Fundamental Electrical And Electronic Principles
Fundamental Electrical and Electronic Principles
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Fundamental Electricaland ElectronicPrinciplesThird EditionChristopher R RobertsonAMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORDPARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYONewnes is an imprint of Elsevier
Newnes is an imprint of ElsevierLinacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USAFirst published 1993 as Electrical and Electronic Principles 1 by Edward ArnoldSecond edition 2001Third edition 2008Copyright C. R. Robertson 1993, 2001Copyright 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reservedThe right of Christopher R. Robertson to be identified as the author of this work hasbeen asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisherPermissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & TechnologyRights Department in Oxford, UK: phone ( 44) (0) 1865 843830; fax ( 44) (0)1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submityour request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier materialNoticeNo responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage topersons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or fromany use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in thematerial herein.British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of CongressISBN: 978-0-7506-8737-9For information on all Newnes publications visit ourweb site at http://books.elsevier.comTypeset by Charon Tec Ltd., A Macmillan Company.(www.macmillansolutions.com)Printed and bound in Slovenia080910111210987654321
1 Units .11.2 Standard Form Notation.21.3 ‘Scientific’ Notation .21.4 Conversion of Areas and Volumes.41.5 Graphs.51.6 Basic Electrical Concepts .71.7 Communication.26Summary of Equations .29Assignment Questions .302D.C. Circuits . 312.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.82.92.10Resistors in Series .31Resistors in Parallel .35Potential Divider .40Current Divider .41Series/Parallel Combinations .43Kirchhoff ’s Current Law .48Kirchhoff ’s Voltage Law .49The Wheatstone Bridge Network .55The Wheatstone Bridge Instrument .63The Slidewire Potentiometer .65Summary of Equations .68Assignment Questions .69Suggested Practical Assignments .723Electric Fields and Capacitors . 753.13.23.33.43.53.63.73.83.93.10Coulomb’s Law .75Electric Fields .76Electric Field Strength (E) .78Electric Flux ( ) and Flux Density (D) .79The Charging Process and Potential Gradient .80Capacitance (C) .83Capacitors .84Permittivity of Free Space (ε0) .84Relative Permittivity (εr).84Absolute Permittivity (ε) .85v
ing Capacitor Values.85Capacitors in Parallel .87Capacitors in Series .89Series/Parallel Combinations .92Multiplate Capacitors .95Energy Stored .97Dielectric Strength and Working Voltage .101Capacitor Types .102Summary of Equations .105Assignment Questions .107Suggested Practical Assignment .1104Magnetic Fields and 24.134.144.15Magnetic Materials.111Magnetic Fields .111The Magnetic Circuit .114Magnetic Flux and Flux Density.115Magnetomotive Force (mmf ) .116Magnetic Field Strength .117Permeability of Free Space ( 0) .118Relative Permeability ( r).119Absolute Permeability ( ) .119Magnetisation (B/H) Curve .122Composite Series Magnetic Circuits .126Reluctance (S) .128Comparison of Electrical, Magnetic and Electrostatic Quantities .131Magnetic Hysteresis .132Parallel Magnetic Circuits .134Summary of Equations .135Assignment Questions .136Suggested Practical Assignments .1385Electromagnetism . 1415.15.25.35.45.55.65.75.85.95.105.11Faraday ’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.141Lenz ’s Law.144Fleming’s Righthand Rule .144EMF Induced in a Single Straight Conductor .147Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor.151The Motor Principle .153Force between Parallel Conductors .156The Moving Coil Meter .158Shunts and Multipliers .162Shunts .162Multipliers .163
225.235.24Figure of Merit and Loading Effect .166The Ohmmeter .170Wattmeter .171Eddy Currents .172Self and Mutual Inductance .174Self-Inductance .175Self-Inductance and Flux Linkages .176Factors Affecting Inductance .179Mutual Inductance.180Relationship between Self- and Mutual-Inductance.182Energy Stored .184The Transformer Principle .186Transformer Voltage and Current Ratios .188Summary of Equations .191Assignment Questions .192Suggested Practical Assignments .1956Alternating Quantities . 6.156.166.17Production of an Alternating Waveform .197Angular Velocity and Frequency .200Standard Expression for an Alternating Quantity .200Average Value.203r.m.s. Value .205Peak Factor .206Form Factor.207Rectifiers .208Half-wave Rectifier .209Full-wave Bridge Rectifier .210Rectifier Moving Coil Meter .212Phase and Phase Angle .213Phasor Representation.216Addition of Alternating Quantities.219The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope .224Operation of the Oscilloscope .226Dual Beam Oscilloscopes .228Summary of Equations .229Assignment Questions .230Suggested Practical Assignments .2327D.C. Machines . 2337.1 Motor/Generator Duality .2337.2 The Generation of d.c. Voltage.2357.3 Construction of d.c. Machines . 2387.4 Classification of Generators .238vii
viiiContents7.57.67.77.87.97.10Separately Excited Generator .239Shunt Generator .240Series Generator .242D. C. Motors .244Shunt Motor .244Series Motor .245Summary of Equations .247Assignment Questions .2488D.C. Transients . 2498.1 Capacitor-Resistor Series Circuit (Charging) .2498.2 Capacitor-Resistor Series Circuit (Discharging) .2538.3 Inductor-Resistor Series Circuit (Connection to Supply) .2568.4 Inductor-Resistor Series Circuit (Disconnection).259Summary of Equations .260Assignment Questions .261Suggested Practical Assignments .2629 Semiconductor Theory and Devices . ic Structure .263Intrinsic (Pure) Semiconductors.264Electron-Hole Pair Generation and Recombination .266Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors .267Extrinsic (Impure) Semiconductors .268n-type Semiconductor .
Fundamentals Chapter 1 1 1.1 Units Wherever measurements are performed there is a need for a coherent and practical system of units. In science and engineering the International System of units (SI units) form the basis of all units used. There are seven ‘ base ’ units from which all the other units are derived, called derived units.
Electrical Infrastructure includes an electrical installation, electrical equipment, electrical line or associated equipment for an electrical line. 1.9 Electrical installation As per the Electrical Safety Act 2002 (s15) (a) An electrical installation is a group of items of electrical equipment that—
the fundamental principles in either action or missing. With a deep knowledge of these fundamental principles, one can rapidly generate strategies and concepts with the greatest viability. With a deep understanding of fundamental principles, one can critically evaluate other machines and components.
Module 7: Fundamental Analysis (NCFM Certification) 1. Introduction of Fundamental Analysis What is Fundamental & Technical Analysis? Difference between technical & fundamental analysis Features & benefits of Fundamental analysis 2. Top-Down Approach in Fundamental Analysis Economic Analysis Industry Analysis Company analysis 3.
P100 Partial Plumbing Plan ELECTRICAL E001 Electrical Notes E002 Electrical Symbols E003 Energy Compliance ED100 Electrical Demo Plan E100 Electrical Lighting Plan E200 Electrical Power Plan E300 Electrical One-Line E400 Electrical Schedules The Addenda, if any, are as follows: Number Date Pages . .
Module 1 Basic Electrical Theory . Basic Electrical Theory i ES-01 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Co nte nts . 1.0 Given a simple electrical circuit, APPLY basic electrical theory fundamental principles to describe circuit operation. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1.1 DESCRIBE the following terms:
69. electronic woodpecker 55 70. fish caller 55 71. electronic raindrops 56 72. pencil lead organ 56 73. electronic motorcycle 57 74. machine gun pulse detector 57 75. electronic siren 58 76. chirping bird 58 77. electronic cat 59 78. electronic bird 59 79. "horror movie" sound effect 60 80. electronic organ 60 81. soundmachinei 61 82.
502020 Electronic and Electrical Equipment 50202010 Electrical Components 50202020 Electronic Equipment: Control and Filter 50202025 Electronic Equipment: Gauges and Meters 50202030 Electronic Equipment: Pollution Control 50202040 Electronic Equipment: Other 502030 General Industrials 50203000 Diversified Industrials 50203010 Paints and Coatings
Electrical and Electronic Technology . Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology is a programme of study that offers knowledge and skills for work and lifelong learning in various engineering and technology fields. Electrical
