WINTER Diamond And CBN Tools For The Tools Industry
Catalogue No. 2ToolsWINTER Diamond and cBN Toolsfor the Tools Industry
Catalogue No. 1: Automotive, Turbines, BearingsWINTER Diamond and cBN Tools for the Automotive, Turbine and Bearing IndustriesCatalogue No. 1Automotive,Turbines, BearingsWinter Diamond and cBN tools for theAutomotive, Turbine and Bearing IndustriesCatalogue No. 2ToolsWINTER Diamond and cBN Toolsfor the Tools IndustryCatalogue No. 2: ToolsWINTER Diamond and cBN Tools for the Tools IndustryCatalogue No. 3: Flat and Crystal GlassWINTER Diamond Tools for Machining Flat and Crystal GlassCatalogue No. 3Flat and Crystal GlassWinter Diamond Toolsfor Machining Flat and Crystal GlassCatalogue No. 4: Electronics, Photovoltaics , Optics, Ceramics and CompositesWINTER Diamond and cBN Tools for the Electronic and Photovoltaic Industries, forMachining Optical Glass, Ceramics & CompositesCatalogue No. 4Electronics, Photovoltaics, Optics,Ceramics and CompositesWINTER Diamond and cBN Tools for the Electronic andPhotovoltaic Industries, for Machining Optical Glass,Ceramics & CompositesCatalogue No. 5: Dressing ToolsWINTER Diamond Tools for Dressing of Grinding ToolsCatalogue No. 5Dressing toolsWinter diamond toolsfor dressing grinding wheelsCatalogue No. 6: Standard CatalogueWINTER Stock Programme for Diamond and cBN ToolsCatalogue No. 6Standard CatalogueWINTER Stock Programmefor Diamond and cBN Tools
Catalogue No. 2ToolsWINTER Diamond and cBN Toolsfor the Tools Industry
Table of ContentsFor quick and easy navigation please use the quickfinder at the page margins, as well as the index at the end ofthis catalogue.Table of Contents . 4Quick Reference Grinding Tool Guide. 6dowel drills. 56Grinding wheels for machiningrouter bits. 57Application examples for special tools. 59WINTER Facts. 8A good Connection. 8Table of contentsSnapshots of a long nivesMillingcuttersMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact4Innovations: Yesterday‘s vision of theFuture .12Your best solution.14Abrasive products for machiningshank tools.16General information.18Diamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor flute grinding.19High-performance flute grinding. 20Precision flute grinding for mini andmicro tools. 28Grinding tools for machining circular sawsand band saws. 60Grinding tools for machining carbidetipped circular saw blades. 62Grinding wheels for the tooth face. 63Grinding wheels for top grinding . 68Grinding wheels for flank grinding. 74Grinding pins for hollow groundsaw blades. 77Grinding wheels for chip breaker flutes. 78Grinding wheels for Stellite circularsaw blades. 79Grinding wheels for HSS circularsaw blades. 80Standard flute grinding. 30Grinding wheels for machiningband saws. 82Diamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor gashing . 34Innovative gashing with V-Pro. 35Standard grinding wheels for gashing. 37Grinding tools for the production ofinserts. 84Diamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor clearance angle grinding. 39Innovative clearance angle grindingwith V-Pro . 40Standard grinding wheels forclearance angle grinding. 42Diamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor universal grinding. 45Diamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor special tools. 56Profile grinding of tungsten carbideWINTER abrasives for the tools industry 2014/2015Trends in the machining of inserts. 86Diamond grinding wheels for topand bottom grinding of inserts. 88Top and bottom grinding. 88Top and bottom grinding with planetarykinematics. 89Diamond grinding wheels for peripheralgrinding of inserts. 90Diamond grinding wheels for profilegrinding of inserts. 92
Grinding tools for PCD and PCBNmachining. 94Diprofile files for hand file machines.157Saw rods for manual and machine use.157Grinding of PCD and PCBN inserts. 96Innovative vitrified bond PCX. 97High-performance grinding of solidPCBN inserts. 98Standard tools for manual PCD machining. 99Honing sticks.158Metal bonded honing sticks.158Resin bonded honing sticks. 161Diamond and cBN grinding wheels forsurface and profile grinding.102Grinding of flat and circular knives.103Grinding of profile knives.105Grinding wheels for the machining ofmilling tools.108Diamond and cBN grinding wheels forgrinding of cutting faces and clearances. 110Face grinding of profile cutters. 111Top grinding of profile cutters. 115Grinding of hobs. 116suspension.162Applications and product specifications.162Application notes for the preparation ofspecimens for microscopic examinations.167Micron powder.170Lapping tools.172Manual lapping tools.172Dressing tools.174Electroplated and sintered-metal bondeddressing tools.174Stationary dressing tools.176WINTER dressing device.177Cleaning and sharpening stones fordiamond and cBN grinding wheels.177Compendium.178Table of contentsGrinding tools for knife machining.100WINTER Diaplast and WINTER Diaplast Service.180Grinding tools for the mould-and-dieindustry. 118Diamond and cBN grinding wheels forsurface and OD d and cBN grinding tools forID grinding.124Vitrified bonded grinding tools.125Resin bonded grinding tools.129Metal bonded grinding tools.136Electroplated grinding pins.139Small grinding tools for coordinategrinding.146Diamond and cBN cut-off wheels.148Application notes.149Resin bonded cut-off wheels.150Metal bonded cut-off wheels.152Diamond files.154Riffle files for manual applications.154Needle files for manual applications.155Files for manual and machine use.156Please feel free to contact our sales engineers at any time. Contact details can be found on the last MillingcuttersMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact5
Quick Reference GrindingTool GuideFEPA ShapePage1A1 .24f, 30, 46f, 121ff1A1R/ 34P .78f, 150ffTable of contents1A1W .77, 127, 131ff, 138, 141ff1A8 .1281D1 .561V1/14V1 .25, 31, 374A2 .47, 57, 65, 111f4BT9/4V4.48, 116WINTERFacts6A2 .97, 99, 103fShanktools6A9 .42, 175SawsInsertsPCDPCBNKnivesMillingcuttersMouldand die6V5/12V5 .42, 449A3 .4811V2 .57, 14711V9 .41ff, 48ff12A2 .43, 51f, 99, 112, 115ServiceGlossaryContact6WINTER abrasives for the tools industry 2014/2015
FEPA ShapePage12V2 .65f, 11214A1 .28, 54, 10514F1.32, 55, 105f14M1/ 3M1/ 14B1 .68ffWINTER Special ShapesPageSpecial shape cup wheels222 .66f, 70ff, 79, 104, 106, 113f, 116Special shape peripheral wheels700 .33, 55, 74ff, 81, 106Special shape grinding pins07B.146, 175Table of contents12V9 .36ff, 41, 53f, 58, lingcuttersMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContactPlease feel free to contact our sales engineers at any time. Contact details can be found on the last page.7
A good ConnectionWINTER and Saint-GobainAlways close to the customer and customer-focused, our diverse market presence worldwide reflects the strength of aglobal player. Saint-Gobain‘s businesses are spread over 45 countries and new locations are being added frequently.Activities are clearly structured to ensure operational leadership. In Abrasives alone, over 16,000 people are employed. Thecompany is the only manufacturer to offer a comprehensive product range of abrasives and dressing tools for almost allfields of industry. WINTER, as the premium brand for diamond and cBN grinding products, is one of the most well established and respected names in the market. Our combination of quality products, expertise and service, together with the international network of the parent company Saint-Gobain, is the key to success; WINTER grinding tools go with you worldwide,and lead you to your goals.WINTERFactsSaint-Gobain was established in 1665 to supply glass for the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles. kits out every second car in Europe with window glass establishes or acquires a new sales location every day inaugurates a new plant or a new production line every month presently has 206,000 employees generates 43.4 billion annual turnoverHigh Performance MaterialsGrinding ToolsNo. 1 WorldwideIndustrial Super AbrasivesBonded AbrasivesFlat GlassNo. 1 in Europe,No. 3 WorldwideGlass PackagingNo. 1 in Europe, No. 3 WorldwideConstruction ProductsInsulating MaterialsNo. 1 WorldwideCoated AbrasivesPlaster/Plaster BoardsNo. 1 WorldwideThin WheelsShanktoolsConstruction ProductsSawsInsertsReinforcement MaterialsNo. 1 WorldwidePCDPCBNKnivesPipesNo. 1 Worldwidein Cast Iron PipesCeramics and PlasticsNo. 1 Worldwide for Thermal andMechanical ApplicationsBuilding DistributionNo. 1 Worldwide in Tiles,No. 1 in Europe in Construction Materialsand Industrial WoodworkingIndustrial MortarNo. 1 Worldwidein Tile AdhesivesExterior SidingNo. 1 in USA for Exterior Siding,No. 3 in USA for RoofingMillingcuttersWorldwide ExpertiseMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact8Saint-Gobain is in the top one hundred largest industrial groups in the world and is leading in the production of glass, high performance materials and construction products. Two major milestones stand outin the Saint-Gobain Group‘s long history; it was established in 1665 by Colbert under Louis XIV, then, over300 years later, Saint-Gobain and Pont-à-Mousson merged in 1970. WINTER joined the group in 1996. Today, the group invests 390 million per year in research and development and files around 300 patentsper year, to support its reputation for innovation and discovery.
The WINTER Brand:For over 160 years WINTER has been a worldwide synonym for high-quality diamond and cBN grinding tools for industrialproduction. As pioneer and trend-setter, WINTER has been actively involved in the development of the success story of grinding, as well as in the production of synthetic diamonds.Over 75% of all WINTER products are developed in close cooperation with our customers. The results are tailored grindingsolutions that perfectly fit your special requirements. Our expert teams would also like to help you. Together we will meetyour technical challenges.Market Leader - in front through qualityIn Superabrasives, WINTER is No. 1 in Europe with quality products and services. In Europe, over 500 employees in four production sites take care of our customers‘ needs. Worldwide, over 2,000 people are employed in our global business.InnovationsTo this day, the WINTER philosophy is closely connected toinnovation and technical progress. We thank our customersfor over 160 years of momentum, challenges andconfidence. And in the future ournext generation of innovationswill ensure your success.PrecisionFrom ACCURACY to Z-AXIS - the WINTER precisionalphabet spells the suitable solution for yourneeds. Profile accuracies below 1 µm anda surface finish in the nanometerrange are achieved regularly.WINTER and Saint-GobainCustom-made Solutions - the key to successWINTERFactsYou can trust WINTER.ShanktoolsQualityPerformanceThe WINTER performance packagecontains top quality precision grindingtools, comprehensive service and individualcustomer care - which ranges from best grinding toolselection through to process optimisation.Benefit from our full service, and make useof our leading technical expertise to increaseyour profitability.Since the foundation of thecompany, WINTER has stoodfor quality at the highest level. Itbegins with the first customer contact,and covers the identification of appropriate toolspecifications, manufacturing, customer supportand the final optimisation of your production process.WINTER quality: Satisfaction uality, Environmental Protection and SafetyAs a responsible manufacturer of quality grinding tools, WINTER production is eco-friendly andavoids waste of precious resources according to the latest international standards and certification requirements. WINTER is certified to ISA 9001 (Quality Management), ISO 14001 (environmental management) and OHSAS 18001 (health and safety management). All rotating WINTER toolsbear the OSA safety seal (OSA: Organization for the Safety of Abrasives), granting WINTER thecustomers‘ highest safety tool in application.Mouldand dieOrganizationfor the Safetyof Abrasives (oSa)ServiceGlossaryContact9
Snapshots of a long historyWINTER was established in 1847 by Ernst Winter as a family-owned company. We still adhere to the original goal of developingultra-hard crystal tools of the highest quality. Our claim is to be the best. In numerous fields of application for diamond and cBNgrinding tools we have been pioneers, and today we still follow this way as trend-setters and the technology leader.Ernst WinterHistoryGoldsmith and diamantaire,started his diamond toolworkshop in MillingcuttersMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact10WINTER in Hamburg1872: WINTER‘s firstcompany buildingin Hamburg.With WINTER to OuterSpaceLaser reflectors ground withWINTER diamond tools enablethe most accurate astronomicand geographic measurements.
Posters and Brochuresin the course of timeSuccess from the beginningHistoryFormer letterhead and contemporary advertisement ofWINTER with images showingmedals received at rtsPCDPCBNKnivesCatalogue No. 2ToolsCelebritiesEven HelmutSchmidt (Federal Republic ofGermany‘s formerChancellor) actedas a WINTER“diamond maker”in 1983.WINTER Diamond and cBN Toolsfor the Tools IndustryMillingcuttersMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact11
Innovations: Yesterday‘s vision ofWINTER bridges the combination of inventive skills, creativity, identification of challenges and the ambition to meet our customers‘ expectations: WINTER developments of the past are found in industrial museums. Yesterday‘s vision of the future istoday‘s standard. We are committed to over 160 years of company history: Today and in the future, we work hand in hand withour customers on innovations and their ecomomical implementation.19691847As the first grinding tool manufacturer worldwide, WINTER presented cBN grinding tools with aspecial resin bond (KSS) for HSS tool grinding.WINTER produced lithography diamonds, replacing the conventionalsteel tips.20081935WINTER offered metal bonded toolswith internal cooling for creep-feedglass edging.WINTER produced the first phenolic bondgrinding wheel to replace previously usedgrinding wheels with loose, hammered orrolled-in grain.Innovations2006With Q-Flute Dress, WINTERoffered the first resin bondedgrinding wheel dressable witha diamond rotary dresser.1975WINTERFactsShanktools2001SawsWINTER introduced special cutting wheelproducts for slicing advanced ceramicslike SiC.InsertsPCDPCBNKnivesMillingcuttersMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact12WINTER DMC diamond grindingwheels and BMC cBN grindingwheels came into the market:WINTER MC grinding wheelsallow cost-effective profilegrinding for difficult to machinework pieces. They also reducethermal effects of the near-surface microstructure and assureextremely long profile lifetime.WINTER DMC and BMC grinding wheels can be profiled bycrushing directly on the grindingmachine.In no 1548. from L. innovatus, pp. ofinnovare “to renew or change“,from in- “into“ novus “new“.1988New super-lightcutting wheels withcarbon fibre bodieswere patented.1993WINTER SG-CNC rotarydressers conquered themarket. They have madedressing of vitrified cBNgrinding wheels possible.1958WINTER was the first in Europe producing grinding toolswith synthetic diamonds. In combination with WINTERspecial resin bonds, full performance benefits wereachieved.
the Future2003WINTER developed the DDS (DiamondDressing System), permitting thedressing of vitrified and resin bondedgrinding wheels directly on the productionmachine. Until then, it was performed onexternal machines. Due to its free standinglayer, outstanding profile grinding capability is achieved.19711992New standards are set with the “34SG“series in the field of laminated safetyglass and fire-resistant glass machining.va ti onIn general linguistic usage as a nonspecificterm in the sense of new ideas and inventions and their conversion to economic use.1929WINTER started producing diamondmicro-grain by the sedimentationprocess.1875Delivery of WINTER diamondparticles to Zeiss Jena, enablingthe engraving of 150 lines permillimeter.2006N7 as a glass-ceramic bond system was introducedto the market. This bond can be precisely engineered to meet individual customer application requirements: Very high bond-hardness, optimised wettingof the grains and perfect development of bondbridges enable the creation of very high porosity forcool grinding and extremely long tool life.19821996For four generations the company, founded byErnst WINTER in 1847, was familiy-owned. In 1996 itwas taken over by the French Saint-Gobain group.SawsInsertsThe patented dressing process “TDC“ (TouchDressing cBN) was developed by WINTER.WINTER presented the special bond“VF/VFF“ for grinding and finishingpolycristalline diamond and cBNmaterials.WINTERFactsShanktools1950-1954WINTER developed a large variety of electroplatedtools: Files, grinding pins, cutting wheels, drills 1977 / 78InnovationsAt the European Machine ToolExhibition WINTER showed for thefirst time a novel grinding wheeltype that met the demand forshort grinding cycle times. Thestructure of metallic and nonmetallic bond components allowsthe efficient grinding of tungstencarbide and steel combinations.(M 789).2001“Tiger“ caused a stir with anew revolutionary grindingwheel geometry for narrowtooth gaps in saw manufacturing.PCDPCBNKnivesMillingcuttersMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact13
Your best solutionWINTER diamond tools gain great recognition in the fields of quality, performance and cost effectiveness. This is no coincidence, as WINTER is not limited to manufacturing excellent grinding tools: more than 75% of the cases are tailor-made solu tions, developed in close cooperation with the customer. This successful engineering is based on a modular performancepackage, specifically equipped according to individual needs.Tailor-made productsSolutionsOptimised grinding solutions for your specificapplication provide the greatest benefit: In theend, you generate cost savings through moreproductivity, less down time, and better quality.Focused on the goal aheadComprehensive technical advice inall questions about WINTER products and grinding processes.Our field sales force and ourcustomer service are at yourdisposal.Each one of your technological challenges is anincentive for our product managers and our application engineers to achieve the best grindingresults. Please contact us.AdviceBesides the high percentage of custom-madesolutions, WINTER offers a comprehensive rangeof stock products - and can supply these shortterm straight to your production MillingcuttersMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact14ExpertiseAdvantage in accumulated knowledge:Seminars about currentgrinding issues as wellas training programsmatching our customersrequirements.
SolutionsProduct DevelopmentThe cream of the cropIn order to meet your production-oriented challenges, take advantageof our dedicated specialists: Inthe R&D department and theEuropean Grinding Technology Centre about 50 scientists are at your disposalfor developing grindingtools and processes.SolutionWINTERFactsProcess OptimisationFine TuningOur applicationengineers and ourproduct developerswill help you. Either atyour premises, or in ourEGTC (European GrindingTechnology Centre), wherewe can optimise yourproduction process, withoutinterfering with your esMillingcuttersPlease ask yoursales advisor - contactdetails on the last page.Mouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact15
Abrasive products formachining shank tools16
The product range for shanktools is extensive. Differentmaterials and tool geometriesmake various demands onthe grinding tools used inmanufacture.18General information19Diamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor flute grindingHigh-performance flute grindingPrecision flute grinding for miniand micro toolsStandard flute grindingShorter grinding times, better suitability for automation and longer dressing intervals are required.Specific grinding wheel characteristics such as edgestability and free-grinding behaviour have to be carefully balanced.342028303537394042Diamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor clearance angle grindingInnovative clearance angle grindingwith V-ProStandard grinding wheels forclearance angle grinding45Diamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor universal grinding56Diamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor special toolsProfile grinding of tungsten carbidedowel drillsGrinding wheels for machiningrouter bitsApplication examples for special tools5657InformationDiamond and cBN grinding wheelsfor gashingInnovative gashing with V-ProStandard grinding wheels for gashing59Further information on applications andproducts can be found atwww.winter-superabrasives.com17
General informationGeneral informationDrills, end mills, reamers, stepped tools and special-purpose tools in varying designs and geometries are described asshank tools. Tool geometries are produced by grinding in successive production steps. A typical sequence starts with thepreparation of the blank, (tools for trimming blanks can be found in the section for ‘Diamond and cBN cut-off wheels’) whichis followed by flute grinding, gashing and grinding of the clearance angles.GashFluteClearance anglesThis section is structured according to the procedure described.WINTERFactsShanktoolsSawsInsertsGashHere you see an example of an endmill and a drill. Generally, the same toolgeometries are used for the individualprocess steps. Only flute grinding usesdifferent grinding wheel designs.While 1A1 and 1V1 grinding wheels areused primarily for end mills, profilegrinding wheels such as 14F1 and similar(WINTER shape 700) are preferred fordrill production.1. Clearance angle2. Clearance angleFlute1. Clearance angleEnd rsMouldand dieServiceGlossaryContact182. Clearance angleWINTER abrasives for the tools industry 2014/2015
Diamond and cBN grindingwheels for flute grindingFlute grinding is the most time-consuming and thus most cost-intensive manufacturing step during drill and end mill production. It is necessary to optimisethe machine and cooling lubricant systems as well as the abrasives. In recentyears, machines have become more compact, spindle power has increased, axispaths have been reduced and machine controls have become more efficient.At the same time, WINTER has developed flute grinding tools which meet theseincreasing requirements and which now enable the improved machine capacityto deliver a higher and more economic output. Matched to the application andthe system environment, innovative WINTER flute grinding wheels are always thebest solution.Grinding wheels in the Q-Flute rangehave proved to be particularly usefulfor standard tools. The combination ofexcellent free-grinding behaviour andprofile retention allows economic flutegrinding with high feed rates. Q-Flutegrinding wheels can also be dressedon the grinding machines.Mini and micro tools require bond systems with exceptional edge stability.WINTER metal bonds (BZ bonds) andhigh-performance resin bonds (µicro )are the number one choice here.Mini toolsFlute grindingStandard toolsedge stableedge staprofilablefree etal bonds(BZ bonds)µMillingcuttersicro Mouldand dieEdge stabilityFeed ratePlease feel free to contact our sales engineers at any time. Contact details can be found on the last page.ServiceGlossaryContact19
High-performance flute grindingIn the last years WINTER has set the benchmark in machining of shank-tools with its Q-Flute² for flute grinding operations.With Q-Flute2, clearly improved material removal rates are possible whilst at the same time maintaining edge stability, resulting in a successful combination of durability and free-grinding behaviour. Dramatically increased feed rates with simultaneously longer dressing intervals were achieved.Flute grindingApplication areas Q-Flute2Q-Flute2 is the solution for all flute grinding applications in the diameter range above 3 mm. This bond system is applicablenot only under oil but also under emulsion or water. It provides outstanding results when grinding tungsten carbide andHSS tools.The optimal additionThe latest innovation of WINTER for flute grinding is Q-FluteXL. Based on the wide experience in flute grinding operat
Catalogue No. 2 Tools WINTER Diamond and cBN Tools for the Tools Industry Catalogue No. 4 Electronics, Photovoltaics, Optics, . 4 WINTER abrasives for the tools industry 2014/2015 Inserts Saws WINTER Facts Knives Mould and die Serv
3M Diamond and CBN Tools The innovative use of diamond tools for grinding hard materials and CBN tools for machining steel has trig-gered rapid development in cutting and grinding manufacturing tech-nology that still continues today. As an innovator and pioneer, we sup-port our business partners from in-dustry and manufacturing with indi-
diamond cluster rings, diamond engage-ment rings, diamond wedding band rings, diamond solitaire rings, diamond semi mount rings, diamond cuff brackets, dia-mond jacket bracelets, diamond jacket earrings, diamond dangle earrings, dia-mondboxbracelets,diamondpendantneck-laces, diamond pendant choker necklace, diamond bangle bracelets, diamond mens
Truing makes the wheel concentric with the spindle. Dressing opens the wheel’s cutting face. Always true and dress diamond and CBN wheels prior to use. Diamond and CBN wheels with grit sizes 100–180 can be trued with a Brake Controlled Truing Device. Refer to the “Mounting,
is the key determinant of grinding performance. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% CBN A-Std CBN B-Exp CBN C-Exp Room Temp Toughness Thermal Toughness Figure 2: Relative friability of the CBN crystals Experimental Grinding wheel and workpiece Vitrified bond wheels, 178 mm (diameter
Central system with thermostat control Thermostat control. ONE DIAMOND TWO DIAMOND THREE DIAMOND FOUR DIAMOND FIVE DIAMOND Guestroom Amenities 22 The Diamond Rating Criteria The Diamond Rating Criteria 23 SECTION THREE Tou
CVD Diamond Pin Specimens The CVD diamond pin specimens were produced as follows: (1) a free-standing diamond film was pro-duced by the hot-filament CVD technique (ref. 5); (2) the film was brazed onto one end of a steel pin; and (3) the CVD diamond tip of the pin was then ground with a diamond wheel and polished with diamond powder.
Hilti (Canada) Corp. 1-800-363-4458 www.hilti.ca Diamond Coring EC-1 Diamond Coring Tool DD 110-D Diamond Coring Tool DD 120 Diamond Coring Tool DD 130 Diamond Coring Tool DD 200 Diamond Coring Tool Dust Removal Systems Diamond Cutting DSH 900 Ga
American Revolution in 1788, when he and his contemporaries were still riding the wave of patriotism emanating from their fresh victory over the British Empire. These histories, marked by American prominence on a global scale, were written into the early 20th century as American patriotism was reinforced by further victory in the War of 1812 and by western expansion. By the latter point, they .
