HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPT & APPROACH
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:CONCEPT & APPROACHK Seeta PrabhuTata Institute of Social SciencesStrengthening Capacity on Human Development in Asia-Pacific:Analysis, Measurement and ProcessesNew Delhi, 29-30 October 2013
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Human Development: Origin and Context Functionings and Capability Human Development and Related Approaches Human Development Principles Characteristics of HD Approach
ORIGIN OF THE HD APPROACH Emerged in response to demand for newerapproaches to development Context the huge human costs of structuraladjustment policies of 1980s Process concept discussed at 3 North-South RoundTables organised by Mahbub ul Haq in 1980s Proposed by UNDP with Mahbub ul Haq andAmartya Sen as main architects – origins in writingsof Aristotle and Immanuel Kant By 1990 when concept made official debut inInaugural HDR, consensus on concept already built
DEFINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1990 UNDP Report – ‘the process of enlargingpeople’s choices’ Definition enriched over time to give importance tofreedoms, equity and sustainability 2010 HDR definition ‘Human development is theexpansion of people’s freedoms to live long, healthyand creative lives; to advance other goals they havereason to value; and to engage actively in shapingdevelopment equitably and sustainably on a sharedplanet. People are both the beneficiaries and driversof human development, as individuals and in groups’. Philosophical foundations in the capability approachFunctionings and Capability are key ideas
UNDERSTANDING FUNCTIONINGS Functionings – ‘valuable beings and doings’ of people ‘Beings’ such as being well nourished, being safe,being educated ‘Doings’ such as being able to visit loved ones,travelling, caring for a child Elementary functionings – being healthy andnourished, being safe, being educated Complex functionings – ability to contribute tocommunity life achieving self respect, ability to‘appear in publik without shame’
CAPABILITY
CONVERSION FACTORSResourcesCapabilityBikeAble toride aroundFoodAble to benourishedFunctioningsRide aroundNourished Translation of capability into functionings influencedby personal characteristics, social and environmentalfactors
CHALLENGES No agreed list of capabilities Capability approach too individualistic Of the 3 different variants of individualism1. Ethical individualism2. Methodological individualism3. Ontological individualism Capability approach relies on ethical individualism Takes into account social relations, social structures andinstitutions in two ways:1. Recognising that there is a move from capability tofunctionings and2. Social and environmental factors influence conversion ofcapability to functionings
DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM Amartya Sen reinterpreted Development asFreedom People as ‘Agents’ – Agent is one ‘who acts andbrings about change’Emphasised both opportunity freedom andagency freedom Freedom ‘from’ as important as freedom ‘to’ Freedom has intrinsic value - valuable in itself Freedom has instrumental value - as a means toother things
DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM Emphasized 5 instrumental freedoms that areimportant for human development political freedom economic facilities social opportunities transparency guarantees protective security
HD AND HUMAN RIGHTS Compatible and complementary Emphasis in HD Enlargement of choices & capabilities focus on dutybearers and public policies Emphasis in HR entitlements of claim holders emphasis on legalchange, social movements to generate demand Human Rights initially viewed as political rights - nowincludes social, cultural and economic rights Both guarantee basic freedoms
HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN SECURITYHuman Security - ‘Freedom from Want andFreedom from Fear’ – HDR 2000Beyond concerns of national security to focus on 7components at individual level Economic Food Health Environmental Personal Community Political
HD GOES BEYOND .Human Resource Development Approach Evolved in 1960s Schultz and Gary Becker’s concept of humancapital Powerful implications – human beings resources in productionprocess – not ends in themselves Education and health means of enhancing human capital Rates of return importantBasic Needs Approach Evolved in 1970s from ILO’s focus on providing basic needs forpoor – food, shelter, clothing, health care, water Focus on provision of goods and services Ignores choices and underplays freedom Ignores ‘agency’ aspect of individuals – people treated more asbeneficiaries
CHARACTERISTICS OF HD APPROACH
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT4 Core principles of Human Development Equity: Equity refers to a concept of justice asfairness Efficiency: maximizing the use of material, humanand community resources Participation and Empowerment: Foundationalprinciple – people as agents Sustainability: not merely environmental but alsoeconomic, social and culturalAll four principles to be adhered to simultaneously
TO CONCLUDE Human potential and achievements in multipledimensions key indicators of progress - notmerely per capita income Focus is on what people are what people can be or do and the opportunity set available to people
Human Resource Development Approach Evolved in 1960s Schultz and Gary Becker’s concept of human capital Powerful implications – human beings resources in production . economic, social and cultural All four principles to be adhered to simultaneously .
1.2.7. Economic growth and development 1.2.8. Barriers to economic growth 1.3 Human Development 1.3.1. Human Development: The Concept 1.3.2. Human Development in the United Nations Agenda 1.3.3. Human development Approach vs. the Conventional Development Approach 1.3.4. Indicator
Human migration has traditionally been studied without the application of a human development approach. By using this approach to the study of human migration, UNDP's Human Development Report 2009, sets itself apart from other postcolonial studies. The report, Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development, gives a
The concept of Human Development has been living, not calcified. It could and indeed did change. In no way is it suggested that that living engaged approach to human development be replaced by a static form of words. What isproposed is that the core components of human development 2010 include process freedoms in addition to
the fact that the capability approach is a human rights approach, and has begun to ground her version of the approach in a specific concept of human dignity. In this contribution I will first briefly summarize the main concepts used in the capability approach (section 1), and thenCited by: 11Publish Year: 2014
Human rights and development: Kumarian Pr., OHCHR, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2006. Frequently asked questions on a human rights-based approach to development cooperation: United Nations Pubns., Jonsson, Urban. 2005. "A human rights-based approach to programming." Reinventing Development
The modern approach is fact based and lays emphasis on the factual study of political phenomenon to arrive at scientific and definite conclusions. The modern approaches include sociological approach, economic approach, psychological approach, quantitative approach, simulation approach, system approach, behavioural approach, Marxian approach etc. 2 Wasby, L Stephen (1972), “Political Science .
a concept development method while concept development is a critical element in theory development. Concept analysis for them is "a process of determining the likeness and unlikeness between concepts" and its "basic purpose is to distinguish between the defining attributes of a concept and its irrelevant attributes" (1994:38).
Implication zootechnique du menthol cristallisé comme additif. alimentaire chez le poulet de chair. E. AZEROUAL. 1, M. OUKESSOU. 2, K. BOUZOUBAA. 2, A. MESFIOUI. 1, B. BENAZZOUZ & A. OUICHOU (Reçu le 15/04/2012; Accepté le 18/06/2012) Résumé. Le menthol est utilisé pour ses vertus aromatiques, culinaires, cosmétiques et médicinales. Chez l’homme, il est employé contre les . troubles .
