The Bug Book - US EPA
The Bug Booka garden field guideA publication of the
With Many Thanks!Southside Community Land Trust gratefullyacknowledges the following for their insight,expertise, and support in creating thisvaluable resource:The Healthy Communities Grant Program of theEnvironmental Protection Agency; The ADDD Fund atthe Rhode Island Foundation, a charitable communitytrust serving the people of Rhode Island; the USDA’sRisk Management Agency; Ruth Hazzard and TouriaEl-Jaoual Eaton at the University of Massachusetts fortheir photo contributions; Forestry Images for theirarchive of high quality images of insects and insectdamage (free for educational usage!); Devan Ferreiraand Tracy Silva for their initial work on the Bug Bookproject; Katherine Brown and Rich Pederson, for theircreative input putting the finishing touches on theproject; and Leo Pollock, for his skillful editing effortsand attention to detail in completing the Bug Book!For more information please contact:Southside Community Land Trust109 Somerset StreetProvidence, Rhode Island 02907www.southsideclt.org401-273-9419401-273-5712 (fax)education@southsideclt.org1 2009 by Southside Community Land TrustNOTES
Table of ContentsAbout this guide .3Signs of Damage .4The Life Cycle of Bugs.8Bad BugsAphids.9Cabbage Loopers.11Colorado Potato Beetles.13Cucumber Beetles.15Cutworms.17Flea Beetles.19Garden Webworms.21Lace Bugs.23Leafhoppers.24Leafminers.25Mexican Bean Beetles.27Slugs.29Squash Bugs.31Thrips.33Tomato Hornworms.35Good BugsAssassin Bugs.37Braconid Wasps.38Damsel Bugs.39Lacewings.40Lady Beetles (Ladybugs).41Praying Mantids.42Soldier Beetles.43Glossary.44Bug Control Tips.45Recipes.46Plant Your Way to a Healthy Garden.48Rhode Island Resources.492
About this guide This guide is intended for backyard gardeners,community gardeners, and small-scale farmers,to serve as a resource in helping you to identifyboth good (beneficial) and bad (damaging) bugsthat you might find in your garden. This guidewill offer tips on how to control bad bugs andideas for how to attract good bugs.Good and bad bugs can be different sizes,shapes, and colors. This book has pictures ofthe damage caused by bad bugs to help youidentify which bugs are causing the problemand learn how to control them. This book alsohas pictures of good and bad bugs so that youcan identify different bugs in your garden andmake sure you are only killing bad bugs!The best way to control bugs is to walk throughyour garden each day and look for signs of bugsor bug damage. As you try different methods toget rid of bad bugs, make sure to keep notes ofwhat you did: if you used one of the sprays onpages 46-47, if good bugs solved the problem,or if another gardener gave you a new idea!Writing good notes will help you rememberwhat worked if you have a bug problem again.This book has space to write notes at the end.3
Signs of DamageAphids.Page 9Photo Credit: Whitney Cranshaw,Colorado State UniversityCabbageLoopers.Page 11Photo Credit: Russ Ottens,University of GeorgiaColorado PotatoBeetles.Page 13Photo Credit: USDA APHIS PPQ Archive, USDAAPHIS PPQCucumberBeetles. Page 15Photo Credit: Whitney Cranshaw,Colorado State University4
Signs of DamageCutworms.Page 17Photo Credit: Clemson University, USDACooperative Extension Slide SeriesFlea Beetles.Page 19Photo Credit: David Cappaert, MichiganState UniversityGardenWebworms.Page 21Photo Credit: Alton N. Sparks, Jr.,University of GeorgiaLace Bugs.Page 23Photo Credit: Forest & Kim Starr, U.S.Geological Survey5
Signs of DamageLeafhoppers.Page 24Photo Credit: Whitney Cranshaw,Colorado State UniversityLeafminers.Page 25Photo Credit: Merle Shepard, Gerald R.Carner,and P.A.C Ooi, Insects and their Natural EnemiesAssociated with Vegetables and Soybean inSoutheast AsiaMexican BeanBeetles.Page 27Photo Credit: David Ferro, UMASS6
Signs of DamageSlugs.Page 29Photo Credit: R.J. Reynolds Tobacco CompanySlide Set, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco CompanySquash Bugs.Page 31Photo Credit: Whitney Cranshaw, ColoradoState UniversityThrips.Page 33Photo Credit: Whitney Cranshaw, ColoradoState UniversityTomatoHornworms.Page 35Photo Credit: David Jones, University of Georgia7
The life cycle of bugs These next pages describe what bugs looklike at different stages in their lives. All bugshatch from eggs, which usually live on theundersides of leaves or in hidden spots onplants. The eggs hatch into larvae (also calledcaterpillars, grubs, or maggots), which willlater become adults. Adult bugs lay eggs andusually have wings.Bad bugs can eat plants or cause damage atdifferent stages in their lives, so make sureyou are getting rid of the bad bugs when theyare causing the most damage. Most of thetime it is when they are larvae: hungry andgrowing fast like young people! Good bugsare usually easiest to attract when they areadults, since they can fly to your fields to feedon nectar or pollen. Good bugs also lay eggs,so you want to make sure that you aren’tsquishing their eggs or larvae!Many bad bugs in your garden will come incycles: Flea Beetles, for example, might do alot of damage, and then move on to anotherarea. Using row cover (page 44) and plantingnew plants after the number of bad bugsgoes down will help make sure that you havea long, healthy growing season!8
Aphidsbad bug!Favorite Plants:Most small fruitsVegetablesPhoto Credit: David Cappaert,Michigan State UniversityWhy am I bad?I suck the juices from the leaves of manydifferent plants. When I am done sucking thejuices from the leaves, the leaves curl up orfall off of the plant. Sometimes I also spreadplant diseases.What Aphids look like:Adults: We are small, pear shaped bugs. Wecan be green, pink, black, or gray. Sometimesit looks like we are wearing a fluffy white coat.9
How to control Aphids: Spray plants with a strong stream of waterto knock the Aphids off of your plants. Plant “trap crops” like calendula,nasturtiums, and dill. Aphids like to eat theseplants even more than your vegetables, soyou can attract aphids away from your otherplants! Try planting Pollen & Nectar ProducingPlants (see list, page 48) to attract good bugsthat will eat the Aphids. Spray plants with the Garlic and ChiliPepper Spray (page 46). Try using Safer Insecticidal Soap on plants.Photo Credit: David Ferro, UMASS10
Cabbage Loopersbad bug!Favorite Plants:CabbageHeads of LettuceCeleryTomatoesCollard GreensPhoto Credit: Frank Peairs,Colorado State UniversityWhy am I bad?I chew big holes in leaves and leave my stickyspit on the leaves. Sometimes I chew holes inlettuce heads and tomatoes.What Cabbage Loopers look like:Eggs: We are light green and live on theundersides of leaves.Larvae: We do most of the damage. We aregreen caterpillars with a white line on eachside of our bodies.Adults: We grow into gray moths with onesilver spot in the middle of each of our wings.11
How to control Cabbage Loopers: Try growing Pollen & Nectar ProducingPlants to attract good bugs that will eatLoopers (see list on page 48). Use your hands to pick the Loopers off ofyour plants and drop them into soapy water.Or squish them! After you pick the Loopers off the plants,use the Garlic and Chili Pepper Spray (seepage 46) to keep any other Loopers away. Use row cover (see Glossary, page 44) tostop adults from laying eggs under leaves. For farmers working on larger fields, Btcan also be used for Cabbage Loopers (seeGlossary for more info on Bt, page 44).12
Colorado Potato Beetlesbad bug!Favorite Plants:PotatoesTomatoesEggplantsPhoto Credit: David Cappaert,Michigan State UniversityWhy am I bad?I like to chew leaves on plants, especiallyyoung leaves.What Colorado Potato Beetles looklike:Eggs: We are tiny, bright yellow bunches ofeggs. You can find us on the undersides ofleaves.Larvae: We are dark orange beetles with blackdots down the sides of our backs. We helpthe adults chew leaves.Adults: We are light yellow (sometimesorange) beetles with 10 black stripes downour backs. We do most of the damage alongwith our larvae.13
How to control Colorado PotatoBeetles: Use your hands to pick beetles off plantsand then drop the beetles into soapy water.Look for beetles on your plants in the earlymorning. After you pick the beetles off, try sprayingthe plants with the Garlic and Chili PepperSpray (see page 46). You can also use your hands to rub theColorado Potato Beetle eggs off of theundersides of leaves. Try planting Pollen & Nectar ProducingPlants (see page 48) near potatoes, tomatoesor eggplants to attract good bugs that will eatbeetles.Photo Credit: David Cappaert,Michigan State University14
Cucumber Beetlesbad bug!Favorite o Credit: David Cappaert,Michigan State UniversityWhy am I bad?I eat the leaves and flowers of many differentvegetable plants. I also eat stems and roots,and sometimes chew holes in fruit.What Cucumber Beetles look like:Eggs: We are small yellow-orange eggs. AdultCucumber Beetles lay us in the soil or nearstems of plants.Larvae: You probably won’t ever see us. Assoon as we hatch from our eggs, we digunder the soil to eat the roots of plants.Adults: We do the most damage. We areshiny with black heads, and can be stripedor spotted. The Striped Cucumber Beetle isyellow with 3 wide black stripes down itsback. The Spotted Cucumber Beetle is lightyellow with black spots down its back.15
How to control Cucumber Beetles: Use your hands to pick Cucumber Beetlesoff plants and then drop the beetles in soapywater. After you pick the beetles off the plants,try spraying the plants with the Garlic andChili Pepper Spray (see page 46). Take all weeds and dead plants out of thegarden at the end of the season and do notleave piles in the garden during the winter.Cucumber Beetles like to live in these areas. Try putting row cover (see Glossary, page44) over the plants in the spring and thefall to protect them from Cucumber Beetledamage.Photo Credit: Scott Bauer, USDAAgricultural Research Service16
Cutwormsbad bug!Favorite Plants:Young vegetable plantsPhoto Credit: Russ Ottens,University of GeorgiaWhy am I bad?At night I chew through the stems of plantsclose to the soil, which makes the plants fallover. Usually the stems look like someone cutthem with a knife.What Cutworms look like:Eggs: You can find us in groups on plantstems and on leaves near the ground.Larvae: We do the most damage. We aredull brownish caterpillars and we curl intoa C-shape when we are scared. Look for useating stems at night.17
How to control Cutworms: Keep weeds out of the garden and makesure to move dead or sick plants out of thegarden. Cutworms like to live on weeds andsick plants. Cutworms chew stems mostly at night,so look for them with a flashlight. Look forplants that have been cut, and dig aroundnear the roots to find Cutworms. Then squishthem! Sometimes you can avoid Cutwormdamage by transplanting young plants to thegarden rather than planting seeds directly. Stems of young plants can be protectedfrom Cutworms by placing cardboard“collars” 1 inch into the soil around stems,with about 2 inches of the cardboard stickingout of the ground. You can also make“collars” by cutting toilet paper or papertowel rolls into 3-4 inch tubes! The Toothpick Trick: after planting aseedling, push 2 toothpicks into the soil onopposite sides of the stem. Toothpicks willstop cutworms from wrapping around theplant.18
Flea Beetlesbad bug!Favorite shesPhoto Credit: David Cappaert,Michigan State UniversityWhy am I bad?I chew tiny round holes in the leaves of manydifferent plants. Sometimes I even spreaddiseases from plant to plant as I chew.What Flea Beetles look like:Eggs: You won’t see us! We live on the roots ofplants.Larvae: We don’t cause serious damage toplants, but we usually eat parts of the roots.Adults: We do all of the damage even thoughwe are as TINY as fleas! We are dark brownor black, and we jump when we get scared,just like fleas.19
How to control Flea Beetles: Use row cover (see Glossary, page 44) inthe fall to keep Flea Beetles off of plants. In the spring, you can plant some of theplants Flea Beetles like to eat, wait until theFlea Beetles move on, and then plant the restof the tomatoes, eggplants, or peppers thatyou want. Beer! Put small bowls or tops from oldjars near plants that are being eaten by FleaBeetles and fill with beer. Flea Beetles will flyin and drown. Compost weeds and crops in the fall afterthe last harvest. Flea Beetles (and other badbugs!) like to live in piles of weeds, so makesure to keep your beds clean! Try spraying Garlic and Chili Pepper Spray(page 46) on plants early in the morning.20
Garden Webwormsbad bug!Favorite Plants:BeetsBeansCornStrawberriesPeasPhoto Credit: Ruth Hazzard,UMASSWhy am I bad?I eat leaves of plants and make webs that looklike spider webs! After I make a web that isattached to leaves or stems, I live inside of it.What Garden Webworms look like:Eggs: You can find us in groups or alone onthe undersides of leaves.Larvae: We do all of the damage. We areusually dark colored caterpillars with a stripeand dark spots down our back. If you lookclosely, you can see spiky hairs that grow outof each of our spots.21
How to control Garden Webworms: Keep pigweed and lambsquarters (weeds)out of your beds. Webworms like to live onthese weeds. Look for really thick webs that are left onbranches or leaves and clip these off of theplant. Webworms live in these webs whichis also where they get their name! If you see any Webworms, squish them ordrop the Webworms into soapy water.22
Lace Bugsbad bug!Favorite Plants:FlowersVegetable plantsPhoto Credit: Pest and DiseasesImage LibraryWhy am I bad?I suck the juices from the undersides of leaves.After I am done sucking the juices, the tops ofleaves look blotchy with gray or white specks onthem.What Lace Bugs look like:Adults: We are oval or rectangle shaped withbig wings that look like white lace.How to control Lace Bugs: Try using the Soap Spray (see page 47) onplants.23
Leafhoppersbad bug!Favorite Plants:FlowersVegetable plantsPhoto Credit: Whitney Cranshaw,Colorado State UniversityWhy am I bad?I suck juices from the stems and undersidesof leaves. My spit is poisonous and makesthe tips of leaves turn brown or yellow andcurl up. As I suck juices, I also spread plantdiseases.What Leafhoppers look like:Adults: We are thin, brown or green bugs.Sometimes we have brightly colored stripeson our wings. If you shake the plant that weare feeding on, we will quickly fly away, andthen come right back to eat more.How to control Leafhoppers: Spray plants with a strong stream of water. Try using the Soap Spray (page 47).24
Leafminersbad bug!Favorite Plants:BeetsCabbageChardLeafy greensLettucePhoto Credit: Central ScienceLaboratory, Harpenden Archive,British CrownWhy am I bad?I eat tunnels in leaves. The damage doesnot kill the plants, but the leaves look lessappealing to eat, especially if you are sellingthem or giving them away to friends!What Leafminers look like:Eggs: We are small, round white bunches ofeggs, and live on the undersides of leaves.Larvae: We do most of the damage. We arelight green maggots that live in (and eat!)leaves. We make curvy, winding tunnels inleaves, so sometimes it looks like we aredrawing on leaves.Adults: We are small, black and yellow flies,and we lay eggs under leaves of plants.25
How to control Leafminers: Remove the leaves that show the first signsof “tunnels” before they spread. You can use your hands to rub theLeafminer eggs off of the undersides ofleaves. Use row cover (see Glossary, page 44) tostop adults from laying eggs under leaves. Most plants can still live with damagefrom Leafminers, but keep plants healthywith regular water and compost or organicfertilizer (see Glossary, page 44).Photo Credit: Howard F. Schwartz,Colorado State University26
Mexican Bean Beetlesbad bug!Favorite Plants:Any kind of beansPhoto Credit: Central ScienceLaboratory, HarpendenArchive, British CrownWhy am I bad?I hide on the undersides of leaves and chewon leaves, making the leaves look like lace.What Mexican Bean Beetles look like:Eggs: We are tiny and yellow and live close toeach other on bean plants.Larvae: When we hatch from our eggs, weare fat orange grubs with little spikes on ourbacks.Adults: We are pale yellow or light brownbeetles with black dots on our backs.Sometimes people think we look like LadyBeetles (page 41), so make sure that I am aMexican Bean Beetle before squishing me!27
How to control Mexican Bean Beetles: Use your hands to pick beetles off plants,then drop the beetles in soapy water or squishthem. You can also use your hands to rub theeggs off of the undersides of leaves. After you pick the beetles off the plants,spray the plants with the Garlic and ChiliPepper Spray (see page 46). Try planting herbs or flowers in the samerows with the beans to attract good bugsthat will eat the beetles (see Pollen & NectarProducing Plants list, page 48).Photo Credit: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University28
Slugsbad bug!Favorite Plants:Many vegetables and flowersMany seedlings!Photo Credit: CherylMoorehead, Insect ImagesWhy am I bad?I eat large holes in the leaves of big plants,and both the leaves and stems of seedlings.What Slugs look like:Eggs: We look like little piles of white jellyballs, and usually live under rocks or logs.Adults: We look like snails without the shell,and we are gray, black, brown, or green. Weleave slimy silver trails wherever we go!29
How to control Slugs: The best way to get rid of slugs is with yourhands. Look for slugs in areas that are darkand cool (under rocks or logs), and drop slugsinto a bucket of salt water or soapy water. Since slugs love dark and cool places,remove all hiding places (pieces of wood,stones, trash cans) from your garden. You canalso spray these areas in the morning withwhite vinegar. Beer! Put small bowls or tops from old jarsnear plants that are being eaten and fill withbeer. Slugs will climb in and drown.Photo Credit: Gary Bernon, USDA APHIS30
Squash Bugsbad bug!Favorite Plants:Winter SquashCucumbersPumpkinsPhoto Credit: Whitney Cranshaw,Colorado State UniversityWhy am I bad?I suck plant juices from vine crops. After I suckall of the juices out of a plant, the leaves andvines turn black and die.What Squash Bugs look like:Eggs: We live in shiny yellow bunches on theundersides of leaves.Nymphs: We do most of the damage. We arelight green or gray with flat backs. Usuallyit looks like we are covered with a whitepowder.Adults: We also do a lot of damage. We area dark brown or black color with flat backs. Ifyou look closely, you will see tiny dark hairs allover our bodies.31
How to control Squash Bugs: Use your hands to take any Squash Bugsor eggs off of your plants and squish them!Make sure to look under the leaves. Use trellises or stakes to keep vines off ofthe ground. Try planting Pollen & Nectar ProducingPlants to attract good bugs that will eatSquash Bugs (see list, page 48).Photo Credit: Ruth Hazzard, UMASS32
Thripsbad bug!Favorite Plants:Many Vegetable PlantsPhoto Credit: Whitney Cranshaw,Colorado State UniversityWhy am I bad?I leave brown or white marks on leaves orfruit. Some people think these marks look likescars.What Thrips look like:Adults: We are thin and tiny bugs! We areusually so small and dark that many peoplenever see us. They only see the damage wecause.33
How to control Thrips: Try spraying plants with a strong stream ofwater to knock the Thrips off of plants. Keep plants healthy and watered! Thripswill not cause a lot of damage to strong andhealthy plants. If the Thrips start causing a lot of damageto your plants (leaves falling off or fruitrotting), try using Safer Insecticidal Soap onplants.Photo Credit: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University34
Tomato Hornwormsbad bug!Favorite Plants:TomatoesPeppersEggplantsPotatoesPhoto Credit: Susan Ellis, Insect ImagesWhy am I bad?I eat small stems and whole leaves. SometimesI even bite large holes in green tomatoes.What Tomato Hornworms look like:Eggs: We are smooth, round, light green eggsand we live on the tops of leaves.Larvae: We are one of the biggest caterpillarsyou will see in the garden. Our slanted stripesand dark spots make it hard for you to findus, but when you do see us, you will see thebig horn at our rear end.35
How to control Tomato Hornworms: If a lot of whole leaves are being eaten,look for Hornworms. Large black droppingson the ground under tomato plants usuallymean that Hornworms are eating your plants. Use your hands to pick Hornworms offplants and squish them or drop them in abucket of soapy water. Plant Pollen & Nectar Producing Plants(page 48) to attract Braconid Wasps (page38). The larvae of Braconid Wasps grow onthe Hornworms and eat them! After you harvest all of the tomatoes andpull out the plants, tilling the soil will kill mostbaby Hornworms. For farmers working on larger fields, Bt canalso be used on young Tomato Hornwormsas a last resort. (See Glossary for more info onBt, page 44).36
Assassin Bugsgood bug!Favorite Bad Bugs:FliesCaterpillarsPhoto Credit: Joseph Berger,Insect ImagesWhy am I good?I eat many different bad bugs. I come out tothe garden in June and stay all summer.What Assassin Bugs look like:We are flat, brown bugs with long, narrowheads. If you look closely, you might see ourcurving beaks.How to attract Assassin Bugs: Assassin Bugs naturally live in most chemicalfree gardens: the less pesticides or sprays youuse, the more Assassin Bugs you will see in yourgarden.37
Braconid Waspsgood bug!Favorite Bad Bugs:AphidsTomato HornwormPhoto Credit: David Cappaert,Michigan State UniversityWhy am I good?I lay eggs in bad bugs, and my larvae eatthese bad bugs from the inside as they growbigger!What Braconid Wasps look like:We are small wasps, but we don’t sting. Weare black or brown, and have a skinny middlesection. Our larvae look like little white tubes,and grow attached to bad bugs!How to attract Braconid Wasps: Plant Pollen & Nectar Producing Plants in yourgarden (page 48).In the picture below, Braconid Wasp larvae are growingon (and eating!) a Tomato Hornworm.Photo Credit: David Cappaert,Michigan State University38
Damsel Bugsgood bug!Favorite Bad Bugs:AphidsLeafhoppersCaterpillarsThripsPhoto Credit: Whitney Cranshaw,Colorado State UniversityWhy am I good?I eat many different bad bugs and stay in thefields during the winter.What Damsel Bugs look like:We are fast moving and we have long bodies.We are a dull brown or black color.How to attract Damsel Bugs: Damsel Bugs really love to live near alfalfafields. So plant some alfalfa! Or if you knowwhere alfalfa is planted, take a butterfly net,scoop up some Damsel Bugs, and bring themback to your garden plot!39
Lacewingsgood bug!Favorite Bad Bugs:AphidsMitesEggs of Bad BugsPhoto Credit: Sonya Broughton,Department of Agriculture & Food,Western AustraliaWhy am I good?I eat many different bad bugs and I am easyto attract to the garden.What Lacewings look like:Eggs: We live on stems. A flexible stalk orstring attaches us to plant stems, and weblow in the wind.Adults: We are thin and long with a brightgreen body and see-through wings.How to attract Lacewings: Plant Pollen & Nectar Producing Plants in yourgarden (page 48).40
Lady Beetles (Ladybugs)good bug!Favorite Bad Bugs:AphidsMealybugsSpider mitesPhoto Credit: Johnny N. Dell,Insect ImagesWhy am I good?I eat many different bad bugs and I can beeasily attracted to fields with Pollen & NectarProducing Plants (see list, page 48).What Lady Beetles look like:Eggs: We are little bunches of yellow or whiteeggs. We live on top of, or under, leaves.Larvae: We look like mini-alligators because ofour long, black, spiny backs. We eat a lot ofbad bugs in the garden.Adults: There are many different kinds ofgood Lady Beetles, but most of us are shinyred or orange with black dots on our backs.How to attract Lady Beetles: Plant Pollen & Nectar Producing Plants (page48).41
Praying Mantidsgood bug!Favorite Bad Bugs:All bad bugs.Photo Credit: Chris Horne, Insect ImagesWhy am I good?I eat all bad bugs! I actually eat any bug I cancatch, even other Praying Mantids!What Praying Mantids look like:We are long, skinny, green bugs with big,bright green eyes. We have really long armsand legs. Our front arms are extra long andbent and make us look like we are praying.How to attract Praying Mantids: Avoid using chemicals. Try planting perennials or permanentplantings around the edges of your farm orgarden plot. Praying Mantids like to live in theseareas during the winter.42
Soldier Beetlesgood bug!Favorite Bad Bugs:AphidsCucumber BeetlesPhoto Credit: Jim Occi, BugPicsWhy am I good?I eat many different bad bugs. I really love tolive near plantings of goldenrod, milkweed,catnip or hydrangeas.What Soldier Beetles look like:Larvae: We usually have a red head and adark, flat body.Adults: We look a lot like the larvae SoldierBeetles, but sometimes you might notice thatour backs look shiny like leather.How to attract Soldier Beetles: Try planting goldenrod, hydrangeas, catnip ormilkweed in your garden.43
GLOSSARYBtBt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacteriathat lives in soil. It is used on large organicfarms as a liquid spray to kill bad bugs, butis not used very much on small garden plots.Bt will kill insects only in the larva stage, so itis only good for killing some kinds of bugs.There are many different kinds of Bt, so makesure to talk to a gardening expert or a farmerthat has used it before trying it on your ownplot. And make sure to follow the directionscarefully!Row CoverRow cover is a material that covers plants,keeping them warmer and also stopping badbugs from eating plants and laying their eggs.It is sometimes called garden fabric, gardenblanket, or Reemay. Row cover can be usedin the spring and the fall to keep plants warmat night, and to protect plants from bad bugs.Organic FertilizerFertilizer gives your plants extra nutrients sothat they can grow healthy. Organic fertilizersare made only from other plants or animals,not from chemicals. Most gardening storessell many different kinds, but a good organicfertilizer to use is one made from fish waste(fish emulsion). Make sure to follow thedirections, because too much fertilizer canattract bad bugs to your plants, or can “burn”plants and make them die!44
Bug Control Tips Keep notes of what is happening in yourgarden and what you use for getting rid ofpests. Using your notes from year to year willhelp you identify the first signs of bug troubleand stop them from turning into majorproblems. Crop rotation means that you grow plantsin your garden in different places each year.Moving your plants around can trick bad bugsby making them have to find their favoriteplants each year. It will also make sure thatthe same kinds of plants will not take thesame nutrients from the soil year after year. Organic pesticides or sprays are still poisons:they can kill both bad and good bugs. Usethem carefully! The spray recipes are best to use early in themorning or late in the afternoon. Bad bugsare hard at work at these times, and plantswill not be tired from the heat. Do not use thesprays on windy or rainy days. Keeping your garden clean is veryimportant! Bugs can live and hide under pilesof weeds, bricks, logs, or wooden boards.Get rid of these hiding places.45
RECIPESGarlic and Chili Pepper SprayWear rubber gloves and eye protection whenmixing and spraying!1. Crush 6 cloves of fresh garlic.2. In a glass jar, mix the garlic with 1tablespoon of powdered cayenne pepper and1 quart of warm water.3. Put the cover on the glass jar and shake it.(Wear gloves and eye protection!!)4. Keep the cover on the jar and put it in asunny spot (inside or outside) for 2 or 3 days.5. Strain the mixture through a coffee filteror cheesecloth into a spray bottle.6. The spray works best if used in themorning (after you water). Spray plants welland make sure to spray under the leaves.Everything Spray1. Chop or grind up 1 whole garlic bulb and1 small onion.2. In a glass jar, add 1 teaspoon of powderedcayenne pepper, the chopped up garlic andonion, and 1 quart water.46
RECIPES continued3. Let the mixture sit for 1 hour.4. Strain the mixture through a coffee filter orcheesecloth into a large spray bottle.5. After the mixture is strained, add 1tablespoon of liquid soap and mix well.6. Use this spray in the morning (after youwater) and make sure to spray the plantseverywhere, especially under the leaves!7. Any extra Everything Spray can be kept forup to 1 week in a labeled, covered containerin your refrigerator. After 1 week, throw awayany extra spray.Soap Spray1. Mix 2 tablespoons of liquid soap and 1quart of water in a spray bottle.2. Spray plants well, and make sure to sprayunder the leaves.47
PLANT YOUR WAY TO AHEALTHY GARDEN!POLLEN & NECTAR PRODUCING PLANTS(We attract good derHollyhocksMorning GloryLemon seAngelicaWhite CloverCOMPANION PLANTINGMany vegetable and fruit growers believethat planting different vegetables and herbstogether can attract good bugs and repelbad bugs.and even make some crops tastebetter! A good book about companionplanting is Carrots Love Tomatoes, by LouiseRiotte. Some examples of companionplantings: Basil planted with Tomatoes will help keepaway aphids. Marigolds will help keep away manydifferent bad bugs like Mexican Bean Beetles.48
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both good (beneficial) and bad (damaging) bugs that you might find in your garden. This guide will offer tips on how to control bad bugs and ideas for how to attract good bugs. Good and bad bugs can be different sizes, shapes, and colors. This book has pictures of the damage caused by bad bug
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Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Rapid Flow, Titration, Turbidimetry, Ultraviolet- Visible Spectroscopy (UV/VIS) Parameter/Analyte Water pH EPA 150.1 Turbidity EPA 180.1 Calcium EPA 200.7 Iron EPA 200.7 Magnesium EPA 200.7 Potassium EPA 200.7 Silica, Total EPA 200.7 Sodium EPA 200.7 Aluminum EPA 200.8 Antimony EPA 200.8 Arsenic EPA 200.8 .
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
EPA Test Method 1: EPA Test Method 2 EPA Test Method 3A. EPA Test Method 4 . Method 3A Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide . EPA Test Method 3A. Method 6C SO. 2. EPA Test Method 6C . Method 7E NOx . EPA Test Method 7E. Method 10 CO . EPA Test Method 10 . Method 25A Hydrocarbons (THC) EPA Test Method 25A. Method 30B Mercury (sorbent trap) EPA Test Method .
