Section 1 AMERICAN Standards
Section 1AMERICANStandards
Summary of Standards for Ductile Iron Pipeand Ductile Iron FittingsMost of the Standards coveringpipe and fittings manufactured by Ameri-can Cast Iron Pipe Company have beenprepared by the American Water WorksAssociation Standards Committee A21.Applicable Standards, other than those developed by the A21 Committee, generallycover specialties or refer to ANSI Standards.In order to take advantage of modernmetallurgical science, better testing methods, improved production control, materials with better physical properties, and improvements in manufacturing methods, theA21 Committee has a continuing programfor keeping its Standards revised to includethe latest proven developments.Development of StandardsThe AWWA Standards CommitteeA21 on Ductile and Gray Iron Pipe and Fittings was organized in 1926 under the procedures of the American Engineering Standards Committee. It was reorganized underAmerican Standards Association Proceduresin 1955, and in 1984 it became a memberof the AWWA Committee structure.The Committee is responsible for thedevelopment of standards and manuals forductile iron pressure pipe for water andother liquids and for fittings used withsuch pipe. The Committee’s membershipis comprised of representatives from consumer groups, producer groups and generalinterest groups.A standard, manual or revision isdeveloped by a subcommittee assignedto that task. The subcommittee preparesand submits the document to the StandardsCommittee for approval. After approval itis then submitted to the AWWA StandardsCouncil for approval. After all approvalshave been received, including a public review by both AWWA and ANSI, the standard, manual or revision is published andmade available to the public.Specification HistoryA brief review of the older specifications in chronological order may help define their usefulness, as well as help in theappreciation of the improved modern standards.Abbreviations of OrganizationsThe following is a list of the organizations referred to in this Section and otherSections of this Manual by abbreviation.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.AASHTOAlloy Casting Institute.ACIAmerican Gas Association.AGAAmerican Iron and Steel Institute.AISIAmerican National Standards Institute.ANSIAmerican Petroleum Institute.APIAmerican Society of Civil Engineers.ASCEAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers.ASMEAmerican Society for Testing and Materials.ASTMAmerican Water Works Association.AWWADuctile Iron Pipe Research Association.DIPRADuctile Iron Society.DISFactory Mutual System.FMInternational Organization for Standardization.ISOUnited States Military.MILNew England Water Works Association.NEWWANSF International.NSFUnderwriters Laboratories.ULWater Environment Federation.WEF1-1
The basis for design in almost all specifications to date is the Barlow formula, or“Hoop Stress” formula. It embodies thebasic principle for design of a thin cylinderfor internal pressure. The formula may bestated as:t pd2Sin which t is the thickness of the pipe ininches; p is the internal pressure in poundsper square inch (psi); d is the inside diameter in inches; and S is the allowable working stress of the metal in pounds per squareinch.In the development of the designof cast iron pipe, this formula has beenmodified in several ways by prominentwater works engineers such as Allen Hazen, Thomas H. Wiggin, James T. Fanning,Dexter Brackett, I. J. Fairchild and James P.Kirkwood. Mr. Kirkwood, as chief engineerfor the Brooklyn Water Works, developeda design for cast iron pipe which was avariant of the Barlow formula. Kirkwood’scalculations took into consideration casting imperfection, corrosion, strength of themetal and other factors affecting the life ofthe pipe. In the late 1880s, a formula byDexter Brackett, distribution engineer forthe City of Boston, was adopted by theNew England Water Works Association astheir standard. The formula is as follows:t (p p1)r 0.253,300in which t is the thickness of the pipe wallin inches; p is the static pressure in psi; p1is the pressure allowed for water hammerin psi; r is the internal radius of the pipe ininches; 3,300 is equal to one-fifth the tensile strength of cast iron, taken as 16,500psi; and 0.25 is an allowance for corrosionand foundry tolerance in inches. Brackettaccordingly used a safety factor of 5 in hisformula.Although the 1902 NEWWA specifications did not provide a formula for pipethicknesses, the Brackett formula was usedin determining the thicknesses recommended.The AWWA in 1908 adopted a standard covering bell and spigot pipe produced1-2in 12-foot laying lengths by the pit castingmethod. Prior to 1908, at least two unofficial documents dealing with pipe designwere acknowledged by AWWA. The first ofthese used thicknesses for pipe determinedby averaging the thicknesses used in a largenumber of American cities. The second dealtwith actual design of pipe based on Brackett’s method with variations.The 1908 AWWA standards employeda system of class designations applied tospecific wall thicknesses in diameters 4”through 84” inclusive for a range of hydraulic heads. The most common of theseclasses were A, B, C and D for 100-, 200-,300- and 400-feet hydraulic head, respectively. The design was based on a variationof the Brackett formula by J. T. Fanning andincluded a variation in the outside diameterfor the different classes of pipe. The basicdesign of pipe with a different outside diameter for each class was followed in modern specifications until the 1961 revisions.The general acceptance by the water worksindustry of the standardized mechanicaljoint necessitated a standard outside diameter for cast iron pipe.AWWA revised their standards in1939 to incorporate a new method of designing cast iron pressure pipe. This newmethod was published as ANSI A21.1. TheA21.1 method of determining the requiredthickness of cast iron pipe takes into consideration trench load and internal pressurein combination. Trench load consists of theearth load on the pipe plus any superloadresulting from traffic over the trench; internal pressure consists of the design working pressure plus an additional allowancefor surge pressure. Laying conditions andstrength of the iron in the pipe are also factors involved in the design. Additions forcasting tolerance and a corrosion allowanceare included in the design thickness.Actually, the first standard coveringcentrifugally cast pipe was issued by theUnited States Government in 1927, andwas known as the Federal Specification No.537. In July 1931, the specification was revised to include pipe cast centrifugally in
sand-lined molds, pipe cast centrifugally inmetal molds, and pit cast pipe. This specification has been modified several times andnow is basically the same as ANSI/AWWAStandards.Development of ductile iron in the1950s initiated research into design ofductile iron pipe to take advantage of thesuperior strength, toughness, impact resistance and corrosion resistance of this newmetal. The A21 Committee issued the ANSIA21.50 (AWWA H3-65) and ANSI A21.51(AWWA C151) Standards for ductile ironpipe in 1965. The work of Prof. M. G. Spangler and others at Iowa State University onflexible conduit is the basis for principlesthat have been applied extensively by thedesigners of flexible underground pipe. Thedesign principles and procedures for ductileiron pipe that were included in the ANSIStandard A21.50 (AWWA C150) wereverified by actual trench tests at AMERICAN and by tests conducted by variousresearchers.Continued research on ductile iron pipereflects through these updated standardsthe advancements in metallurgical technology and manufacturing skills. Furthermore,the quality of AMERICAN’s products andconformance to appropriate specificationsare assured by the British Standards Institute’s certification that AMERICAN’s quality system complies with ISO 9001 QualityManagement System Standard.AMERICAN also subscribes to NSF’slisting program for products under ANSI/NSF Standard 61—Drinking Water System Components—Health Effects. CheckAMERICAN for current listing of our products.Tests were conducted at AMERICAN on an installation of five 36” SpecialClass 51 AMERICAN Ductile Iron Fastite Joint pipe. Trench is shown withpipe backfilled to spring line and ready for placement of 8’ earth coverover the pipe, in a wide trench condition. The ends of the trench wereprovided with thrust blocking so that the pipeline could be hydrostaticallypressurized for testing. Instrumentation consisted of vertical and horizontaldeflection gauges, soil pressure gauges, SR-4 electric strain gauges anda hydrostatic pressure gauge. The results of this testing confirmed theapplicability of flexible pipe design to ductile iron pipe and became thebasis for the first national standard for ductile iron pipe, ANSI A21.50— 1965 (AWWA H3-65), “American Standard for the Thickness Designof Ductile Iron Pipe.” Inset — Vertical deflection gauge which measuredvertical deflection of the pipe, as well as the amount of embedment of thepipe into the trench bottom.1-3
Standards Applicable toAMERICAN Pipe and FittingsThroughout this Manual, Standards may be referred to as listed below orby only the ANSI, AWWA, ASTM, NSF, ASME, etc. numbering.Ductile Iron Pipe for Water and Other Liquids:4” through 64”ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe:4” through 64”Ductile Iron Culvert Pipe:14” through 64”ASTM A746ASTM A716Ductile and Gray Iron Fittings for Water and Other Liquids:4” through 48”ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10Ductile Iron Compact Fittings:4” through 64”Flanged Pipe:4” through 64”ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15Coatings and Linings:Asphaltic ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53ASTM A716Cement Lining ANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4ASTM A746Ceramic Epoxy PROTECTO 401ASTM A746Coal Tar Epoxy LiningPROTECTO 401Polyethylene EncasementANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5ASTM A674Joints — Pipe and Fittings:Fastite ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11Mechanical ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11Flanged ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53Grooved and ShoulderedAWWA C606Other joints shown in this Manual are AMERICAN design.All Products* ANSI/NSF Standard 61*Check AMERICAN for current NSF listing of AMERICAN products.NOTE: Many AMERICAN joints, classes of pipe, fittings, and specials are listed byUnderwriters Laboratories Inc. and Factory Mutual System. The quality of AMERICAN’sproducts and conformance to appropriate specifications are assured by the British StandardsInstitute’s certification that AMERICAN’s quality system complies with ISO 9001 QualityManagement System Standard.1-4
Standards for the Design, Manufacture,Installation and Certification of Ductile Iron Pipe andDuctile Iron FittingsStandard DesignationANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4SubjectCement-Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings for WaterANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5Polyethylene Encasement forDuctile-Iron Pipe SystemsANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings,3 in. through 48 in., for WaterANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe and FittingsANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe withDuctile-Iron or Gray-IronThreaded FlangesANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50Thickness Design of Ductile-IronPipeANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Castfor WaterANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings, forWater ServiceANSI/AWWA C600Installation of Ductile-Iron WaterMains and Their AppurtenancesANSI/AWWA C606Grooved and Shouldered JointsASTM A674Polyethylene Encasement forDuctile Iron Pipe for Water orOther LiquidsASTM A716Ductile Iron Culvert PipeASTM A746Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer PipeANSI/NSF 61Drinking Water System Components—Health EffectsASTM G62Standard Test Methods for HolidayDetection in Pipeline Coatings1-5
Miscellaneous StandardsThe following Standards are related to ductile iron and gray iron piping but aregenerally not directly applicable to the manufacture of AMERICAN pipe and fittings.1-6Standard DesignationANSI A40.5SubjectThreaded Cast-Iron Pipe for Drainage, Vent, andWaste ServicesANSI/ASME B1.1Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)ANSI/ASME B16.1Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 25,125, 250 and 800ANSI/ASME B16.3Malleable-Iron Threaded Fittings, 150 and 300 lbANSI/ASME B16.4Cast-Iron Screwed Fittings, 125 and 250 lbANSI/ASME B16.5Pipe Flanges and Flanged FittingsANSI B16.12Cast Iron Threaded Drainage FittingsANSI B16.14Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Lock-nuts with Pipe ThreadsANSI B16.21Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe FlangesASME/ANSI B16.42Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged FittingsANSI B18.2.1Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, Inch SeriesANSI/ASME B18.2.2Square and Hex Nuts (Inch Series)ANSI B31.1Power PipingANSI/ASME B31.8Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping SystemsANSI/ASME B1.20.1General Purpose Pipe ThreadsANSI/AWWA C207Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Service - Sizes 4 in.through 144 in.ANSI/AWWA C500Gate Valves - 3 in. through 48 in. NPS, For Water andSewage SystemsANSI/AWWA C501Sluice GatesANSI/AWWA C502Dry-Barrel Fire HydrantsANSI/AWWA C503Wet-Barrel Fire HydrantsANSI/AWWA C504Rubber-Seated Butterfly ValvesANSI/AWWA C508Swing-Check Valves for Ordinary Waterworks ServiceANSI/AWWA C509Resilient-Seated Gate Valves for Water and Sewage SystemsANSI/AWWA C550Protective Interior Coatings for Valves and HydrantsASTM A48Gray Iron CastingsASTM A74Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
Standard DesignationASTM A126SubjectGray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe FittingsASTM A278Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts forTemperatures Up to 650 F (345 C)ASTM A319Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-Pressure Containing PartsASTM A377Standard Index of Specifications for Ductile Iron Pressure PipeASTM A395Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure Retaining Castings for Use atElevated TemperaturesASTM A438Transverse Testing of Gray Cast IronASTM A476Ductile Iron Castings for Paper Mill Dryer RollsASTM A518Corrosion-Resistant High-Silicon Iron CastingsASTM A536Ductile Iron CastingsASTM A571Austenitic Ductile Iron Castings for Pressure Containing PartsSuitable for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM C150Portland CementASTM D1248Polyethylene Plastic Molding and Extrusion MaterialsASTM E8Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsAASHTO M64Cast Iron Culvert PipeAASHTO M105Gray Iron CastingsAWWA D100AWWA Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage1-7
StandardsNotes1-8
StandardsNotes1-9
AMERICAN reserves the right to modify or change designs, materials,specifications, or dimensions shown herein without prior notice.This is a preprint of a section from the 19th Edition of the AMERICAN Pipe Manual.References may be made in this section to other sections of this manual.APM1—REV—06-07
ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10 Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings, 3 in. through 48 in., for Water ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile- Iron Pressure Pipe and Fittings ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15 Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe with Ductile-Iron or Gray-Iron Threaded Flanges ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50 Thickness Desi
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PART 1: Working With the CAD Standards Section 1. Purpose and scope of the CAD standards 1.1 Why WA DOC has data standards . 1.2 Scope of the CAD standards . 1. Who must use the standards? Section 2. CAD Environment 2. Basic CAD Software 1. CAD Application Software Section 3. Requesting CAD Data from WA DOC 2. How to request data Section 4.
Section DA: Dampers and Louvers Section SA: Ductwork Section HA: Housings Section RA: Refrigeration Equipment Section CA: Conditioning Equipment Section FA: Moisture Separators Section FB: Medium Efficiency Filters Section FC: HEPA Filters Section FD: Type II Adsorber Cells Section FE: Type III Adsorbers 11
AGMA American Gear Manufacturers Association AIA American Institute of Architects. AISI American Iron and Steel Institute ANSI American National Standards Institute, Inc. AREA American Railway Engineering Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and .
4 Table of Contents Page Number(s) Preface 6 Introduction 7-8 How to Read the Standards 9 South Dakota Science Standards Kindergarten Science Standards 10-11 First Grade Science Standards 12 Second Grade Science Standards 13-14 Third Grade Science Standards 15-16 Fourth Grade Science Standards 17-18 Fifth Grade Science Standards 19
Section 1-4. Application of Minimum Operating Standards 2 Section 1-5. Multiple Activities by One Commercial Aeronautical Service provider 2 Section 1-6. Activities Not Covered by Minimum Operating Standards 2 Section 1-7. Waiver or Modification of Standards 2 Section 1-8. Non-Discrimination 3 Section 1-9.
To the Reader: Why Use This Book? vii Section 1 About the Systems Archetypes 1 Section 2 Fixes That Fail 7 Section 3 Shifting the Burden 25 Section 4 Limits to Success 43 Section 5 Drifting Goals 61 Section 6 Growth and Underinvestment 73 Section 7 Success to the Successful 87 Section 8 Escalation 99 Section 9 Tragedy of the Commons 111 Section 10 Using Archetypal Structures 127
table of contents cover 1 table of contents 2 section 1 – contact information 3 section 2 – facilities 4 section 2.1 – front of house / seating chart 4 section 2.2 – backstage facilities 5 section 3 – stage information 6 section 3.1 – stage 6 section 3.2 – fly system 8 section 3.3 – lineset schedule 8 section 4 – lighting 9 section 4.1 – lighting plot 10
