14-33 Ch01 F4 2/1/07 3:05 PM Page 14 1 Exploring Canada
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 14CHAPTER1Exploring CanadaHave you ever travelled to another part of Canada? How did youget there? Can you imagine travelling there in a wheelchair?Rick Hansen travelled through all ten of Canada’s provinces this way!Hansen was a wheelchair athlete who wheeled his way around theworld. His goal was to raise money to help people with spinal cordinjuries, like himself.In August 1986, Hansen began his journey across Canada,starting on the rocky shore of Cape Spear in Newfoundland. For weeksand weeks, he travelled west. He wheeled through the valleys of theAtlantic provinces. In Québec and Northern Ontario, he saw thebright colours of the trees as fall began. Soon he was on the Prairies,under a big sky. There were many kilometres still to go.Crowds would wait for Hansen by the roadside and cheer him onwhen he passed by. In Alberta, Chief Clifford Big Plume of the TsuuT’ina First Nation gave Hansen an eagle feather, a symbol of strengthand courage. He would need strength, since he still had to go throughthe Rocky Mountains!On May 22, 1987, Hansen reached Vancouver. It had taken himnine months to wheel across Canada.MoreAbout. . .A Big CountryCanada is the second-largest countryin the world. Only the country ofRussia is bigger.14
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 15Canada: Our Stories ContinueWhen Rick Hansen took his journey across Canada,he explored many different regions. He sawcoastlines, plains, lakes, forests, and mountains. Hemet many different Canadians. In this chapter, youwill begin to explore six major regions in Canada. Youwill also learn about the people who live in theseregions, and what affects how they live.wordsmatter!A region is an area of landthat has unique features,such as climate, landforms,and natural resources. Aregion of Canada can includemore than one province orterritory.Rick wheeled 13 861 km in Canada. It was the longestdistance he wheeled in any country on his world tour!?Inquiring MindsHere are some questions to keepin mind as you explore thischapter. What background informationwould Rick Hansen have toknow in order to make hisjourney across Canada?Where would he look forinformation?15
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 16Let’s Explore Canada’s165ºW0º15To study Canada, we candivide it into six major parts,or regions. This map showsthe six regions we will study.Each region has unique physicalfeatures, climate, and naturalresources. Look at the map andthe photos to learn more abouteach region.W135ºW120ºW105º WºN60YUKONTERRITORYThe Arctic region covers Nunavut andparts of the Northwest Territories andthe Yukon NITOBAVictoriaReginaWinnipeg120ºWThe Cordillera region is a mountainousregion in British Columbia, the YukonTerritory, and parts of Alberta and theNorthwest Territories.The Interior Plains region covers parts ofManitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia,the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon.16105ºW
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 17Regions!30ºW15ºWLegendºW4590ºW60ºArctic regionCordillera regionInterior Plains regionCanadian Shield regionGreat Lakes–St. LawrenceLowlands regionW75º W6 0ºNGrise FiordThe Canadian Shield regioncovers Labrador, Québec, mostof Ontario, northern Manitoba,and northern Saskatchewan. Italso covers parts of Alberta andthe Northwest Territories.Atlantic regionTrans-Canada HighwayPrincipal highwaysNational capitalProvincial andterritorial capitalNUNAVUTIqaluitNEWFOThe Great Lakes–St. LawrenceLowlands region follows theSt. Lawrence River in Québec. Italso extends to southernOntario.NUNEDLANDANWDSLABRADORSt. John’sQUÉBECºN45ONTARIOQuébec CityP.E.I.NEWBRUNSWICK CharlottetownFrederictonHalifaxNOVA SCOTIAOttawa0Toronto400800kilometres90ºWPELEE ISLAND75ºWThe Atlantic region is on theEast Coast of Canada. It includesNova Scotia, New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, the islandof Newfoundland, and parts ofQuébec.Skill Smart60ºWThinking It Through Read the story about Rick Hansen on pages 14–15. Thenlook at the map and the photos describing the regions.What important landforms did he see? Which region do youthink Rick did not visit? What might a visitor experience inthat region? Choose a regionthat is not familiarto you. Write threeinquiry questionsabout things youwould like to knowabout that region.17
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 18What’s My Region?In my region, Ricktravelled alonghighways cut intopink and grey rocks.He went by lakes andmuskeg, and crossedmany rivers. He mighthave seen a moose onthe edge of the forest.Gordie, Alistair, Sunjeet, Claire, Brianne, and Katie each livein a different region of Canada. As you explore Canada’sregions, they will be exploring, too.Read what the students say about Rick Hansen’s tripacross Canada. Then use the map below and the photographson the previous pages to find out which region they are from.YUKONTERRITORYGordie, OpaskwayakFirst nifeBRITISHCOLUMBIAIn my region, Ricksaw the AtlanticOcean. He saw rockycliffs and sandybeaches. He wheeledpast forests and farms.I bet he had somelobster for dinneralong the tair, Old PerlicanAs he travelled through the valleys and mountains in my region, Rick saw heavyforests, orchards, and vineyards. He would have wheeled on high mountainroads. He ended his trip through Canada the way he began: at an ocean.Sunjeet, Kamloops18
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 19Rick saw cities of different sizes along a large river andthe Great Lakes in my region. He travelled throughplaces where many people speak French. He also sawfarms. I hope he stopped to visit Mont Royal.Claire, MontréalLegendArctic regionCordillera regionInterior Plains regionCanadian Shield regionGreat Lakes–St. LawrenceLowlands regionIqaluitNEWFOUNDLAtlantic regionRick Hansen’s routeNational capitalProvincial andterritorial capitalCanada/U.S. borderANDANIf Rick had visited myregion, he might haveseen snow and ice-coveredland, and the beautifulnorthern lights. In thesummer, he might haveseen long days when thesun never seemed to set.Katie, ArviatDLABRADORSt. John’s(Cape c CityMontréalFrederictonHalifaxNEWNOVA SCOTIASOttawaToronto0400When Rick wheeled acrossmy region, he saw openplains. He saw forests andrivers, too. Then hereached the foothills of theRocky Mountains.Brianne, Qu’Appelle Valley800kilometresThis is Rick Hansen’s routethrough Canada.Thinking It Through Which of the six speakers describes aregion in which you live? Whichdescription sounds totally different?19
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 20The Students’ Inquirywordsmatter!A highway is a largeroad that connectstowns and cities. TheTrans-Canada Highwaywas built so that peoplecould travel acrossCanada on one highway.The 20th anniversary of Rick Hansen’s trip around the worldwas in 2006. Although they lived in different regions, Claire,Sunjeet, Gordie, Katie, Alistair, and Brianne each took part inprojects started in their different schools that would celebratethe anniversary. Each student would find out more aboutRick’s route through their region. The results of their projectswould later be shared among schools.For most of his trip, Rick followed the Trans-CanadaHighway. His route took him through many towns andcities, as well as isolated areas. While he had been throughalmost every region, he had not visited the Arctic region.As they worked on their projects, each student beganto wonder about how people travel through their region.They asked: What are the major highways in my region? How longare they? What would be the best route to take through my region? How does the landscape shape the highway? What are other ways to travel across Canada? How do people travel in regions where there are no highways?Why do highway signs usesymbols? Look for highwayswith symbols where youlive. What stories do theytell? Why does this signshow a maple leaf?20Katie discovered that the Trans-Canada Highway did not gothrough her region. While there are principal highways thatcome into the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, only theDempster Highway reaches the Arctic region. She decided tolook into how people in her region travelled withouthighways.Sunjeet wanted to know about the length of the majorhighways in his region. He chose to measure the TransCanada Highway. The map on pages 16–17 shows thishighway. To measure it, Sunjeet used the scale on the map.Look at the Skill Power on the next page to learn moreabout scale.
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 21SKILLPOWERUnderstanding ScaleScale is a tool we use to compare the distance on a map to theactual distance on Earth’s surface. By using scale, a smalldistance on a map can show a larger distance on Earth’ssurface. Look at the map of Rick’s journey on pages 18–19. Thismap uses a bar scale.Measuring Distance with Scale04008000400800Measure the distance of Rick’s journeybetween Winnipeg and Calgary. Firstmark the locations of the two cities onthe edge of a piece of paper.1. Place the edge of the paper againstthe map scale, with the first mark atzero.2. Make a mark on the paper at theright end of the scale.3. Move the paper so the mark lines upwith 0 on the bar scale. Measure thenext distance, and add the twodistances together. In this example,800 200 1200. Rick travelled1200 km between the two cities.0400800Practise the SkillUse these steps to measure the distance of Rick’s journey from St. John’sto Vancouver. Use the map on pages 18–19 and the bar scale to measurethe distance. How many kilometres did Rick travel across Canada?21
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:09 PMPage 22What Makes a Region?How would you describe the region where you live? Physicalfeatures, climate, and natural resources are things that canbe used to describe each of the major regions in Canada.These things also affect how people live in each region.I wonder what otherphysical features can befound in my region.wordsmatter!Physical features includelandforms, such asmountains, hills, and plains.Physical features also includebodies of water, such asoceans, rivers, and lakes.A Region Shares PhysicalFeaturesThe physical features of a region can show what a regionlooks like. They can also affect things like climate, andwhat people do for work and for fun. What physicalfeatures did Claire, Sunjeet, Alistair, Brianne, Gordie, andKatie talk about when they described their regions?Thinking It Through Imagine that someone who has never visited your regionis about to travel through the area where you live. Howwould you describe it to them? What physical featuresmight they see there? Look at the photos on pages 16–17. Each major region inCanada has unique features. How do you think thecombination of these features help contribute to Canada’sidentity?Physical features, such as theHopewell Rocks beside the Bay ofFundy in New Brunswick, oftenbecome part of a region’s identity.Features like this help peoplerecognize a certain region. Whatphysical features could be used torecognize your region?22
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 23A Region Shares ClimateDifferent regions in Canada may have different climates.For example, the weather may be muggy in the GreatLakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands region in the summer, but hotand dry in the Interior Plains region. Canada’s climate isdifferent from place to place because of different latitudes,landforms, bodies of water, and elevation.Lines of latitude are imaginary lines around Earth. Ona map, lines of latitude run from east to west. Places thatare farther north are farther away from the equator. Theyare usually colder than places closer to the equator. Checkthe map on pages 16–17. Find the communities of GriseFiord in the north and Pelee Island in the south. What doyou notice about their latitudes? How do you think thisaffects the climate in these places?Landforms and large bodies of water can also affectclimate. For example, mountains can stop rain or snowfrom moving into or out of a region. Lakes and oceans canwarm or cool an area.Elevation is the height of the land compared to sealevel or the ocean surface. Have you ever hiked up amountain or gone up in a gondola? If you have, then youalready know that the higher you go, the cooler thetemperature gets.wordsmatter!Climate is the kind ofweather an area has over along period of time.Weather is daily conditions:for example, rain, sunshine,or snow.The climate at higher elevations is good forpine forests. Why?Toronto is located on the shore of Lake Ontario. Whydo you think people might want to live next to a lake?23
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 24A Region Shares NaturalResourceswordsmatter!Industries are businessesthat produce goods orservices.Natural resources are connected to both the physicalfeatures and the climate of a region. Each region hasunique qualities that affect the kinds of natural resourcesfound there. For example, the ocean in the Atlantic regionprovides fish. Animals, forests, lakes, rivers, land, minerals,and mountains are also examples of natural resources.S O M E O F C A N A D A’ S N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E SBasic ResourcesAnimalsPlantsLand air fish trees metals water birds wildflowers non-metals soil mammals grasses fuelsIf there were a lot of one of these resources in one region, how might it affectways of life? What if there were very few resources?MoreAbout. . .Natural ResourcesSome natural resourcesare renewable, whichmeans the resource canbe replaced. Othernatural resources arenon-renewable,which means theresource can never bereplaced once it isused up.24Resources and PeopleNatural resources are an important source of jobs in manycommunities. People work in different industries that areconnected to resources. Some industries produce paper andwood products from trees. Other industries produce food,clothing, fuel, and minerals from other natural resources.Resources are more than a source of jobs. Clean air andwater are necessary for good health. Forests, rivers, animals,and plants can be enjoyed by everyone. We learn to interactwith nature. We enjoy the animals and plants that are partof our environment. This enjoyment can add to our qualityof life.
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 25People Feel Connected to RegionsPeople often share a feeling that they are connected to theirregion. They work and play in their region. They enjoy thebeauty of the land, and have adapted to the climate. Beingfrom a certain region can add to their sense of identity.They can share this identity with everyone else who lives inthat region.Communities Within RegionsIn each of Canada’s regions, there are many sorts ofcommunities, large and small. Each community has formedfor a reason. Look at the diagram below to find out more.Natural ResourcesI love living in the InteriorPlains region. I love theopen skies and the beautyof the Qu’Appelle Valley. Iwonder how other peoplefeel about where they live.I think I’ll ask my cousinsin British Columbia.WeatherCommunityTransportationWhen forming communities, people look for locations with natural advantages.How might these advantages be different in the six regions?People can feel very deeply about where they live. Youmight feel that you belong to the town or city in which youlive. But you can also be part of a much larger picture—youcan belong to Canada. What are some things that youcould tell someone who asks, “What’s it like to live inCanada?”Volunteersand supportersfeel that theTrans CanadaTrail is creating linksbetween Canadiancommunities from coastto coast, and givingCanadians a way toexperience Canada’snatural beauty close up.Skill Smart Research two cities in Canada. Why are these citieslocated where they are? What things other than those listed here might helpcreate a community? Why do you think somecommunities grow, while others do not?25
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 26ViewpointsWhat Do People Share inCommon About the Resourcesin Their Region?Many communities in Canada begin and grow as aresult of natural resources. Some of these resources arerenewable, but others are not. How might this affectpeople who depend on natural resources?gold wasvery quickly whenewgrityCnsoDawoncepast. Prospectorsethinederovh.scdid gold and get ricfintongpihoreswarmed hethe storyost all gone. ButmalisldgoethToday,thisbrings visitors toillstshRudolGeof thmy ancestorsese tourists howthowshI.ongireld.used to pan for go26So many people in BritishColumbia work in theforestry industry. Most arepassionate aboutprotecting the forestandthe animals that livethere.We must find a balancebetween the environmentand what people need.
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 27In 1992, the Canadiangovernment closed the500-year-old cod fisheryin Newfoundland.There were too few leftto support the fishingindustry. I decided tostay in Newfoundlandand train for otherwork. Now I have a newjob.I’m helping tofind ways to userenewable resources. I workon awind farm inMurdochville,Québec. I’mglad our wholecommunity can get together tomake these decisions.In the past few years,there have been manydroughts in southernSaskatchewan. My familyis taking part in a study onhow to adapt to drought.We are planting trees andgrass in some areas of ourfarm to protect dry soil.We really need moreirrigation plans, though.Over to You1. As a group, discuss the points of view. Why do you think these people haveformed their opinions?2. Why are the resources in a region so important to the people who live there?27
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:05 PMPage 28What Affects Life in a Region?Skill Smart Make a comparisonchart to show howCanadians are thesame across thecountry, and howthey are different.Use the categorieson these pages toget started.Think about the physical features, climate, and naturalresources where you live. How do they affect what you doeach day? How do they affect how you dress, travel, play,and eat?There are many ways of life across Canada, both inthe past and today. Not everyone in Canada lives thesame way. There are people who live on boats, peoplewho eat whale meat, and people who travel to school onthe subway. But there are things that we all have incommon, too.Look at the photos on this page. Which ones show waysof life that are similar to how you live?ClothingWe live in North Bay. We have to beready for all kinds of weather herein the Canadian Shield. That’s why Iwear lots of layers whenwe go hiking.It can rain really suddenly inVancouver. I almost always carry myumbrella and raincoat.TransportationIn Igulik, more people getaround on snowmobilesthan in cars.28We live in Montréal. My dad workson a ship on the St. Lawrence River.It’s a great way to move thingsfrom place to place.
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:06 PMPage 29RecreationIn Pond Inlet, we need to playinside during the coldest daysof the winter.I could spend all day sailing nearMontréal.HousingMy house is in Harling Point, onthe coast of British Columbia.My friend lives on themountain nearby.We live in a farmhouse near Saskatoon,Saskatchewan. We can’t see ourneighbour’s house becauseit is so far away.JobsMy uncle works on a lobster boat inWest Dover. With the ocean so near,fishing is a big industry here inNova Scotia.There are minerals in the ground nearThunder Bay, Ontario. Many peoplework in the mining industry.29
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:06 PMPage 30Exploring Canada’s Peopleswordsmatter!Heritage is what has beenpassed down to you from thepast.Ancestors are the people inyour family who came beforeyou.Diverse means made up ofpeople from a variety ofcultures, backgrounds, andbeliefs.MoreAbout. . .Canada’s DiversityHundreds of languagesare spoken in cities likeMontréal, Toronto, andVancouver. Montréal isthe second-largestFrench-speaking city inthe world, after Paris.Physical features, climate, and natural resources inCanada’s regions affect ways of life. What else affects howpeople live? Think about the languages you speak at home and at school the holidays you celebratePart of the way you live is a reflection of your heritage.If your heritage is Ukrainian, your holidays might includesome traditions that are different from those that someonewith a Chinese heritage might celebrate. If your ancestorswere Inuit, you might speak a different language thansomeone whose ancestors were Scottish.People from many different countries have settled inCanada. This makes the population of Canada diverse.Different groups of people have made Canada what it istoday. You will learn about the First Nations, the Métis, theInuit, the Francophones, and the English in Canada. Youwill also learn about the Loyalists and people whoimmigrated to Western Canada.The First Nations, Inuit, andMétisFirst Nations and Inuit have always been living in the landwe call Canada. You will learn about how these groupslived before contact with the Europeans, and how they livetoday. Look at the map on pages 336–337 of the atlassection. What does it tell you about where First Nations andInuit lived in the different regions?You will also learn about the Métis, who were thedescendants of European and First Nations people. TheMétis played an important role in the development andexploration of Canada during the fur trade.Students use library computers in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut. How hastechnology changed ways of life for the Inuit?30
14-33 Ch01 F42/1/073:06 PMPage 31The French and the EnglishThe Vikings were the first Europeans to arrive in Canada.Later, European explorers from countries such as England,France, and Spain came. The French were the first to buildEuropean settlements, towns, and forts. English explorersand settlers came later. The two groups spoke differentlanguages and had different beliefs and customs. Today,Canada is officially bilingual, using English and French asits official languages.wordsmatter!Someone who is bilingual isable to understand, speak,and write two languages.Voicesof CanadaComing to CanadaFrench SettlementLike the English and the French, people have come toCanada from around the world. They brought with themdifferent languages, customs, and beliefs. People continue toimmigrate to Canada today.Compare the two Voices of Canada on this page. Whatdo they tell you about the experience of each speaker?Voices of CanadaOur New HomelandSuddenly a black stripe appeared above the fog. everyonecheered, “Land ahoy!” What was visible were dark greenwooded hills. I thought I could even smell the wonderfulfragrance of the distant forests. Nova Scotia, Canada, our newhomeland, was spread out before our eyes in the sunshine.Peter Hessel, German immigrant, 1952From every point of viewthe site is fair, [and] thenarrow entrance easy todefend. Upon the heightscould be built a town. Avery pretty place, [where]each family might ingreat comfort dwell andfind a certain joy in life.Sieur de Dièrville, describing PortRoyal, the first permanent Frenchsettlement in New France, 1699MoreAbout. . .New FranceNew France was thename given to certainareas of Canada byFrench settlers. To them,the area was “new.” TheFirst Nations did not viewthe land as “NewFrance.”There are many bilingual signsin Canada. What does this sayabout Canada’s identity?31
14-33 Ch01 F42/2/071:04 PMPage 32Build Your Skills!Use Scale to Explore CanadaImagine that you are going on a tour of Canada’s provincial andterritorial capitals. On the map on pages 16–17, use scale to discoverthe distance between the capitals of each province and territory. Which provincial and territorial capitals are closest together? Which are the most isolated from other provincial and territorialcapitals? How might this affect life in those cities? Use your findings to describe the size of Canada.Study Ways of LifeStart a scrapbook about ways of life in Canada. You could show thedifferent ways people play, work, and travel in each region. Begin withyour own community. You can use photographs or your owndrawings. Find newspaper clippings that tell you about ways of life inanother region, or conduct interviews with someone you may know inanother community.Create a DisplayOur identity is shaped by many things. Make a display to show howthe geography of Canada’s regions helps to shape the identity ofCanadians. Think about Canada’s size diverse landscape climate natural resources diverse communities32
14-33 Ch01 F4?2/2/071:04 PMPage 33Inquiring MindsPutting It All TogetherUsing information in a chart is one way to presentthe results of an investigation of the Trans-CanadaHighway. Katie’s chart looked like this.My QuestionTrans-Canada HighwayDempster HighwayHow do highwaysaffect how peoplelive?Connects big cities andtowns and makes it easyto travel between them.Connects somecommunities, such asInuvik, with othercommunities in otherregions. With no highwaysin Nunavut, people mustfind other ways to travel.Review the inquiry questions for this chapter: What background information would Rick Hansen have toknow in order to make his journey across Canada? Where would he look for information?Take Time to ReflectThink about what you have learned in this chapter. Ifyou were to travel across Canada to raise money likeRick Hansen did, what criteria would you use to decidewhat your cause would be? How would you travel?Design a poster to promote your journey and describeyour cause. Save your work for your Canada Collection.33
1 Exploring Canada CHAPTER 14 A Big Country Canada is the second-largest country in the world. Only the country of Russia is bigger. More About. . . H ave you ever travelled to another part of Canada? How did you get there? Can you imagine travelling there in a wheelchair? Rick Hansen travelled through all ten of Canada’s provinces this way!
Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - ch01 Introduction to
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Lesson 8 Grammar The Simple Past Tense Context Flying 6859_Ch08_pp223-260.indd 223 10/5/09 11:28:13 AM
