested to use the Cropwat 8.0 model to predict the crop water requirements for different crops.
the un-used or new vegetable oil. For this purpose used and unused oil samples of SUFI vegetable oil has been taken. SUFI vegetable oil is a very popular and most consumed brand in Pakistan. Fig. 2 : Analysis of used vegetable oil. Analyses of used vegetable oil (fig.2) before treatment shows that greater number of saturated
Customize Holiday Cards Page 3 5. To focus attention on your photo's subject, crop the photo. Choose the Crop tool from the Tools toolbar on the left. Freehand Crop: Click and drag the Crop tool across your photo to select the crop area. Preset Crop: You can crop to a specified
Abstract: The determination of crop coefficients and reference crop evapotranspiration are important for estimating irrigation water requirements of any crop in order to have better irrigation scheduling and water management. The purpose of this study is to determine the crop water requirement of cauliflower, using single and dual crop coefficient
improving methods for measuring crop area, production and yield Handbook on crop statistics: improving methods for measuring crop area, production and yield . 2.3.Main challenges 9 ChAPTer 3 sAmPlIng And esTImATIon meThods for CroP sTATITICs s 11 3.1.Establishing the objective of the survey, target population, data items to be collected .
p. 2 Vegetable IPM Advisory 05-31-2016 Vegetable Research Highlights: Organic asparagus; organic vegetable cover crop rotations; mulches, staking, and shading for tomato and pepper; onion nitrogen and crop rotation management; introduction of the updated 2016 Utah Vegetable Production and Pest Management Guide; and biochar application to
Accretion in Astrophysics: Theory and Applications Solutions to Problem Set I (Ph. Podsiadlowski, SS10) 1 Luminosity of a Shakura-Sunyaev (SS) Disk In lecture we derived the following expression for the effective temperature, Te ff as a function of radial distance from the central compact star: Teff " 3GMM 8πσr3 #1/4 1 q r0/r 1/4 where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. a.) The .
