Supreme Court Case Studies - Mr. Belvin's Site

Supreme CourtCase Studies

To the TeacherThe Supreme Court Case Studies booklet contains 82 reproducible Supreme Court case studies.These cases include landmark decisions in American government that have helped and continueto shape this nation, as well as decisions dealing with current issues in American society. Everycase includes background information, the constitutional issue under consideration, the court’sdecision, and where appropriate, dissenting opinions.Each two-page study requires students to analyze the case and apply critical thinking skills.An answer key is provided in the back of the booklet.Creating a Customized FileThere are a variety of ways to organize Glencoe Social Studies teaching aids. Severalalternatives in creating your own files are given below. Organize by category (all activities, all tests, etc.) Organize by category and chapter (all Chapter 1 activities, all Chapter 1 tests andquizzes, etc.) Organize sequentially by lesson (activities, quizzes, tests, for Chapter 1/Section 1,Chapter 1/Section 2, etc.)No matter what organization you use, you can pull out individual worksheets from thesebooklets for your files, or you may photocopy directly from the booklet and file the photocopies.You will then be able to keep the original booklets intact and in a safe place.Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted toreproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only forclassroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families, without charge; and be used solelyin conjunction with Glencoe Social Studies products. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, isprohibited without written permission from the publisher.Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, Ohio 43240ISBN: 978-0-07-878445-3MHID: 0-07-878445-XPrinted in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 066 10 09 08 07

Table of ContentsTo the Teacher . iiSupreme Court Case StudiesCase Study 1: Marbury v. Madison, 1803 .1Case Study 2: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819.3Case Study 3: Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819.5Case Study 4: Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 .7Case Study 5: Worcester v. Georgia, 1832.9Case Study 6: Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 .11Case Study 7: Ex Parte Milligan, 1866 .13Case Study 8: Slaughterhouse Cases, 1873 .15Case Study 9: Reynolds v. United States, 1879 .17Case Study 10: Civil Rights Cases, 1883.19Case Study 11: Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois, 1886 .21Case Study 12: United States v. E.C. Knight Co., 1895 .23Case Study 13: In re Debs, 1895 .25Case Study 14: Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 .27Case Study 15: Northern Securities Company v. United States, 1904.29Case Study 16: Lochner v. New York, 1905.31Case Study 17: Muller v. Oregon, 1908 .33Case Study 18: Weeks v. United States, 1914.35Case Study 19: Schenck v. United States, 1919.37Case Study 20: Gitlow v. New York, 1925.39Case Study 21: Whitney v. California, 1927.41Case Study 22: Olmstead v. United States, 1928 .43Case Study 23: Near v. Minnesota, 1931 .45Case Study 24: Powell v. Alabama, 1932.47Case Study 25: A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States, 1935 .49Case Study 26: DeJonge v. Oregon, 1937 .51Case Study 27: West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, 1937.53Case Study 28: Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 1940.55Case Study 29: Betts v. Brady, 1942.57Case Study 30: West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 1943.59Case Study 31: Endo v. United States, 1944 .61Case Study 32: Korematsu v. United States, 1944 .63Case Study 33: Everson v. Board of Education, 1947 .65Supreme Court Case Studiesiii

Case Study 34: McCollum v. Board of Education, 1948.67Case Study 35: Dennis v. United States, 1951 .69Case Study 36: Feiner v. New York, 1951.71Case Study 37: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954 .73Case Study 38: Watkins v. United States, 1957 .75Case Study 39: Yates v. United States, 1957.77Case Study 40: Barenblatt v. United States, 1959 .79Case Study 41: Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 .81Case Study 42: Baker v. Carr, 1962 .83Case Study 43: Engel v. Vitale, 1962.85Case Study 44: Abington School District v. Schempp, 1963 .87Case Study 45: Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 .89Case Study 46: Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964 .91Case Study 47: Reynolds v. Sims, 1964.93Case Study 48: Wesberry v. Sanders, 1964.95Case Study 49: Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 1964.97Case Study 50: Miranda v. Arizona, 1966.99Case Study 51: Sheppard v. Maxwell, 1966 .101Case Study 52: Katz v. United States, 1967 .103Case Study 53: Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969.105Case Study 54: Gregory v. Chicago, 1969 .107Case Study 55: New York Times v. United States, 1971 .109Case Study 56: Reed v. Reed, 1971.111Case Study 57: Wisconsin v. Yoder, 1972 .113Case Study 58: Roe v. Wade, 1973 .115Case Study 59: United States v. Nixon, 1974 .117Case Study 60: Gregg v. Georgia, 1976 .119Case Study 61: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978.121Case Study 62: Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation v. Weber, 1979.123Case Study 63: New Jersey v. T.L.O., 1985 .125Case Study 64: Wallace v. Jaffree, 1985 .127Case Study 65: Bethel School District v. Fraser, 1986 .129Case Study 66: Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 1988.131Case Study 67: Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Association, 1989 .133Case Study 68: Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 1990.135Case Study 69: California v. Acevedo, 1991 .137Case Study 70: International Union, UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 1991 .139ivSupreme Court Case Studies

Case Study 71: Payne v. Tennessee, 1991.141Case Study 72: Arizona v. Fulminante, 1991 .143Case Study 73: Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 1992.145Case Study 74: Shaw v. Reno, 1993 .147Case Study 75: National Organization for Women (NOW) v. Scheidler, 1994 .149Case Study 76: Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton, 1995 .151Case Study 77: Agostini v. Felton, 1997.153Case Study 78: Illinois v. Wordlow, 2000.155Case Study 79: Alexander v. Sandoval, 2001.157Case Study 80: Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, 2001.159Cast Study 81: Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 2004 .161Case Study 82: Kelo v. City of New London, 2005 .163Answer Key .165Supreme Court Case Studiesv

Name Date Class Supreme Court Case Study 1The Supreme Court’s Power of Judicial ReviewMarbury v. Madison, 1803 Background of the Case The election of 1800 transferred power in the federal government from the Federalist Partyto the Republican Party. In the closing days of President John Adams’s administration, theFederalists created many new government offices, appointing Federalists to fill them. Oneof the last-minute or “midnight” appointments was that of William Marbury. Marbury wasnamed a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. President Adams had signed thepapers, but his secretary of state, John Marshall, somehow neglected to deliver the papersnecessary to finalize the appointment.The new president, Thomas Jefferson, was angry at the defeated Federalists’ attempt to “keepa dead clutch on the patronage” and ordered his new secretary of state, James Madison, not todeliver Marbury’s commission papers. Marbury took his case to the Supreme Court, of whichJohn Marshall was now the Chief Justice, for a writ of mandamus—an order from a court thatsome action be performed—commanding Madison to deliver the commission papers inaccordance with the Judiciary Act of 1789.Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Constitutional Issue Article III of the Constitution sets up the Supreme Court as the head of the federaljudicial system. Historians believe that the Founders meant the Court to have the power ofjudicial review, that is, the power to review the constitutionality of acts of Congress and toinvalidate those that it determines to be unconstitutional. The Constitution, however, doesnot specifically give the Court this right.Chief Justice John Marshall, as a Federalist, believed strongly that the Supreme Courtshould have the power of judicial review. When the Marbury case presented the perfectopportunity to clearly establish that power, Marshall laid out several points which the courtbelieved supported the right of judicial review. At the time, the decision was viewed as acurtailment of the power of the president, but people today recognize that the case established, once and for all, the importance of the Supreme Court in American government. The Supreme Court’s Decision Justice Marshall reviewed the case on the basis of three questions: Did Marbury have a rightto the commission? If so, was he entitled to some remedy under United States law? Was thatremedy a writ from the Supreme Court?Marshall decided the first question by holding that an appointment is effective once acommission has been signed and the U.S. seal affixed, as Marbury’s commission had been.Therefore, Marbury had been legally appointed, and Madison’s refusal to deliver the(continued)Supreme Court Case Studies1

Name Supreme Court Case Study 1Date Class (continued)commission violated Marbury’s right to the appointment. In response to the second question,Marshall held that Marbury was entitled to some remedy under United States law.The final question examined whether the Court had the power to issue the writ. Marshallexplained that the right to issue writs like the one Marbury was requesting had been grantedthe Court by the Judiciary Act of 1789. This law, however, was unconstitutional and voidbecause the Constitution did not grant Congress the right to make such a law. In his writtenopinion, Marshall defended the right of the Court to declare a law unconstitutional: “It isemphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . . . . Iftwo laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.” TheSupreme Court thus became the final judge of constitutionality, thus establishing the principleof judicial review.At the time, observers were much more interested in the practical result of the ruling—that the Court could not issue the writ, and could not, therefore, force the appointment ofMarbury. Congress could not expand the Court’s original jurisdiction, and the Constitutiondoes not give the Court the authority to issue a writ. They paid much less attention to thelong-term implications of the decision. Here is how a constitutional scholar evaluates theMarbury decision:“Over the passage of time [the] Marbury [decision] came to stand for the monumentalprinciple, so distinctive and dominant a feature of our constitutional system, that the Courtmay bind the coordinate branches of the national government to its rulings on what is thesupreme law of the land. That principle stands out from Marbury like the grin on a Cheshirecat; all else, which preoccupied national attention in 1803, disappeared in our constitutional law.”Not until fifty years after rendering the Marbury decision did the Court again declare a lawunconstitutional, but by then the idea of judicial review had become a time-honored principle.1. Why is the Marbury case important in the history of the Supreme Court?2. In what way did the Marbury decision enhance the system of checks and balances provided for in theConstitution?3. Constitutional scholars have pointed out there is an inconsistency in Justice Marshall’s opinion withrespect to what the Constitution specifically provides. What is that inconsistency?4. The United States is one of the few count

Organize sequentially by lesson (activities, quizzes, tests, for Chapter 1/Section 1, Chapter 1/Section 2, etc.) No matter what organization you use, you can pull out individual worksheets from these booklets for your files, or you may photocopy directly from the booklet and file the photocopies.