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2013 Sagamore Publishing LLCAll rights reserved.Publishers: Joseph J. Bannon and Peter L. BannonDirector of Sales and Marketing: William A. AndersonDirector of Development and Production: Susan M. DavisTechnology Manager: Christopher ThompsonProduction Coordinator: Amy S. DagitAll photographs in this text are by Jane P. Lammers.ISBN print edition: 978-1-57167-700-6ISBN ebook: 978-1-57167-701-3LCCN: 2012952299Sagamore Publishing LLC1807 N. Federal Dr.Urbana, IL 61801www.sagamorepub.comMore about this book: ecreation-leisure-4th-ed?src fdpil
This book is dedicated to my former colleagueand very dear friend,Hilmi Ibrahim, in remembranceAnd to his lovely wife and my kind friend,Cynthia IbrahimiiiMore about this book: ecreation-leisure-4th-ed?src fdpil
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CONTENTSPreface.viiAcknowledgments.xi1The Nature of Leisure, Recreation, and Play. 12The Evolution of Leisure, Recreation, and Play. 173Leisure, Recreation, and the Individual. 354 Play, Recreation, and the Life Course: Children. 535Recreation, Leisure, and the Life Course: Adolescents. 736 Recreation, Leisure, and the Life Course: Adults and Seniors.897Recreation, Leisure, and Society. 1118The International Scene. 1299 Diversity and Inclusiveness. 15110Providers and Resources.18111The Profession.20512Planning and Management in Recreation and Leisure. 22513Issues and Challenges in Recreation and Leisure. 24314Adding More Value. 257Glossary. 273About the Author. 276Credits. 277Index. 279vMore about this book: ecreation-leisure-4th-ed?src fdpil
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PREFACEAudienceLeisure pursuits and recreational activities play amajor role in the lifestyles of most individuals in mostsocieties. Their phenomenal growth has attracted theattention of scholars from all walks of life who havedevoted many hours to understanding the factorsunderlying such growth. These scholars agree that atthe core of these desirable human experiences is play.Although the simplest of play forms may appear to beundifferentiated from one society to another, social,economic, and geographic factors have resulted indifferences along the evolutionary scale.This introductory text is written with the studentin mind, a student who has chosen to study leisureand recreation as part of his or her college education.The student will gain a meaningful understandingof these activities and how they impact many lives,including his or her own. The student will come toappreciate (a) the important roles that leisure andrecreation play in different parts of the world and (b)the complex organization needed to provide leisureservices at all levels.A second audience comprises students who areexploring leisure and recreation for a possible career.Understanding individual tendencies affected byage, gender, or educational background is importantfor a well-designed recreation program. Theplanning, organizing, and administering of leisurepursuits and recreational activities help facilitatethe services provided for large numbers of people atall levels, whether local, regional, state, or national.Applications in Recreation & Leisure looks to thefuture while considering changes that have takenplace and are still taking place in the field.The ApproachThe approach used in this book is universal fortoday’s culturally diverse audience. After all, leisurepursuits are no longer the sole domain of the wealthyor the developed nations. Moreover, leisure careersare not limited to the public sector or to specificnational boundaries.The fourth edition of Applications in Recreation& Leisure provides a contemporary examination ofleisure issues from philosophical, psychological, andsociological perspectives. The text views the historyof leisure, leisure throughout the life course, leisureissues pertaining to aging and to the physicallyand developmentally disabled, multicultural andinternational issues, planning and managementissues, and career opportunities. It looks at the pastwhile pointing to the future. In examining leisureand recreation as human rights for all individuals,this text serves as a catalyst for critical thinking bystudents while providing a broad understanding ofthe different philosophies of the various providers ofleisure services.With its attractive two-color format, the fourthedition of Applications in Recreation & Leisureprovides a very practical look at recreation andleisure with numerous pedagogical elements to helpreinforce learning.Features A comprehensive and practical look at recreationand leisure from philosophical, psychological,and sociological perspectives is presented. Thismultidisciplinary approach provides a unifyingperspective. It examines current issues andchallenges affected by demographic trends,education, finances, public sentiment, laws, andlegislation.Leisure and recreation are presented beforeplay to strengthen the theoretical explanation ofthese important foundational concepts. Scholarlyinterpretations of the meaning of leisure,viiMore about this book: ecreation-leisure-4th-ed?src fdpil
recreation, and play are examined. Additionaltheories, such as Nash’s paradigm of free time,have been included.Cultural diversity is examined, such as theevolution of ritual and tradition in enhancingleisure experiences today. A global approach isused to study a variety of leisure and recreationactivities, such as the popularity of Oktoberfestin Germany, bullfighting and soccer in Mexico,and the development of yoga in India.Violence in adolescence is explored, includingthe value of well-structured recreation programs,such as outreach programs in urban environmentsand the Outward Bound program, in modifyinginappropriate behavior among “youth at risk.”Leisure issues pertaining to the elderly and thephysically and developmentally disabled are addressed. With appropriately structured leisureand recreational programs and pursuits, the elderly can be helped to focus on exercise; thephysically challenged can improve their motorskills and coordination; and the mentallychallenged can improve their skills and self-confidence.Leisure throughout the life course, from childhood through adolescence and adulthood,is examined. Play at these different stages is explored, as are the phys-ical, mental, psychological, and social benefits of leisure.Career opportunities are discussed in the areas ofleadership, management, and ethics.Trends and values are highlighted. Examples include the restructuring of job responsibilities; theneed for leisure education, leisure counselors, andcollaboration; the benefits of technological andmedical advancements; increased environmentalconcerns; improved services and accommodations for the elderly and the disabled; caregiving;more single parents and working mothers; moresingle adults; community outreach programs toassist the homeless; and counseling programs.Chapter 2: The Evolution of Leisure,Recreation, and Play Early societiesHistorical events and the development of leisureand recreationUse of time in the United StatesChapter 3: Leisure, Recreation, and theIndividual Physical fitness updateLink between leisure pursuits and life satisfactionwith current statisticsChapter 4: Play, Recreation, and the LifeCourse: Children Updated population statistics Childhood obesity as a serious health withcurrent statisticsChildren’s sports with current trends Chapter 5: Recreation, Leisure, and the LifeCourse: Adolescents Inside the teenage brainUpdates on teen suicide statisticsRole of the leisure provider in influencingidentity formationEating disordersChapter 6: Recreation, Leisure, and the LifeCourse: Adults and Seniors Life expectancy figures updated to 2020Population expectations updated to 2025Trends and statistics for young middle and olderadultsChapter 7: Recreation, Leisure, and Society New or Expanded TopicsUpdated expenditures on leisureTrends in media and leisureTechnology and leisure updatedChapter 8: The International SceneChapter 1: The Nature of Leisure, Recreation,and Play Leisure as a state of mindRecent theories of playStatus of leisure and recreation in selectedcountriesDeveloping nations and leisure updatedComparative data on holidays and vacation timewith various countriesviiiMore about this book: ecreation-leisure-4th-ed?src fdpil
PedagogyChapter 9: Diversity and Inclusiveness Family life and time togetherUpdates on equality and statistics on disabilityNatural resources near citiesSport/recreation participation for men, women,boys, and girls updated Chapter 10: Providers and Resources Public providers with new statistics and trends.National Trails and Scenic Byways updatesTravel and tourism with new statisticsMilitary recreation and campsChapter 11: The Profession Role of ethics for the leisure professional Professional recreation and leisure associationsin Canada, other countries, and the worldTherapeutic recreation and other careersCareer growth statistics in recreation and leisure Chapter 12: Planning and Management inRecreation and Leisure National, regional, and local approaches toplanning and managementRecreational spending and financial aspects ofrecreation managementImportance of evaluation Chapter 13: Issues and Challenges inRecreation and Leisure High-risk recreation, sedentary lifestylesUpdates on substance abuse and otherquestionable activities during free timeCrowding, carrying capacity, and possibleoptions Chapter 14: Adding More Value Chapter opening quotes: Related quotes begineach chapter to further enhance student interestin the chapter topic.Chapter at a Glance: Each chapter begins with abrief overview that sets the theme for the chapter.Chapter Objectives: The chapters open withidentification of concepts to be mastered in eachchapter.A World of Difference: Case studies in everychapter provide practical applications of thecontent. These correspond with Your Turnquestions at the end of the chapter and allowstudents to determine solutions for each casediscussed.Action Guide: These self-evaluations enablestudents to apply chapter content to themselves.Concept Checks: These questions are integratedwithin the text to provide immediate review ofchapter content to reinforce learning.A Closer Look: These boxes provide additionalcoverage of related topics to complement eachchapter’s content.Glossary: New terms that the student will learnin each chapter are identified here.Summaries: The main concepts of the chapterare summarized for a quick review of chaptercontent and to help in test preparation.Using What You’ve Learned: These activities atthe conclusion of each chapter provide relatedactivities for student completion.Your Turn: Located at the end of each chapter,these questions correspond withReferences: Concluding each chapter, thereferences provide thorough documentation ofmaterial and are a resource for students to obtainadditional information.Adding value environmentally and throughcollaborationHelping the homeless and proving correctionalrecreationSingle adults as a recognized trendixMore about this book: ecreation-leisure-4th-ed?src fdpil
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSPatti FreemanMurray State UniversityAmy GoffScottsdale Community CollegeRonald W. HodgsonCalifornia State University at ChicoDenver HospodarskyNorthern Arizona UniversityJoy JoynerMankato State UniversityBarbara KlingmanWestern State College of ColoradoEdwin K. LindsayNorth Carolina State University-RalaighJanice Elich MonroeIthaca CollegeRichard MacNeilUniversity of IowaJoseph L. RegnaUniversity of FloridaElaine RogersEast Stroudsburg UniversityS. Harold SmithBrigham Young UniversityRalph W. WeberCalifornia State University-FresnoDaniel E. WegnerSouthwest Texas State UniversityTheodore J. WelchSUNY: College at BrockportDoris D. YatesCalifornia State University: HaywardIt has been a pleasure to work with the accomplished individuals from Sagamore Publishing, whohave contributed to the fourth edition of Applicationsin Recreation & Leisure: For Today and the Future.I would especially like to thank Joe Bannon for hisenthusiasm, encouragement, and for all that he hasdone for our profession. I’d like to thank Peter Bannon for his creativity and Susan Davis for her patience and professionalism in the development andproduction of this book. You’re great! Thank you,too, Christopher Thompson and Amy Dagit for theirkeen skills in technology and production. I also verymuch thank William Anderson for his interest andgreat ideas.I’d like to thank Hilmi Ibrahim for his manycontributions to the prior editions of this manuscript.And a very special thank-you goes to Jane P.Lammers for her expressive photographs, graphiccontributions, and technical assistance. Thanks toPam Lewin. For always being there, I thank Charlie.Thanks to my mother for always encouraging me towrite.I want to graciously thank and acknowledgethese reviewers for their helpful comments andsuggestions:Don A. AlbrechtTexas A&M UniversityDenise AndersonUniversity of North Carolina-GreensboroChip CannonHumboldt State UniversityJames D. BigleyGeorgia Southern UniversityJeanne BoydUniversity of FloridaBarb J. BrockEastern Washington UniversityErnest CoonsState University College-PlattsburghKathleen A. CordesxiMore about this book: ecreation-leisure-4th-ed?src fdpil
There is less leisure now thanin the Middle Ages, when onethird of the year consisted offestivals and holidays.—J. B. PriestlyMore about this book: ecreation-leisure-4th-ed?src fdpil
Nature of1 TheLeisure, Recreation,CHAPTER 1and PlayChapter at a GlanceIn this chapter, three terms are defined that will be used throughout the text: leisure,recreation, and play. Various theories of why people play are presented, and commentsare offered on each. Finally, ideas are presented on the motivation for and benefits fromengaging in leisure, recreation, and play.CHAPTER OBJECTIVESAfter completing this chapter, you should be able to define leisure, recreation, and play; explain the three essential elements of a leisure experience; discuss leisure in terms of (a) free or residual time, (b) activities, and (c) a state of mind; explain the difference between leisure and recreation; briefly explain the different interpretations of play; and describe factors that may motivate individuals to engage in leisure, recreation, and play.The Nature of LeisureAlmost 600 years ago, a scholar in another partof the world suggested that the desire for leisureis one of five basic human desires. This scholar,Khaldun, was a historian who is also considered tobe the father of sociology. Khaldun ranked thesefive desires in ascending order, with leisure at thepinnacle of the pyramid.1 More recently, Americanpsychologist Maslow emphasized the importance ofcertain activities in human life. Figure 1.2 shows hisparadigm, which is similar to Khaldun’s. Maslow’shierarchy of human needs begins with basicphysiological needs, which appear at the bottom ofthe figure, and culminates with self-actualization,Leisure is difficult to define because it meanssomething different to each person, yet scholars havealways been interested in the study of leisure. Thefirst attempt to understand leisure probably took placeabout 300 B.C. The ancient Greeks were intriguedby leisure, and the philosopher Aristotle suggesteda paradigm, or model, by which leisure could becategorized. In this paradigm, depicted in Figure 1.1,Aristotle proposed that leisure occurs at three levels:amusement, recreation, and contemplation (more onthat later).1More about this book: ecreation-leisure-4th-ed?src fdpil
2Applications in Recreation and LeisureCopl nteat mio emFigure 1.1. Aristotle’s Three Levels of Leisurewhich makes up its highest level. In his early work,Maslow suggested that the human need for aesthetics(appreciation of beauty and order) and cognition(knowledge and understanding) precedes the needfor self-actualization.2Defining LeisureThe term leisure came into use only recently inthe United States. In contrast, the term recreationhas been used by professionals since the early 20thcentury. For example, in Butler’s pioneering bookon recreation in America, the term leisure appearedonly five times.3 Butler suggested that recreation is aleisure-time activity and that, for most people, recreational opportunities are largely confined to their leisure hours. He noted that an increase in leisure tookplace in the early 1900s, when working hours becameshorter. When people worked 12 to 14 hours a day,6 days a week, he pointed out, the problem of recreational use of leisure was nonexistent. In a sense,the author equated leisure with free time. However,having free time does not necessarily mean that oneis at leisure. For example, a prisoner or a sick personwho is confined to bed has plenty of free time but isnot at leisure.Nevertheless, scholars continued to define leisure as free time. In the late 1940s and in the 1950s,several books about leisure were published.4,5,6,7Then, in 1960, Charles Brightbill, a scholar of recreation, asked the question “What is leisure?” Heconcluded that the meaning of leisure varies amongcultures and that there is little agreement about itsmeaning and implications. For example, some seeleisure as freedom from work, while others view itas an important tool of social control or a symbol ofone’s status. Still other
The fourth edition of Applications in Recreation & Leisure provides a contemporary examination of leisure issues from philosophical, psychological, and sociological perspectives. The text views the history of leisure, leisure throughout the life course, leisure issues pertaining to aging and to the physically
In the 26 years since 有iley publìshed Organic 1于ze Disconnection Approach 色y Stuart Warren，由自approach to the learning of synthesis has become while the book Ìtself is now dated in content and appearance' In 唱Tiley published Organic and Control by Paul Wyatt and Stuart 轧Tarren. Thís muc如柱。okís as a
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATION 13 HOME PAGE WHY DRAW? EQUIPMENT START HERE: TECHNIQUES HOW TO DRAW MORE ACTIVITIES LINKS Drawing pottery The general aim when drawing pottery is not only to produce an accurate, measured drawing but also to show the type of pot. Sh ape (or form) and decoration are therefore important. Many illustrators now include extra information to show how a pot was .
