Cornell Pest Management Guide For Commercial Production .
2018Cornell Pest Management Guidefor Commercial Production andMaintenance of Trees and ShrubsThese guidelines are not a substitute for pesticide labeling. Always read and understand the product label beforeusing any pesticide.
TABLE OF CONTENTS1 PESTICIDE INFORMATION . 11.1 Pesticide Classification and Certification . 11.2 Use Pesticides Safely . 11.2.1 Plan Ahead. 11.2.2 Move Pesticides Safely . 11.2.3 Personal Protective Equipment and Engineering Controls . 11.2.4 Avoid Drift, Runoff, and Spills. 11.2.5 Avoid Equipment Accidents . 21.2.6 Pesticide Storage. 21.3 Pollinator Protection . 21.4 New York State Pesticide Use Restrictions . 21.4.1 Restricted-Use Pesticides. 21.4.2 Additional Use Restrictions . 31.5 Verifying Pesticide Registration and Restricted-Use Status . 31.6 Check Label for Site and Pest . 31.7 Pesticide Recordkeeping/Reporting . 31.7.1 New York State Requirements. 31.7.2 Federal Private Applicator Recordkeeping Requirements . 41.8 EPA Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides. 41.9 Reduced-risk Pesticides, Minimum-risk Pesticides, and Biopesticides . 41.9.1 Reduced-risk Pesticides . 41.9.2 Minimum-risk Pesticides . 41.9.3 Biopesticides. 51.10 FIFRA 2(ee) Recommendations. 51.11 Neighbor Notification . 51.12 Pesticide Use on School and Day Care Center Grounds . 61.13 Toxicity and Hazards of Pesticides . 61.13.1 Toxicity Ratings and Signal Words on Pesticide Labels . 61.14 Handling Pesticides. 72 INSECT AND MITE PEST MANAGEMENT OF TREES AND SHRUBS . 82.1 Introduction. 82.2 How to Use the Insect and Mite Chapter . 82.3 About the Tables . 82.4 Insect and Mite Control for Propagation Ranges, Greenhouses, and Perennials . 82.5 Biorational Pest Management Tools and Tactics . 82.5.1 "Biorational" Controls . 82.6 Insecticides. 102.6.1 Insecticide Classes and Modes of Action . 102.6.2 Phytotoxicity of Insecticides. 102.6.3 Timing Spray Applications . 102.6.3.1 Calendar Method . 112.6.3.2 Growing Degree-Days (GDD). 122.6.3.3 Plant Phenological Indicators (PPI). 122.6.4 Formulations - How Insecticides Are Sold . 122.6.5 Systemic Insecticides . 132.6.5.1 Systemic Injection Techniques . 132.6.6 *Merit, *Marathon and Other Imidacloprid Insecticides: Best Management Practices for SoilApplication . 142.6.7 Oil Sprays . 152.6.8 Shelf Life . 172.6.9 Pesticide Adjuvants. 172.6.10 Mist Blowers: Limitations of Low-Volume Spray Equipment . 172.7 Insects and Mites Destructive to Woody Ornamentals . 182.8 Pest Management Timing . 242.9 Insect and Mite Pest Management . 402.10 Registered Insecticides and Acaricides . 742018 CORNELL PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TREES AND SHRUBSi
iiTABLE OF CONTENTS3 DISEASE MANAGEMENT FOR TREES AND SHRUBS.913.1 General Measures for Disease Prevention .913.2 Nursery Hygiene .913.3 Diseases of General Importance or Occurrence.913.3.1 Crown Gall .913.3.2 Verticillium Wilt .923.3.3 Shoestring Root Rot .923.3.4 Powdery Mildew .933.3.5 Chlorosis Caused by Manganese or Iron Deficiency.933.3.6 Cutting Rots Caused by Several Species of Fungi.933.4 Disease Control.933.5 Fungicide Information .1074 WEED MANAGEMENT IN NURSERY CROPS .1134.1 Establishing a Weed Management Program .1134.1.1 The Need for a Weed Management Program .1134.1.2 Weed Identification .1134.1.3 Weed Scouting.1134.1.4 Weed Management Options .1134.1.5 A Few Terms Used in Weed Control .1144.1.6 Herbicide Formulations and Abbreviations .1144.2 Controlling Weeds before Planting.1144.2.1 Preplant Treatment with Glyphosate .1154.3 Weed Management Strategies in Growing Crops .1164.3.1 Postplant Perennial Weed Control.1164.3.2 Postplant Annual Weed Control .1174.3.3 Herbicide Combinations .1174.3.4 Seedling Weeds in Established Plantings .1174.3.5 Seedling Weeds in Containers .1174.3.6 Weeds Around Container Plants.1174.3.7 Controlling Weeds in Adjacent Uncropped Areas.1174.3.8 After Treatments are Applied .1184.4 Herbicides and Cover Crop Establishment .1184.5 Nonchemical Methods of Weed Control .1184.6 Activated Charcoal for Controlling Residues .1184.7 Herbicide Resistance.1184.8 Description and Characteristics of Herbicides Registered for Nursery and Landscape Use.1194.9 Weed Susceptibilities to Herbicides .1524.10. Registered Herbicides .1594.11 Scientific Name Cross-references.1665 VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT.1705.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) .1705.2 Nonchemical Wildlife Damage Management Alternatives .1705.2.1 Exclusion .1705.2.2 Habitat Modification .1705.2.3 Population Reduction .1705.3 Control of Rodent Damage to Nursery and Landscape Plants.1715.3.1 Rodent Control in Field Situations .1715.4 Repellents for Deer and Rabbits .1715.5 Rodent Control in Buildings and Other Structures .1725.5.1 Pest Species .1725.5.2 Feeding Behavior.1725.5.3 Determining the Presence of Rodents.1725.5.4 Long-Term Population Suppression .1735.5.5 Rodenticides for Structural Use.1732018 CORNELL PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TREES AND SHRUBS
CHAPTER 1 – PESTICIDE INFORMATION11 Pesticide Information1.1 Pesticide Classification andCertificationThe Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA) created two classifications of pesticides – generaluse and restricted-use. General-use pesticides may bepurchased and used by anyone. Restricted-use pesticidescan only be purchased by a certified applicator. Restricteduse pesticides must also be used by a certified applicator orsomeone under their supervision.The same federal law that classifies pesticides dividedapplicators into two groups: private and commercial.Private applicators use or supervise the use of pesticidesto produce agricultural commodities or forest crops on landowned or rented by the private applicator or their employer.A farmer must be certified as a private applicator in order topurchase and use restricted-use pesticides on agriculturalcommodities. (No certification is needed if a farmer doesnot use restricted-use pesticides.)A commercial applicator uses or supervises the use ofpesticides for any purpose or on any property not coveredby the private applicator classification. In New York, acommercial applicator must be certified to purchase or useany pesticide whether it is general- or restricted-use.Information about pesticide certification and classificationis available from your Cornell Cooperative Extension office(cce.cornell.edu/localoffices), regional NYSDEC pesticidespecialist (www.dec.ny.gov/about/ 558.html), the PesticideApplicator Training Manuals (store.cornell.edu/c-876manuals.aspx), or the Pesticide Management EducationProgram (PMEP) at Cornell University(psep.cce.cornell.edu).1.2 Use Pesticides SafelyUsing pesticides imparts a great responsibility on the userto protect their health and that of others and to protect theenvironment. Keep in mind there is more to “pesticide use”than the application. Pesticide use includes mixing, loading,transporting, storing, or handling pesticides after themanufacturer’s seal is broken; cleaning pesticideapplication equipment; and preparing a container fordisposal. These activities require thoughtful planning andpreparation. They are also regulated by state and federallaws and regulations intended to protect the user, thecommunity, and the environment from any adverse effectspesticides may cause.pesticide accidents can be prevented with informed andcareful practices. Always read the label on the pesticidecontainer before you begin to use the pesticide. Makesure you understand and can follow all directions andprecautions on the label. Be prepared to handle anemergency exposure or spill. Know the first aid proceduresfor the pesticides you use.1.2.2 Move Pesticides SafelyCarelessness in transporting pesticides can result in brokencontainers, spills, and contamination of people and theenvironment. Once pesticides are in your possession, youare responsible for safely transporting them. Accidents canoccur even when transporting materials a short distance.You are responsible for a pesticide accident so take everyeffort to transport pesticides safely. Be prepared for anemergency.1.2.3 Personal Protective Equipment andEngineering ControlsPersonal protective equipment needs depend on thepesticide being handled. Required personal protectiveequipment (PPE) are listed on pesticide labels. Therequired PPE are based on the pesticide’s toxicity, route(s)of exposure, and formulation. Label required PPE are theminimum that must be worn during the pesticide’s use.Pesticide users can always wear more protection than thelabel requires.The type of protective equipment used depends on the typeand duration of the activity, where pesticides are beingused, and exposure of the handler. Mixing/loadingprocedures often require extra precautions. Studies showyou are at a greater risk of accidental poisoning whenhandling pesticide concentrates. Pouring pesticideconcentrates from one container to another is the mosthazardous activity. More information on personal protectiveequipment can be found online at umes.edu/NC170/Default.aspx?id 7184.Engineering controls are devices that help preventaccidents and reduce a pesticide user’s exposure. Oneexample is a closed mixing/loading system that reduces therisk of exposure when dispensing concentrated pesticides.More information on engineering controls can be foundonline at umes.edu/NC170/Default.aspx?id 7196.1.2.4 Avoid Drift, Runoff, and Spills1.2.1 Plan AheadMany safety precautions should be taken before youactually begin using pesticides. Too many pesticideapplicators are dangerously and needlessly exposed topesticides while they are preparing to apply them. MostPesticides that move out of the target area can injurepeople, damage crops, and harm the environment. Chooseweather conditions, pesticides, application equipment,pressure, droplet size, formulations, and adjuvants thatminimize drift and runoff hazards. See product labels forspecific application and equipment requirements.2018 CORNELL PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TREES AND SHRUBS
8CHAPTER 2 – INSECT AND MITE PEST MANAGEMENT2 Insect and Mite Pest Management of Trees and Shrubs2.1 IntroductionMore species and cultivars of ornamental plants are grownin nurseries and in the landscape than all other kinds ofcultivated crops combined. While this is a statement ofpride among ornamental horticulturists, it is likewise truethat an even greater number of pest species find these plantsand use them as food, causing an expenditure of time anddollars in added maintenance costs.Concise pesticide guidelines are given in this publicationfor managing more than 150 species of insects and mites onover 50 kinds of ornamental trees and shrubs which grow inthe four plant zones of New York. Practical and effectivecontrol of insects and mites that attack ornamental trees andshrubs can be achieved by recognizing the pests,understanding their life histories, and using a skillfullyplanned integrated pest management (IPM) program.IPM goes beyond the use of chemical pesticides andincludes every means of pest control that may be appliedunder a given set of circumstances. Useful pest controltechniques must be compatible, so IPM programs may varyfrom nursery to nursery or landscape to landscape and mayrequire professional assistance to organize and maintain.What follows are but fragments of the IPM concept.2.2 How to Use the Insect and MiteChapterThis chapter is divided into the following sections:x 2.5 Text on Biorational Pest Management Tools andTacticsx 2.6 Text on Chemical Insecticides- mode of action- phytotoxicity- timing of application- formulation- systemic insecticides- best management practices for soil application- oil sprays- shelf life- pesticide adjuvants- mist blowersx 2.7 Registered Insecticides and Acaricides Table –arranged by active ingredientx 2.8 Insects and Mites Destructive to WoodyOrnamentals – arranged by host plantx 2.9 Pest Management Timing - arranged bymonth/season with growing degree day (GDD) andplant phenology information (PPI)x 2.10 Insect and Mite Pest Management – arranged bypest with IPM information, management options, andapplication timing2.3 About the TablesSections 2.6 and 2.8 contain lists and tables that permitquick access to a mass of pest management information. Becertain that you understand the footnotes and how to usethese tables. To assist in diagnosis (identification) of a pest,first look at Table 2.8.1. Find the plant of concern, thennote the common or "key" pests associated with the plant.Numbers following the names of pests correspond to pageswith descriptions in Insects That Feed on Trees and Shrubs,second edition, published by Cornell University Press. Platenumbers showing illustrations are indicated in boldfacetype. Book is available from Cornell University Press, 800848-6224 (U.S. & Canada) or at http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI 80140100626460Next, turn to Table 2.10.1, remembering the name of thesuspect pest. Entries for each pest include signs and/orsymptoms of infestation, management options, timing oftreatment, and IPM considerations. If you are interested inthe characteristics of a particular pesticide-what it willcontrol, formulations available, EPA numbers, nurseryversus landscape uses, restricted-entry intervals,phytotoxicity, and other precautions-see Table 2.7.1.The proper biological timing of control measures for eachpest in each locality can be achieved through experience, byusing the growing degree-day system, or by phenologicalindicator plants (see Table 2.9.1). Keep a record oftreatments and schedules used from year to year toaccumulate seasonal experience for spraying. Records ofnormal growth phenomena such as bud development andflowering are useful in documenting the proper time fortreatment in your geographical area.2.4 Insect and Mite Control forPropagation Ranges, Greenhouses, andPerennialsControl of insect and mite problems for interior use ingreenhouses, arboreta, and interiorscapes as well asherbaceous perennials are covered in the Cornell Guide forthe Integrated Management of Greenhouse Crops andHerbaceous Perennials. This publication is available inprint and online formats through the Cornell Store atCornell University (844-688-7620 or online .aspx).2.5 Biorational Pest Management Toolsand Tactics2.5.1 "Biorational" ControlsBiorational tactics begin with cultural and mechanicalpractices such as diverse cropping, crop rotation, androguing of sick plants. Traps using food baits, light, and2018 CORNELL PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TREES AND SHRUBS
10CHAPTER 2 – INSECT AND MITE PEST MANAGEMENTattractive color or some knowledge of insect behavior.Examples include Lindgren funnel traps baited with alphapinene and ethanol or frontalin for bark beetles, yellowsticky panels that attract fungus gnats and whiteflies, andpitfall traps or trap boards for black vine weevils.effectiveness can approach that of synthetic organicpesticides in some cases. Some IPM specialists includehorticultural mineral oils and insecticidal soaps asbiorational pesticides. Both are environmentally friendly inspray dilutions and degrade quickly.Insect growth regulators (IGRs) were first recognized asuseful with the discovery of the juvenile hormonebiochemicals in insects. Some plants even use thischemistry as a form of protection. IGRs act on the hormonalsystem of immature insects; they generally do not kill adultinsects and have a delayed effect. Therefore, timingapplications to coincide with early immature stages isimportant and one should not expect to see immediatecontrol. Treated insects may stop feeding, however. At leastthree major groups of IGR insecticides are now in use.Juvenile hormone mimics act like natural juvenile hormonein insects, the presence of which ensures that the next moltwill be to another immature (larval) stage in treated insects.Affected insects usually do not reach adulthood or die whilemolting to the next larval stage. The insecticidepyriproxyfen (Distance) is a juvenile hormone mimic.Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors interfere with the productionof chitin, an essential component of the insect shell or skin.Insects affected by these materials are not able to moltsuccessfully. Novaluron and diflubenzuron are members ofthis group that primarily target butterfly and mothcaterpillars, although they are also used for other kinds ofinsects. Diflubenzuron (Dimilin), for example, is usedagainst early stages of gypsy moth and other caterpillars andalso has some ovicidal activity. Cyromazine (Citation) isanother kind of chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, disruptingmolting of fly larvae such as serpentine leafminers. A thirdgroup called ecdysone agonists or ecdysone antagonistsdisrupt molting by interference with the normal operation ofecdysone, a hormone important in the insect moltingprocess. Treated insects may not be able to emergenormally. Azadirachtin (Azatin O, Azatrol, etc.) andtebufenozide (*†Confirm) are in this category. Derived fromneem seed oil, azadirachtin has been used for thousands ofyears but only recently commercialized for horticulture inthis country. It has some systemic activity when applied toroots and Ornazin is also labeled for trunk injection,although azadirachtin is primarily a foliar insecticide.Remember that most ornamental plants in urban andnursery settings are growing in an artificial, contrivedenvironment. Left on their own many of them could notcompete and would not survive. Selection often results inthe propagation of plants not suitable to the truly naturalenvironment. Such plants generally require moremaintenance, including pest management, and in effect aredependent on a range of horticultural inputs.Some pesticides are microbes or derived from them.Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) bacteria produce aprotein crystal endotoxin that disrupts the gut of butterflyand moth caterpillars. Formulations of the endotox
CHAPTER 2–INSECT AND MITE PEST MANAGEMENT 2018CORNELL PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDEFOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TREES AND SHRUBS 8 2 Insect and Mite Pest Management of Trees and Shrubs 2.1 Introduction More species and cultivars of ornamental plants are grown
2020 Cornell Pest Management Guide for Commercial Production and Maintenance of Trees and Shrubs Authors Elizabeth Lamb (New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Ithaca, NY; Editor) Paul D. Curtis (Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; vertebrate pest management) Daniel O. Gilrein (Cornell Cooperative Extension - Suffolk County, Riverhead, NY; insect pest .
insect infestations, and notify management when dead rodents and or birds are found. b) Management should immediately contact the pest management provider for assistance. 1.3.1. Pest Sighting Log a) Maintain a Pest Sightings Log which informs the pest control service technician of pest sightings or pest activity in the facility.
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pest from causing more damage than is reasonable to accept. Even though a pest is present, it may not do very much harm. It could cost more to control the pest than would be lost because of the pest's damage. The three main objectives of pest control are: prevention—keeping a pest from becoming a problem, suppression—reducing pest
Project Report Yi Li Cornell University yl2326@cornell.edu Rudhir Gupta Cornell University rg495@cornell.edu Yoshiyuki Nagasaki Cornell University yn253@cornell.edu Tianhe Zhang Cornell University tz249@cornell.edu Abstract—For our project, we decided to experiment, desig
method of approach to pest control is not feasible. Hence, we have to form an integrated approach in pest management. IPM. Integrated Pest Management is an ecological approach in which utilization of all available techniques of pest control to reduce and maintain the pest population at levels below economic injury level _.
identifying the proper pest, finding out where and how the pest is getting in, and starting pest management. Following are brief descriptions of common urban pests. For each pest listed there is a picture, a guide to its actual size, a general description of the pest, whether it's a nuisance pest or a health concern, and some basic control
application of control measures. PEST INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD An organism that is not a serious pest in its native environment can become a devastating pest when introduced into a new environment. Often the natural controls that are present in the pest's native environment are not present in the new area, allowing the pest to flourish.
