Flow Chart Of The Production Chain Of Palm Oil And Palm .

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil productsMicrobiological growthBlowmedium2Moisture content (i.e. wateractivity) in refined oils is toolow for bacteria to grow.Adventitious presence ofallergens from for examplesoybeans, peanuts, andproducts thereof.Clowhigh3Potential crosscontamination. Allergicreactions may occur at verylow levels.Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011requires the mandatory labelling ofingredients known to triggerallergies or intolerances.Prerequisite programme toprevent cross contamination.This risk is onlyrelevant whendifferent types of oilsare processed.FEDIOL Code of Practice on theproduction and labelling of certainoils in connection with allergy.PAHs(only for palm kernel oil)Cmediumhigh4BaP levels may be found incrude palm kernel oil due tobad drying practices. BaP isan indicator for PAHs.EC Regulation No. 1881/2006 setsa limit of 2.0 μg/kg for BaP and alimit of 10 μg/kg for four PAH in oilsand fats intended for direct humanconsumption or use as an ingredientin foods.Use of active carbon to verifycompliance with EU legislation.Glycidyl esters (GE)Cmediumhigh4Glycidyl esters aresubstances that can arise inoils and fats during therefining process.FEDIOL Review of mitigationmeasures on MCPD esters andglycidyl esters (Ref 15SAF108)Codex Alimentarius CoP.Implementation of mitigationmeasures tailor-made to therefinery and commodity at stakethroughout the refining process.FEDIOL members committed toa max level of GE of 1 mg/kg inthe oils and fats that they put onthe market for food as ofSeptember 2017.See the dedicatedFEDIOL webpage on2, 3 MCPD- and GE.Implementation of mitigationmeasures tailor-made to therefinery and commodity at stakethroughout the refining process.See the dedicatedFEDIOL webpage on2, 3 MCPD- and GE.Commission Reg (EU) 2018/290amending Regulation (EC)1881/2006.A Codex Alimentarius Code ofPractice is under construction.3-MCPD estersRef. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018highhigh43-MCPD esters aresubstances formed duringthe refining process.Presence of naturallyoccurring substances (precursors) lead to higheroccurrence during refining.Prevention of the presenceof such precursors beforerefining is therefore one ofthe key steps for mitigation.Use of aluminium chloride toflock particles in recycledprocess water is a source ofchlorine for 3-MCPDEFEDIOL Review of mitigationmeasures on MCPD esters andglycidyl esters (Ref 15SAF108).A Codex Alimentarius Code ofPractice is under construction.6

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil productsformation in the oil.LeadCVery lowRef. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018High2Lead has poor oil solubility.EC Regulation 1881/2006 limits leadin fats and oil to 0.1 mg/kg wetweight.7

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil products4. Modification (general)LEGISLATION, INDUSTRYSTANDARDS AND/ORCONTRACT TERMSCAT.CHANCESERIOUSNESSRISKCLASS.Foreign materials such asglass, metal, etc.Pmediummedium3Foreign materials may bepresent.Filter before loading.Contaminants in processingaids such as heavy metals.Cmediummedium3Processing aids come intocontact with the product.Processing aids that directlycome into contact with the oilmust be for food use or offood grade quality.HAZARDRef. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018JUSTIFICATIONCONTROL MEASUREREMARKS8

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil products4.1 Fractionation (dry or ntion of thestearinP/C/Blowhigh3Open stearin collection tank.Toxic compounds fromsolventClowhigh3Solvents are used for wetfractionation. Probable use ofsolvents that are not of foodgrade quality.Ref. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018JUSTIFICATIONLEGISLATION, INDUSTRYSTANDARDS AND/ORCONTRACT TERMSCONTROL MEASUREREMARKSHigh-care zone and filtering.Directive (EC) 2009/32 setspurity criteria for the use ofsolvents for food production.Use of solvents suitable foruse in the food industry9

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil products4.2 HydrogenationHAZARDTraces of nickel remainingin the hydrogenatedproduct after edium3Ref. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018JUSTIFICATIONNickel is used as a catalyst.Traces may remain in the oilafter filtration.LEGISLATION, INDUSTRYSTANDARDS AND/ORCONTRACT TERMSCONTROL MEASUREProper post-refining or postbleaching.REMARKSFrance has a legal limit ofnickel in oil for food of 0.2ppm.10

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil products5. Loading of refined productsLEGISLATION, INDUSTRYSTANDARDS AND/ORCONTRACT TERMSCAT.CHANCESERIOUSNESSRISKCLASS.Foreign matter such asglass, wood, metals, etc.Plowhigh3Microbiological growthBlowmedium2Moisture content (i.e. wateractivity) in refined oils is toolow for bacteria to grow.Misuse of additivesClowmedium2Misuse or overdosing ofadditives may occur.Regulation (EC) 1333/2008Adventitious presence ofallergens (from lecithin,peanuts, nuts, sesameseeds and products thereof)Clowhigh3Potential cross contamination.Allergic reactions may occurat very low levels.Regulation EU No 1169/2011requires the mandatorylabelling of ingredients knownto trigger allergies orintolerances.HAZARDJUSTIFICATIONForeign bodies may bepresent.FEDIOL Code of workingpractice for bulk road and tankcontainer transport of fats andoils for direct food use.CONTROL MEASUREREMARKSFilter before loading.A quality plan should requirethe loading of tank cars withrefined oils under a roof.Prerequisite programme toprevent cross contamination.This risk is only applicablewhen different types of oilsare processed and / oradditives are used.FEDIOL Code of Practice onthe Production and Labellingof certain oils in connectionwith allergy.Ref. 09SAF056 rev. August 201811

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil productsA. Transport of palm oil and derived products for food application by tankcar, rail tank, barge or coaster (excluding ocean going vessel).HAZARDMircrobiological IFICATIONLEGISLATION, INDUSTRY STANDARDSAND/OR CONTRACT TERMSResidual water in a tank can makepathogens grow.CONTROL MEASUREREMARKSControl drying after cleaning.Contamination by previouscargo- Tank cars, rail tanks andbarges outside of the EUC- Tank cars, tank containers,rail tanks and barges followingEU standards for the transportof food stuffsCTank cars and barges may have beenused for non food compatible productssuch as petrochemicals.lowhigh3Transport of vegetable oils for foodapplication is by means of transportthat are dedicated to food stuffs.Tank cars and barges that arenot dedicated to the transportof foodstuff should haveundergone a validatedcleaning procedure.The Food Hygiene Regulation EC No.852/2004 requires the transport of liquidfood stuffs by tank cars, rail tanks andbarges to be dedicated to that of foodstuffs.Make sure a means oftransport is marked “forfoodstuffs only”.Oils for processing:FEDIOL Code of Practice for thetransport in bulk of oils and fats into orwithin the European Union (Ref14COD152 chapter A).Oils for direct food use:FEDIOL code of working practice forbulk road and tank container transport offats and oils for direct food use (Ref07COD138).- Tank coasters following EUstandards for the transport offood stuffsClowhigh3Oil to be processedCoasters carrying oils and fats that arestill to be processed and that havestainless steel tanks must have asimmediate previous cargo one thatappears on the EU list of AcceptablePrevious Cargoes.Oil for direct useTank coasters carrying refined oils andRef. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018Regulation EU No 579/2014 on bulktransport of oils and fats by sea.FEDIOL Code of Practice for thetransport in bulk of oils and fats into orwithin the European Union (Ref14COD152 chapter B) (including FOSFAoperational procedures).Check previous cargoes viaFEDIOL practical guide toprevious cargo(es) for meansof transport and tank lining(Ref 14COD153). FOSFAcertificate of compliance,cleanliness and suitability ofShip’s tanks issued by aFOSFA MemberSuperintendent. FOSFA12

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil productsfats for direct food use during short seavoyages in the EU must have as threeprevious cargoes a product that isfoodstuff and the tanks must be ofstainless steel or epoxy coated (mildsteel not allowed)combined Masters certificatesigned by the Captain/FirstOfficer or an equivalentstatement signed by the ship’sowner or authorised agent,applicable before any loadingor cargo transfer.Contamination by cleaningagents- Residues of detergentsused to clean tank cars, railtanks and barges used for thetransport of chemicalsCmediummedium3Increased risk at cleaning stations thatclean both food and chemical tanks onone site.Oils for processing:FEDIOL Code of Practice for thetransport in bulk of oils and fats into orwithin the European Union (Ref14COD152 chapter A).Apply good practices forcleaning of tanks.Oils for direct use:FEDIOL code of working practice forbulk road and tank container transport offats and oils for direct food use (Ref07COD138).- Residues of detergents usedto clean tank coasters usedfor the transport of chemicalsCmediummedium3Increased risk in case coaster is notdedicated to foodstuff. This can be thecase with the transport of crudevegetable oils and fats by coaster(previous cargo to be on EU list ofAcceptable Previous Cargoes in caseof stainless steel tank). Coasters thatare carrying refined vegetable oils andfats are dedicated to the transport offood stuffs and are cleaned with water.In these cases the risk of contaminationwith residues of detergents is low.FEDIOL Code of Practice for thetransport in bulk of oils and fats into orwithin the European Union (Ref014COD152 chapter B) (includingFOSFA operational procedures).FOSFA certificate ofcompliance, cleanliness andsuitability of Ship’s tanksissued by a FOSFA MemberSuperintendent.FOSFA combined Masterscertificate signed by theCaptain/First Officer or anequivalent statement signedby the ship’s owner orauthorised agent, applicablebefore any loading or cargotransfer.Clowmedium2Stainless steel tanks are used whichare heated with cooling water from themotor through a system of double walls(and not coils).Oils for processing:FEDIOL Code of Practice for thetransport in bulk of oils and fats into orwithin the European Union (14COD152chapter A).Use of thermal heating fluidsin direct heating systems isforbidden.Heating or cooling fluidsfrom equipment- Tank carsRef. 09SAF056 rev. August 201813

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil productsOils for direct use:FEDIOL code of working practice forbulk road and tank container transport offats and oils for direct food use (Ref07COD138).- Rail tanks, tank bargesClowhigh3Toxic thermal heating fluids may still beused. However, due to the relativelylow heating temperatures appliedduring transport, the chance of leakageof thermal heating fluids into theproduct is low.FEDIOL Code of Practice for thetransport in bulk of oils and fats into orwithin the European Union (14COD152chapter A).Heating coils of rail tanksmust be of stainless steel.Thermal heating fluids indirect heating systems isforbidden. The transporter ofthe oil must provide fordocumentation on possiblenet losses of thermal heatingfluids and analyse accordinglyif necessary.- Tank coastersClowhigh3Toxic thermal heating fluids may still beused. However, due to the relativelylow heating temperatures appliedduring transport, the chance of leakageof thermal heating fluids into theproduct is low.FEDIOL Code of Practice for thetransport in bulk of oils and fats into orwithin the European Union (14COD152chapter B) (including FOSFA operationalprocedures).If thermal heating fluids havebeen used, the transporter ofthe oil must provide fordocumentation on possiblenet losses and analyseaccordingly if necessary.Foreign material such asglass, wood, metals, etc.Pmediummedium3Oils for direct use:FEDIOL Code of working practice forbulk road and tank container transport offats and oils for direct food use (Ref07COD138).A quality plan should requirethe loading of tank cars withrefined oils under a roof.Ref. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018The use of hot water or steamheating is recommended.14

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil productsB. Storage of crude or refined oilLEGISLATION, INDUSTRYSTANDARDS AND/ORCONTRACT TERMSCAT.CHANCESERIOUSNESSRISKCLASS.Contamination due to lackof segregation(contamination from previouscargoes, use of incorrectjoining, shared equipment)Clowhigh3This risk classification appliesto terminals that store bothchemicals and vegetable oils.Less risk is involved when thetank terminal applies the EUlist of acceptable previouscargoes during sea transportto the storage of vegetableoils. Least risk is involvedwhen the vegetable oils arestored in tanks that arededicated to the storage offoodstuffs.Contamination by cleaningagentsClowhigh3This risk classification appliesto terminals that store bothchemicals and vegetable oils.They may abstain from usingcleaning agents that aresuitable for use in the foodindustry. For tank terminals inthe EU that apply HACCP andthat keep the storage ofvegetable oils and chemicalsseparated, the chance ofusing the wrong cleaningagents is very low.Cleaning agents must besuitable for use in the foodindustry.Solvent from coatingClowhigh3Solvents from virgin coatingsmigrating to the oil, which mayend up in the fatty aciddistillates during refiningDo proper analyses onmaiden oil storage beforeaccepting and monitorrefining.Misuse of additivesClowmedium2Additives allowed for food oilapplied to oil going to feed –orvice versa- for which use theymay not have been approved.HAZARDRef. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018JUSTIFICATIONTerminals in the EU that storeoils and fats for foodapplication are obliged toapply HACCP (EC RegulationNo. 852/2004).CONTROL MEASUREREMARKSFood or feed dedication ofstorage tanks. Otherwise,storage tanks must at leastadhere to the EU rules onprevious cargoes that havebeen set up for sea transportin Regulation EU No579/2014.15

FoodRisk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil productsC. Transport of palm oil by ocean going medium3JUSTIFICATIONLEGISLATION, INDUSTRY STANDARDSAND/OR CONTRACT TERMSCONTROL MEASUREREMARKSTransport contamination- Contamination by previouscargoes present in tanks orpipesBulk vegetable oils and fatsimported into the EU undergorefining before they are delivered forfood application. Ocean goingvessels carrying these oils and fatsinto the EU must have as theimmediate previous cargo a productthat is either a foodstuff or a productappearing on the EU list of acceptedimmediate cargoes of Directive96/3/EC.Regulation 579/2014 (Derogation to ECRegulation No. 852/2004) requires that previousloads have to be checked.FOSFA contracts oblige the seller to inform thebuyer what the three preceding cargoes havebeen during the sea transport of oils and fats.FEDIOL Code of Practice for the transport inbulk of oils and fats into or within the EuropeanUnion (Ref 014COD152 chapter B) (includingFOSFA operational procedures).FOSFA certificate ofcompliance, cleanliness andsuitability of Ship’s tanksissued by a FOSFA MemberSuperintendent. FOSFAcombined Masters certificatesigned by the Captain/FirstOfficer or an equivalentstatement signed by the ship’sowner or authorised agent,applicable before any loadingor cargo transfer.The EU has not regulated the sea transport ofoils and fats for feed application.The use of dedicated pipelines at loading andunloading.- Contamination by cleaningagentsClowlow1Tanks of ocean going vessels arecleaned with sea water.Solvent from coatingClowhigh3Solvents from virgin coatingsmigrating to the oil, which may endup in the fatty acid distillates duringrefiningThermal heating fluids(THF) from equipmentClowhigh3Toxic thermal heating fluids may stillbe used. However, due to therelatively low heating temperaturesapplied during transport, the chanceof leakage of thermal heating fluidsinto the product is low.Hydraulic oils from portablepumpsClowhigh3Hydraulic oils from portable pumpsmay be toxic.Ref. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018Do proper analyses onmaiden oil voyages beforeaccepting and monitor refiningFEDIOL Code of Practice for the transport inbulk of oils and fats into or within the EuropeanUnion (including FOSFA operationalprocedures) (14COD152 chapter B).If thermal heating fluids havebeen used, the transporter ofthe oil must provide fordocumentation on possiblenet losses and analyseaccordingly if necessary.The use of water and steamheating is recommended.The use of portable pumpswith clear separation ofhydraulic motor from pump. Ifnot, hydraulic oils of foodgrade quality must be used.Hydraulic motors that aredirectly linked to the pumpallow for unwanted leakages ofhydraulic oil into the vegetableoil in case of seal failure.16

For more information, see also the footnote for sheet 1 on Cultivation of palm fruits . Ref. 09SAF056 rev. August 2018 4 Food Risk assessment of the chain of palm and palm kernel oil products Utilities: palm and palm kernel oil refining and processing . the market for food as of Septembe