COAL CHARACTERISTICS - Purdue University
CCTRIndiana Center for Coal Technology ResearchCOAL CHARACTERISTICSCCTR Basic Facts File # 8Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. IrwinThe Energy Center at Discovery ParkPurdue UniversityCCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central DriveWest Lafayette, IN il: cctr@ecn.purdue.eduOctober 2008Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research1
CCTRCOAL FORMATIONAs geological processes apply pressure to peatover time, it is transformed successivelyinto different types of coalSource: Kentucky Geological Surveyhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl grefurl http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h 354&w 579&sz 20&hl en&start 5&um 1&tbnid NavOy9 5HD07pM:&tbnh 82&tbnw 134&prev 26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX2Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCOAL ANALYSISElemental analysis of coal givesempirical formulas such as:C137H97O9NS for Bituminous CoalC240H90O4NS for high-grade AnthraciteCoal is divided into 4 ranks:(1) Anthracite(2) Bituminous(3) Sub-bituminous(4) LigniteSource: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q 4929705428518&lang en-US&mkt en-US&FORM CVRE8Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research3
CCTRBITUMINOUS COALBituminous Coal: Great pressure results in thecreation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the typemost commonly used forelectric power generationin the U.S. It has a higherheating value than eitherlignite or sub-bituminous,but less than that ofanthracite. Bituminous coalis mined chiefly in theMidwest & Appalachiahttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl s.jpg&imgrefurl http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photocoal.html&h 308&w 360&sz 38&hl en&start 1&um 1&tbnid ZKBL7apLynZMcM:&tbnh 104&tbnw 121&prev 26hl%3Den%26sa4%3DXIndiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRANTHRACITE COALAnthracite: Sometimes also called “hard coal,”anthracite forms from bituminous coal when greatpressures developed infolded rock strata during thecreation of mountain ranges.This occurs only in limitedgeographic areas – primarilythe Appalachian regionof Pennsylvania. Anthracitehas the highest energycontent of all coals & isused for making coke, a fuelused in steel foundry ovenshttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl s.jpg&imgrefurl http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photocoal.html&h 308&w 360&sz 38&hl en&start 1&um 1&tbnid ZKBL7apLynZMcM:&tbnh 104&tbnw 121&prev 26hl%3Den%26sa5%3DXIndiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCOAL RANKAnthracite coal is a dense, hard rock with a jetblack color & metallic luster. It contains between86% and 98% carbon by weight, & it burnsslowly, with a pale blue flame & very little smokeBituminous coal (in Indiana), contains between69% & 86% carbon by weightSub-bituminous coal contains less carbon, morewater & is a less efficient source of heatLignite coal, or brown coal, is a very soft coal thatcontains up to 70% water by weight. Emits morepollution than other coalsSource: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q 4929705428518&lang en-US&mkt en-US&FORM CVRE8Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research6
CCTRCOAL COMPONENTSVolatile matter consists of aliphatic carbon atoms (linked in openchains) or aromatic hydrocarbons (one or more six-carbon ringscharacteristic of benzene series) and mineral matterAsh consists of inorganic matter from the earth’s crust:- limestone,iron, aluminum, clay, silica, and trace elements (concentrations ofless than 1000 ppm [ 0.1% of a rock’s composition] of zinc, copper,boron, lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, selenium)7Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCOAL PHYSICAL PARAMETERSEach type of coal has a certain set of physicalparameters which are mostly controlled by(a) moisture(b) volatile content (aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons) &(c) carbon content Aliphatic - designating a group of organic chemical compounds(carbon compounds) in which the carbon atoms are linked in open chains Aromatic - containing one or more six-carbon rings characteristicof the benzene series Hydrocarbons - numerous organic compounds, such as benzene &methane, that contain only carbon & hydrogen8Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCARBON IN COALCarbon forms more than 50% by weight &more than 70% by volume of coal (this includesinherent moisture). This is dependent on coalrank, with higher rank coals containing lesshydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen, until 95% purityof carbon is achieved at Anthracite rank & aboveGraphite formed from coal is the end-product ofthe thermal & diagenetic conversion (process ofchemical & physical change in deposited sediment duringits conversion to rock) of plant matter (50% byvolume of water) into pure carbon9Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCOAL VOLATILE MATTERVolatile matter is material that is driven off whencoal is heated to 950 C (1,742 F) in the absenceof air under specified conditions - components of coal,except for moisture, which is liberated usually as amixture of short & long chain hydrocarbons,aromatic hydrocarbons & some sulphur - measuredpractically by determining the loss of weightConsists of a mixture of gases, low-boiling-pointorganic compounds that condense into oils uponcooling, & tars.Volatile matter decreases as rank 4/coal-utilizationIndiana Center for Coal Technology Research10
CCTRCOAL VOLATILE tion-coal-d 164.htmlIndiana Center for Coal Technology Research11
CCTRSULFUR IN COALAlthough coal is primarily a mixture of carbon (black)& hydrogen (red) atoms, sulfur atoms (yellow) arealso trapped in coal, primarily in two forms. In oneform, (1) the sulfur is a separate particle often linkedwith iron (green, pyriticsulfur) with no connectionto the carbon atoms, as inthe center of the drawing(fools gold). In thesecond form, (2) sulfur ischemically bound to thecarbon atoms (organicsulfur), such as in theupper leftSource: /coal/coal cct2.htmlIndiana Center for Coal Technology Research12
CCTRCOAL TYPICAL CONTENT% weightAnthraciteBituminousSubBituminousLigniteHeat ure 15%2 - 15%10 - 45%30 - 60%Fixed Carbon85 - 98%45 - 85%35 - 45%25 - 35%Ash10 - 20%3 - 12% 10%10 - 50%Sulfur0.6 - 0.8%0.7 – 4.0% 2%0.4 – 1.0%Chlorine (ppm)340 40ppm340 ppm120 20ppm120 20ppm4,000-8,300(Btu/lb)13Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCOAL TYPESGeologists also classify coal types according to theorganic debris, called macerals, from which the coalis formed. Macerals (microscopic organic constituentsfound in coal) are identified (microscopically) byreflected light - the reflective or translucent propertiesof the coal indicating the individual component macerals& the way they have combined to form the coalThe purpose of classifying coal in this wayis to determine its best uses. Mineralcontent is assessed by burning coal &measuring the amount of incombustiblematerial remaining, referred to as theash content of coal14Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCOAL RANKThe degree of 'metamorphism' or coalificationundergone by a coal, as it matures from peatto anthracite, has an important bearing on itsphysical and chemical properties, & is referredto as the 'rank' of the coalVolatile matter, H2 , O2 , NHIGHMoisture ContentCarbon/Energy ContentLow Rank CoalHIGHHigh Rank n.htm#types15Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCOAL PARAMETER VARIATIONS WITH RANKGenerally the moisture content increases withdecreasing rank & ranges from 1 to 40%Moisture content is determinedby heating an air-dried coalsample at 105 –110 C(221 –230 F) under specifiedconditions until a constantweight is obtainedIncreasing RankVolatile matter is material thatis driven off when coal is heatedto 950 C (1,742 F) in theabsence of air under specifiedconditions. It is measuredpractically by determining theloss of weightSource: American Iron and Steel Institute, ana Center for Coal Technology Research16
CCTRCOAL PARAMETER VARIATIONS WITH RANKThe fixed carbon content of the coal is the carbon found in thematerial which is left after volatile materials are driven off. Thisdiffers from the ultimate carbon content of the coal because somecarbon is lost in hydrocarbonswith the volatilesIncreasing RankINDIANACalorific value, measured in Btuis the amount of chemical energystored in a coal that is released asthermal energy upon combustion.It is directly related to rankVitrinite is a type of maceral.Vitrinite reflectance can be usedas an indicator of maturity inhydrocarbon source rocksSource: American Iron and Steel Institute, ana Center for Coal Technology Research17
CCTRCOAL SIZESCOARSE COALSMALL COALFINE COAL 25.0mm ( 1 inch)25.0-3.0mm 3.00mm (0.12 inch)ULTRA FINE COAL 0.15mm (0.006 inch)18Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRSullivanKnoxHigher heatvalue in KnoxCounty than inPosey CountyGibsonPoseyHEATING VALUE(Btu/lb dry) OF THEINDIANADANVILLE COALThe heating value showsthe amount of energy thatis in the coal & is the mostimportant coal parameterfor economic benefits& highest engineeringefficienciesHigher heat value in KnoxCounty than in Posey.Indiana & Midwest coalshave high energy valuesSource: M. Mastalerz, A Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, “Assessment of the Quality of Indiana coal for Integrated Gasification Combined CyclePerformance (IGCC)’, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, June 2005Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research19
CCTRSullivanSULFUR VALUEOF THE INDIANASPRINGFIELD COALKnoxGibsonSulfur content inGibson County, forSpringfield coal, variesfrom 0.5% to 4.0%PoseySource: M. Mastalerz, A Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, “Assessment of the Quality of Indiana coal for Integrated Gasification Combined CyclePerformance (IGCC)’, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, June 2005Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research20
CCTRASH YIELD(Weight %, dry)OF THE INDIANASPRINGFIELD COALSullivanKnoxMidwest coals have ashyields of 3.3% to 11.7%& average values forIndiana are about 9.4%GibsonWarrickSource: M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, “Assessment of the Quality of Indiana coal for Integrated Gasification Combined CyclePerformance (IGCC)’, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, June 2005Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research21
CCTRINDIANA & POWDER RIVER BASIN COALIndiana coalPRB coalMoisture10 -12% 28%Volatile matter 40%higherHeating value11,386 Btu/lbBtu/lb 8,088Ash content9.4%7.6%AFT (flow,Reduction)Need more data?Slag viscosity 1400oCNeed more data?Char reactivityVery few dataLess reactive (higherT needed?)Sulfur3.13%0.72%Chlorine0.05%0.01%More reactivebecause ofmore volatiles?Source: M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, “Assessment of the Quality of Indiana coal for Integrated Gasification Combined CyclePerformance (IGCC)’, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, June 2005Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research22
CCTRINDIANA COAL BED CHARACTERISTICSSource: M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, J. Rupp and N. Shaffer, Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 200823Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTREFFECT OF COAL QUALITY ONHEAT RATE & CAPITAL COSTIndiana CoalPC & IGCC power plantsPC Pulverized Coal, IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined CycleSource: “Economic Analysis of New Coal Fired Generation Options”, George S. Booras et al, EPRI, Palo Alto, 2004Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research24
CCTRPURDUE WADE PLANTStokerCFB%%Btu/lbBtu/lb%lbsMoistureAsh AsRecAsRecDrybasisSulfurAs RecSulfur 04128CFB-590.09121-CFB Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler technology - environmentallyacceptable technology – burns wide range of solid fuels to generatesteam & electricity power ranging from 5 MW to 250 MWStoker Stoker Boiler Systems - used on small boilers for over a century.They use a lump coal feed(UG/G micro grams per gram)25Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRPURDUE WADE PLANTGenerationApprox 40 MWwith 3 generators29 MW turbine generator10 MW turbine generator1.7 MW diesel generator& 9 centrifugal chillersIndiana coal is the prime fuel source for the Wade Plant.During fiscal year 2005-06, Wade consumed 48,130 Ton ofhigh-sulfur coal, 118,509 Ton of low-sulfur coal, 10,838 Ton oflimestone, and 466,935 Therms of natural gas for an averagefossil fuels delivered cost of approximately ntoperation.htmIndiana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCOKE & PETCOKECoke is a solid carbonaceous residue derivedfrom low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coalfrom which the volatile constituents are drivenoff by baking in an oven without oxygen attemperatures as high as 1,000 C (1,832 F) so that thefixed carbon & residual ash are fused together. Coke isused as a fuel & as a reducing agent in smelting iron orein a blast furnace. Coke from coal is grey, hard, & porous& has a heating value of 24.8 MBtu/ton (29.6 MJ/kg).Byproducts of this conversion of coal to cokeinclude coal tar, ammonia, light oils, and "coal-gas“Petroleum coke is the solid residue obtained in oil refining,which resembles coke but contains too many impurities tobe useful in metallurgical iana Center for Coal Technology Research
CCTRCOAL PRODUCTS TREEhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1143/html/coal tree.jpg&imgrefurl ml&h 736&w 1000&sz 434&hl en&start 102&um 1&tbnid AcfQD7qmScAhrM:&tbnh 110&tbnw 149&prev 18%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DNIndiana Center for Coal Technology Research28
CARBON IN COAL Carbon forms more than 50% by weight & more than 70% by volume of coal (this includes inherent moisture). This is dependent on coal rank, with higher rank coals containing less hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen, until 95% purity of carbon is achieved at Anthracite rank &a
Our main source of coal comes from a coal mine near Butler, Missouri. A stock pile of coal for unexpected emergencies is maintained at Blue Valley. A 90-day supply of coal consists of 45,000 tons of coal. Coal Feeders Feeding coal from the bunkers to the pulverizers is the purpose of the coal feeders. The pulverizers grind the coal into a fine .
as.edu / n e Resources -Coal 1 Based on -The Coal Resource by World Coal Institute 2005.-The Coal Resource Base, Chapter 2 of Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal by J.T. Bartis, F. Camm and D.S. Ortiz. Published by RAND 2008. ISBN: 978--8330-4511-9. -The Role of Coal in Energy Growth and CO2 Emissions, Chapter 2 of The Future of Coal, an Interdisciplinary MIT Study, 2007.
IEA Clean Coal Centre – New regulatory trends: effect on coal-fired power plant and coal demand 4 . Abstract . This review presents the recent regulatory trends, practices and developments, in major coal producing and consuming countries, which are affecting and may influence future demand for coal and coal-fired power generation.
Purdue Printing Services The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Purdue University Heine Pharmacy Building, Room 104 575 Stadium Mall Drive West Lafayette, IN 47904-2091 (765) 494-1361 (765) 494-7800 Fax www.pharmacy.purdue.edu The Purdue Pharmacist is published three times a year for alumni
The Lower Kittanning coal bed assessment only includes maps showing its areal extent and geochemical parameters and a history of the mining of the coal bed. Pittsburgh Coal Bed The results of the Pittsburgh coal bed assessment (North-ern and Central Appalachian Basin Coal Regions Assessment Team, 2001; Tewalt, Ruppert, Bragg, Carlton, and others,Author: Michael H. Trippi, Leslie F. Ruppert, Robert C. Milici, Scott A. Kinney
Coal is comprised of organic and inorganic (mineral) assemblages. . do we understand coal? (CCT, advanced applications) ORGANIC PETROLOGY FINDS RELEVANCE IN GEOLOGY, METALLURGY, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, COAL SUSTAINABILITY ACROSS THE COAL VALUE-CHAIN . LIGHT WEIGHT COMPOSITE MATERIALS Underground coal gasification Many additional uses: Paper .
Coal deposits are mined by cutting a network of 'roads' into the coal seam & leaving behind 'pillars' of coal to support the roof of the mine. These pillars can be up to 40% of the total coal in the seam - although this coal can sometimes be recovered at a later stage by 'retreat mining'.The roof is then allowed to collapse and the mine is
EIA Energy Conference 2016 World Coal Markets : The Changing Global Landscape for Coal Coal continues to be a major source of energy for India. Fossil fuels are the major drivers of the economy. Biomass still used significantly in rural areas. Role of Coal Coal, 341.00, 44% Oil, 178.25, 23% Gas, 46.50, 6% Nuclear, 7.75, 1% Others .
