STUDY GUIDE Renaissance - SolPass
STUDY GUIDEWORLD HISTORY: 1500 tothe PresentSTANDARD WHII.2 -- 1500A.D.STANDARD WHII.2a –1500A.D. Major Statesand EmpiresPolitical, cultural, geographic and economicconditions in the world about 1500 A.D.:Locate major states and empires.Renaissance “Rebirth” of classical knowledge, “birth” ofthe modern world Spread of the Renaissance from the Italiancity states to northern EuropeContributions of the Renaissance Accomplishments in the visual arts—Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci Accomplishments in literature (sonnets, plays,essays)—Shakespeare Accomplishments in intellectual ideas(humanism)—ErasmusBy 1500 A.D., major states and empires had developedin various regions of the world.STANDARD WHII.2c – Major ReligionsON THE WORLD POLITICAL MAP, WHERE WERESOME OF THE MAJOR STATES AND EMPIRES LOCATEDAROUND 1500 A.D.?By 1500 A.D., the five world religions had spreadto many areas of the Eastern Hemisphere.Location of some of the major states and empires in theEastern Hemisphere England France Spain Russia Ottoman Empire Persia Distribution of major religionsWHERE WERE THE FIVE WORLD RELIGIONSLOCATED AROUND 1500 A.D.?Location and importance of world religions in 1500A.D. Judaism—Concentrated in Europe and theMiddle East Christianity—Concentrated in Europe and theMiddle East Islam—Parts of Asia, Africa, and southernEuropeChina Hinduism—India and part of Southeast Asia Mughal India Buddhism—East and Southeast Asia Songhai EmpireLocation of major states and empires in the WesternHemisphere Incan Empire Aztec EmpireSTANDARD WHII.2b – The RenaissanceArtistic, literary, and intellectual ideas of theRenaissanceNew intellectual and artistic ideas that developedduring the Renaissance marked the beginning of themodern world.WHAT WERE THE ARTISTIC, LITERARY, ANDINTELLECTUAL IDEAS OF THE RENAISSANCE?STANDARD WHII.2d - TradeMajor trade patternsBy 1500, regional trade patterns had developedthat linked Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and EuropeWHAT WERE THE REGIONAL TRADINGPATTERNS AROUND 1500 A.D.?Traditional trade patterns linking Europe with Asiaand Africa Silk roads across Asia to the Mediterraneanbasin Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa1
Northern European links with the Black Sea Merchant wealth challenged the Church’sview of usury. Western European sea and river trade South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia WHY WERE THE REGIONAL TRADING PATTERNSIMPORTANT?German and English nobility disliked Italiandomination of the Church. The Church’s great political power and wealthcaused conflict.Importance of trade patterns Exchange of products and ideas Church corruption and the sale ofindulgences were widespread and causedconflict.STANDARD WHII.2e –Eastern inventionsMajor technological and scientific exchanges inthe Eastern Hemisphere.By 1500 A.D., technological and scientificadvancements had been exchanged among cultures of theworld.WHAT TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFICADVANCEMENTS HAD BEEN MADE AND EXCHANGEDBY 1500 A.D.?Advancements exchanged along trade routes Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China) Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East) Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy,mathematicsSTANDARD WHII.3 -REFORMATIONSTANDARD WHII.3a- Reform ideasThe effects of the theological, political, andeconomic differences that emerged, includingthe views and actions of Martin Luther, JohnCalvin, and Henry VIII and Elizabeth IFor centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had littlecompetition in religious thought and action. Theresistance of the church to change led to the ProtestantReformation, which resulted in the birth of new politicaland economic institutions.WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS AND ISSUES THATPROVOKED RELIGIOUS REFORMS IN WESTERNCHRISTIANITY?Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church inRomeWHAT WERE THE BELIEFS OF MARTIN LUTHER,JOHN CALVIN, HENRY VIII AND ELIZABETH I ? Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition) Views—Salvation by faith alone, Bible as theultimate authority, all humans equal beforeGod Actions—95 theses, birth of the ProtestantChurch John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition) Views—Predestination, faith revealed byliving a righteous life, work ethic Actions—Expansion of the ProtestantMovementKing Henry VIII Views—Dismissed the authority of the Popein Rome Actions—Divorced; broke with Rome; headedthe national church in England; appropriatedlands and wealth of the Roman CatholicChurch in EnglandQueen Elizabeth I Anglican Church Tolerance for dissenters Expansion and colonialism Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)STANDARD WHII.3b - InquisitionThe impact of religious conflicts, includingthe Inquisition, on society and governmentactions.The Reformation had its roots in theology, but itled to important economic and political changes.2
Religious differences and hatreds caused war anddestruction.WHAT WERE THE MAJOR ECONOMIC, POLITICAL,AND THEOLOGICAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN THEREFORMATION?Reformation in Germany Princes in Northern Germany converted toProtestantism, ending authority of the Pope intheir states. The Hapsburg family and the authority of the HolyRoman Empire continued to support the RomanCatholic Church.Conflict between Protestants and Catholicsresulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’War).Reformation in France Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenotsfreedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (laterrevoked). Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of theThirty Years’ War from a religious to a politicalconflict.Catholic Reformation Dissenters prior to Luther - Huss, Wycliffe Counter Reformation The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Churchdoctrine and practice. The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded tospread Catholic doctrine around the world. The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholicdoctrine.STANDARD WHII.3c – Changing valuesChanging cultural values, traditions, andphilosophies, and assessing the role of theprinting press.At first the Reformation divided the countries ofEurope on religious principles, leading to religiousintolerance.Power in most European states was concentrated inthe monarch.Gradually religious toleration emerged.WHAT WERE SOME OF THE CHANGINGCULTURAL VALUES, TRADITIONS, ANDPHILOSOPHIES DURING THE REFORMATION?Changing cultural values, traditions, andphilosophies Growth of secularism Growth of individualism Eventual growth of religious toleranceWHAT WAS THE ROLE OF THE PRINTING PRESSIN THE SPREAD OF NEW IDEAS?Role of the printing press Growth of literacy was stimulated by theGutenberg printing press. The Bible was printed in English, French, andGerman. These factors had an important impact onspreading the ideas of the Reformation andRenaissance.STANDARD WHII.4 -- Age ofDiscoverySTANDARD WHII.4a – Motivation forexplorationThe roles and economic motivation ofexplorers and conquistadors.The expanding economies of European statesstimulated increased trade with markets in Asia. Withthe loss of Constantinople in 1453, European nationsfronting the Atlantic sought new maritime routes fortrade.WHY WERE EUROPEANS INTERESTED INDISCOVERING NEW LANDS AND MARKETS?Factors contributing to the European discovery oflands in the Western Hemisphere Demand for gold, spices, and naturalresources in Europe Support for the diffusion of Christianity Political and economic competition betweenEuropean empires Innovations in navigational arts (Europeanand Islamic origins)3
Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorialrule in Latin America Forced migration of some Africans intoslavery Colonies’ imitation of the culture and socialpatterns of their parent countryWHO WERE SOME IMPORTANT EXPLORERS?Establishment of overseas empires and decimation ofindigenous populations Portugal—Vasco da Gama Spain—Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez,Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan England—Francis Drake France—Jacques CartierSTANDARD WHII.4b – Influence of ReligionThe influence of religionOne motive for exploration was to spread theChristian religion.HOW DID THE EXPANSION OF EUROPEAN EMPIRESINTO THE AMERICAS, AFRICA, AND ASIA AFFECT THERELIGION IN THOSE AREAS?Means of diffusion of Christianity Migration of colonists to new lands Influence of Catholics and Protestants, whocarried their faith, language, and cultures to newlandsConversion of indigenous peoplesSTANDARD WHII.4c – Settlement PatternsMigration, settlement patterns, culturaldiffusion, and social classes in the colonizedareas.Europeans migrated to new colonies in the Americas,creating new cultural and social patterns.Europeans established trading posts and colonies inAfrica and Asia.WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF EUROPEANMIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT ON THE AMERICAS,AFRICA, AND ASIA?Americas Expansion of overseas territorial claims andEuropean emigration to North and South America Demise of Aztec and Inca EmpiresAfrica European trading posts along the coast Asia Trade in slaves, gold, and other productsColonization by small groups of merchants(India, the Indies, China)Influence of trading companies (Portuguese,Dutch, British)STANDARD WHII.4d—Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange including itsimpact on native populationsThe discovery of the Americas by Europeansresulted in an exchange of products and resourcesbetween the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE COLUMBIANEXCHANGE BETWEEN EUROPEAN ANDINDIGENOUS CULTURES?Columbian Exchange Western Hemisphere agricultural productssuch as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changedEuropean lifestyles. European horses and cattle changed thelifestyles of American Indians European diseases like smallpox killed manyAmerican IndiansImpact of the Columbian Exchange Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led tothe use of African slaves. Slavery was based on race. European plantation system in the Caribbeanand the Americas destroyed indigenouseconomics and damaged the environment.STANDARD WHII.4e, f--Triangular Trade4
The triangular trade;The impact of precious metal exports from theAmericas.The European nations established a trade patternknown as the triangular trade and exported preciousmetals from the Americas. Islamic religion as a unifying force thataccepted other religions Trade in coffee and ceramicsSTANDARD WHII.5b - IndiaIndia, including the Mughal Empire andcoastal trade.WHAT WAS THE TRIANGULAR TRADE?The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and theAmericas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded.Descendants of the Mongols, the Muslim Mughal(Mogul) rulers established an empire in northernIndia.WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF PRECIOUS METALEXPORTS FROM THE AMERICAS?The Mughal Empire traded with Europeannations.Export of precious metals Gold and silver (exported to Europe and Asia)Much of southern India remained independentand continued international trade Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas Impact on Spain and international tradeSTANDARD WHII.2 -- GlobalTrade after 1500ADSTANDARD WHII.5a –Ottoman EmpireThe status and impact of global trade on regionalcivilizations of the world after 1500 A.D. ;The location and development of the OttomanEmpireThe Ottoman Empire emerged as a political andeconomic power following the conquest ofConstantinople.The Ottomans brought much of Muslim territory inSouthwest Asia and North Africa under their rule.WHERE WAS THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE LOCATEDAND HOW DID IT EXPAND?Original location of the Ottoman Empire Asia MinorExpansion and extent of the Ottoman Empire Southwest Asia Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula North AfricaDevelopment of the Ottoman Empire Capital at Constantinople renamed IstanbulWHAT WERE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THEMUGHAL EMPERORS OF INDIA?Location of the Mughal Empire North IndiaContributions of Mughal rulers Spread of Islam into India Art and architecture—Taj Mahal Arrival of European trading outposts Influence of Indian textiles on British textileindustryHOW DID THE MUGHAL EMPIRE TRADE WITHEUROPEAN NATIONS?Trade with European nations Portugal, England, and the Netherlandscompeted for the Indian Ocean trade byestablishing Coastal ports on the Indian subcontinent.WHAT DID SOUTHERN INDIA TRADE?Southern India traded silks, spices, and gemsSTANDARD WHII.5c – East AsiaEast Asia, including China and the JapaneseshogunateChina and Japan sought to limit the influence andactivities of European merchants.5
HOW DID THE CHINESE AND JAPANESE ATTEMPTTO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN MERCHANTS?China Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade Imperial policy of controlling foreign influencesand trade Increase in European demand for Chinese goods(tea, porcelain)self-sufficient; based on the theory thatcolonies existed for the benefit of the mothercountryCommercial Revolution European maritime nations competed foroverseas markets, colonies, and resources. A new economic system emerged.–Japan Characterized by powerless emperor controlledby military leader (shogun)New money and banking systems werecreated.–Economic practices such as mercantilismevolved. –Colonial economies were limited by theeconomic needs of the mother countryAdopted policy of isolation to limit foreigninfluencesSTANDARD WHII.5d-- AfricaAfrica and its increasing involvement in globaltradeThe exportation of slaves and demand for importedgoods began to alter traditional economic patterns inAfrica.HOW DID AFRICA BECOME INVOLVED INFOREIGN TRADE?African exports Slaves (triangular trade) Raw materialsAfrican imports Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia, and the Americas New food products (corn, peanuts)STANDARD WHII.2 -- 16th18th CenturiesSTANDARD WHII.6a—Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution and its effectsWith its emphasis on reasoned observation andsystematic measurement, the scientific revolutionchanged the way people viewed the world and theirplace in it.WHAT WERE SOME NEW SCIENTIFIC THEORIESAND DISCOVERIES?Pioneers of the scientific revolution Nicolaus Copernicus: Developed heliocentrictheory Johannes Kepler: Discovered planetarymotion Galileo Galilei: Used telescope to supportheliocentric theory Isaac Newton: Discovered Laws of Gravity William Harvey: Discovered circulation ofthe bloodSTANDARD WHII.5e—European growthThe growth of European nations, including theCommercial Revolution and mercantilismEuropean maritime nations competed for overseasmarkets, colonies, and resources, creating new economicpractices, such as mercantilism, linking European nationswith their colonies.WHAT WERE THE ROLES OF THE COMMERCIALREVOLUTION AND MERCANTILISM IN THE GROWTHOF EUROPEAN NATIONS?Terms to know Mercantilism: An economic practice adopted byEuropean colonial powers in an effort to becomeWHAT WERE SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF THESENEW THEORIES?Importance of the scientific revolution Emphasis on reason and systematicobservation of nature Formulation of the scientific method Expansion of scientific knowledge6
The political, religious, and social ideas of theEnlightenment and the ways in which theyinfluenced the founders of the United States.STANDARD WHII.6b – Age of AbsolutismThe Age of Absolutism, including the monarchiesof Louis XIV, Frederick the Great, and Peter theGreat.The Age of Absolutism takes its name from a series ofEuropean monarchs who increased the power of theircentral governments.Characteristics of absolute monarchies Centralization of power Concept of rule by divine rightWHO WERE THE ABSOLUTE MONARCHS?WHAT EFFECT DID THE ABSOLUTE MONARCHSHAVE ON THEIR COUNTRIES?Absolute monarchs Louis XIV—France, Palace of Versailles as asymbol of royal power Peter the Great—Russia, westernization of RussiaSTANDARD WHII.6c—Glorious RevolutionThe impacts of the English Civil War and theGlorious Revolution on democracy.Political democracy rests on the principle thatgovernment derives power from the consent of thegoverned. The foundations of English freedoms includedthe jury trial, the Magna Carta, and common law. TheEnglish Civil War and the Glorious Revolution promptedfurther development of the rights of Englishmen.HOW DID THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR AND THEGLORIOUS REVOLUTION PROMOTE THEDEVELOPMENT OF THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN?Development of the rights of Englishmen Oliver Cromwell and the execution of Charles I The restoration of Charles II Development of political parties/factions Glorious Revolution (William and Mary) Increase of parliamentary power over royalpower English Bill of Rights of 1689STANDARD WHII.6d -- EnlightenmentEnlightenment thinkers believed that humanprogress was possible through the application ofscientific knowledge and reason to issues of law andgovernment.Enlightenment ideas influenced the leaders of theAmerican Revolution and the writing of theDeclaration of Independence.HOW DID PHILOSOPHERS OF THEENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCE THINKING ONPOLITICAL ISSUES?The Enlightenment Applied reason to the human world, not justthe natural world Stimulated religious tolerance Fueled democratic revolutions around theworldWHO WERE SOME ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS,AND WHAT WERE THEIR IDEAS?Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan: Humans exist in aprimitive “state of nature” and consent togovernment for self-protection. John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government:People are sovereign and consent togovernment for protection of natural rights tolife, liberty, and property. Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws: The bestform of government includes a separation ofpowers. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The SocialContract—Government is a contract betweenrulers and the people. Voltaire—Religious toleration should triumphover religious fanaticism; separation of churchand stateHOW DID THE ENLIGHTENMENT PROMOTEREVOLUTION IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES?Influence of the Enlightenment Political philosophies of the Enlightenmentfueled revolution in the Americas and France.7
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independenceincorporated Enlightenment ideas. The Constitution of the United States of Americaand Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenmentideas.STANDARD WHII.6e – French RevolutionThe French Revolution; The impact of theAmerican and French Revolutions on LatinAmerica.The ideas of the Enlightenment and Frenchparticipation in the American Revolution influenced theFrench people to view their government in new ways. Theyoverthrew the absolute monarchy, and a newgovernment was established.HOW DID THE IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENTCONTRIBUTE TO CAUSING THE FRENCHREVOLUTION?Causes of the French Revolution Influence of Enlightenment ideas Influence of the American RevolutionEvents of the French Revolution Storming of the Bastille Reign of TerrorOutcomes of the French Revolution End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI Rise of Napoleon Voltaire: Philosopher Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to theRomantic School of the nineteenth century)New schools of art and forms of literature Paintings depicted classical subjects, publicevents, natural scenes, and living people(portraits). New forms of literature evolved—the novel(e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote).WHAT IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES ANDINSTITUTIONS WERE IMPORTANT TO EUROPEANECONOMIES?Technologies All-weather roads improved year- roundtransport and trade. New designs in farm tools increasedproductivity (agricultural revolution). Improvements in ship design lowered the costof transport.STANDARD WHII.7 -- 19thCentury – Latin AmericanRevolutionsSTANDARD WHII.7a – Colonial SystemsThe colonial system as it existed by 1800.STANDARD WHII.6f -- Arts. Philosophy,LiteratureExpansion of the arts, philosophy, literature, andnew technology.The sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuriesbrought many changes in the arts, literature, and politicalphilosophy.The Age of Reason witnessed inventions andinnovations in technology that stimulated trade andtransportation.WHO WERE SOME ARTISTS, PHILOSOPHERS, ANDWRITERS OF THE PERIOD?Representative artists, philosophers, and writers Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Classical composerLatin American revolutions of the nineteenthcentury were influenced by the clas
WORLD HISTORY: 1500 to the Present STANDARD WHII.2 -- 1500A.D. STANDARD WHII.2a –1500A.D. Major States and Empires Political, cultural, geographic and economic conditions in the world about 1500 A.D.: Locate major states and empires. By 1500 A.D., major states and empires had developed in various regions of the world.
translation of classical texts in Western Renaissance while Greek and Persian in case of Islamic Renaissance. The comparison also distinguishes Western Renaissance for its Humanism while Islamic Renaissance possesses its own remarkable identity. Both renaissance movements opened new avenues for the blending of architecture designs.
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Map The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning that produces many great works of art and literature. NEXT Italy’s Advantages Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance The Renaissance Renaissance—an
Renaissance and Reformation netw rks Marking the Text 1. Underline the reason this period of time is called the Renaissance, or “rebirth.” Identifying 2. Where did the Renaissance begin? Defining 3. What is an urban area? Reading Check 4. Why did wealthy Italians support artists during the Renaissance? The Renai
Renaissance Clothing Examples from Classical Greece and Rome gave the artists the example of uncluttered structural forms Renaissance clothing stressed simplicity, balance, and an emphasis on natural form In Italy, the Renaissance brought a revival of many classical concepts to the dress of Italy The early Renaissance style
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Renaissance Period: Timeline, Art & Facts - HISTORY The Renaissance, History World International. The Renaissance - Why it Changed the World, The Telegraph. Facts About the Renaissance, Biography Online. Christianity is the most widel
Renaissance began to spread to Northern Europe. Renaissance ideas such as the importance of the individual are a strong part of modern thought. The Northern Renaissance utopia William Shakespeare Johann Gutenberg Following Chronological Order On a time line, note important events of the Northern Renaissance. TAKING NOTES 1400 1600
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