070191 TrafoHand INH 240S - ABB
Transformer Handbook
0.FOREWORDThe objective of this Transformer Handbook is to facilitate the physical understanding, selection,ordering, operation and maintenance of the whole range of power and distribution transformers.The target readers are personnel involved in the various stages of a transformer’s service life, fromplanning the investment to the disposal of the transformer after use.This handbook is arranged in sections following the transformer’s life from initial considerations andplanning through ordering, installation, operation, maintenance and scrapping.Other useful information, including more theoretical topics, is included.Navigation through the handbook is facilitated by the three level contents list following thisforeword, and the Index Section 20 page 231 at the end. Each section may be read independentlyof the other sections. Please note that page numbers contain an introductory chapter number andthe page number after the hyphen.Some topics or phenomena are deliberately mentioned several places in the text for the purposethat readers might not read the whole content of this book from the beginning to the end, but onlychapters of particular individual interest.The first edition, Rev. 01, of this handbook issued at the end of 2003 was limited to distributiontransformers and the “IEC-world”.Based on feedback from the readers and the fact that ABB has merged all transformer activitiesinto one Business Unit, Transformers, the second edition, Rev. 02, of the handbook issued in 2004covered all transformer types fulfilling the requirements of IEC and relevant ANSI/IEEE standards.The second edition, Rev. 02, was well accepted by customers and ABB employees. It is alsoavailable in the Russian language.This third edition, Rev. 03, is a general updating and expansion of the handbook, partly initiated bycomments from the readers.This handbook is based on ABB Ltd. best knowledge and experience, and is meant to be a guidefor readers in handling transformer matters. ABB Ltd and the authors of the handbook cannothowever be rendered responsible for any legal, technical or commercial use of the informationherein. Binding information should be a part of the contract/agreement between the customers andthe different transformer suppliers.The standards, IEC, CENELEC, and ANSI/IEEE, mentioned in the text, refer to the edition given inthe list of standards. For practical use, only latest editions of the standards should be used.ABB Power Products Division thanks the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) forpermission to reproduce information from its International Standards. All such extracts arecopyright of IEC, Geneva, Switzerland. All rights reserved. Further information on the IEC isavailable from www.iec.ch. The IEC is not responsible for the placement and context in which theextracts and contents are reproduced by ABB Power Products Division; nor is the IEC in any wayresponsible for the other content or accuracy thereof.Similarly, ABB Power Products Division appreciates the permission of The American NationalStandards Institute (ANSI) and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) toreprint excerpts from its standards. All such excerpts are copyright of ANSI/IEEE the yearpublished. All rights reserved. Further information on the ANSI/IEEE is available from www.ansi.organd www.ieee.org. The ANSI/IEEE is not responsible for the placement and context in which theexcerpts are reproduced by ABB Power Technologies Division. The ANSI/IEEE disclaims anyresponsibility or liability resulting from the placement and use in the described manner.Extracts from the ABB Switchgear Manual are quoted by kind approval by the issuer.ABB Ltd. issued in 2006 ABB Service Handbook for Transformers which goes more into detail inthe subjects service and maintenance than the present Transformer Handbook.UK English has been selected for this document to comply with the language in IEC standards.Also the use of “.” and “,” in numbers follows the practice used in IEC standards. There are no realdifferences between the vocabulary applied in IEC and IEEE/ANSI standards. The only exceptionis the use of the words “earth”/”earthed” (according to IEC) and “ground”/”grounded” (according toIEEE).Please also read the Note at the end of the handbook.2
ContentsFOREWORD . 21. INTRODUCTION .1-71.1.1.2.ABB-GROUP . 1-7ABB POWER TECHNOLOGIES BUSINESS UNIT TRANSFORMERS . 1-72. QUALITY, INTERNAL CONTROL, SUSTAINABILITY .2-82.1.MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS . 2-82.1.1.General . 2-82.1.2.Quality. 2-82.1.3.Internal control . 2-82.1.4.Environmental system . 2-82.1.5.Sustainable development . 2-82.1.6.Life cycle assessment (LCA) . 2-92.2.CUSTOMER REVIEW OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS . 2-92.3.SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. 2-93. PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS.3 NTRODUCTION .3 -11CHOICE OF SYSTEM VOLTAGE .3 -11BASIC PHYSICS OF THE TRANSFORMER .3 -11EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM .3 -13VOLTAGE RATIO AND VOLTAGE DROP (OR RISE) .3 -13EFFICIENCY .3 -16NO LOAD (MAGNETISING) CURRENT AND NO LOAD LOSSES .3 -16LOAD LOSSES .3 -21SHORT-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE.3 -21ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES .3 -24TRANSFORMER SOUND .3 -284. TRANSFORMER TYPES AND THEIR APPLICATION .4-324.1.POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION . 4-324.2.COMMON TRANSFORMER CHARACTERISTICS. 4-324.3.DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS . 4-344.3.1.Large distribution transformers, LDT . 4-344.3.2.Medium distribution transformers, MDT. 4-364.3.3.Small distribution transformers, SDT . 4-374.3.4.Dry-type distribution transformers. 4-394.3.5.Other transformer types. 4-414.4.POWER TRANSFORMERS. 4-444.4.1.Generator step up transformers. 4-464.4.2.Step-down transformers . 4-484.4.3.System intertie transformers. 4-484.4.4.Industrial transformers . 4-604.4.5.Traction transformers. 4-634.5.REACTORS . 4-654.5.1.Shunt reactors. 4-654.5.2.Current limiting reactors. 4-704.5.3.Neutral earthing reactors . 4-724.5.4.Capacitor damping reactors. 4-734.5.5.Tuning (Filter) reactors . 4-734.5.6.Earthing transformers (Neutral couplers). 4-744.5.7.Arc suppression reactors . 4-754.5.8.Smoothing reactors. 4-855. LOSS CAPITALISATION AND OPTIMUM TRANSFORMER DESIGN.5-886. INFORMATION REQUIRED WITH ENQUIRY AND ORDER .6-996.1.6.2.6.3.NORMAL INFORMATION . 6-99SPECIAL INFORMATION . 6-100PARALLEL OPERATIONS . 6-1027. TRANSFORMER DESIGN .7-1037.1.7.2.7.3.CORES . 7-103WINDINGS . 7-106TANK . 7-1143
7.4.7.5.SURFACE TREATMENT . 7-115EARTH QUAKE WITHSTAND CAPABILITY . 7-1168. TRANSFORMER COMPONENTS .8-1178.1.TERMINALS . 8-1178.1.1.Bushings . 8-1178.1.2.Cable connections . 8-1208.1.3.SF6 connections . 8-1218.2.COOLERS . 8-1218.2.1.Radiators. 8-1228.2.2.Corrugated tanks . 8-1228.2.3.Fans . 8-1228.2.4.Forced oil, forced air heat exchangers . 8-1228.2.5.Oil-water coolers . 8-1238.2.6.Oil pumps. 8-1238.3.VOLTAGE REGULATION EQUIPMENT . 8-1238.3.1.Off Circuit tap-changers . 8-1248.3.2.On load tap changers . 8-1258.3.3.Automatic voltage regulation . 8-1288.4.ACCESSORIES . 8-1298.4.1.Types of accessories . 8-1298.4.2.Power transformer and oil immersed reactor accessories . 8-1328.4.3.Distribution transformer accessories . 8-1339. INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING.9-1349.1.GENERAL . 9-1349.1.1.Responsibilities . 9-1349.1.2.Incoterms (Transfer of responsibility) . 9-1349.2.INSTALLATION . 9-1349.2.1.Power- and large distribution transformers. 9-1349.2.2.Distribution transformers. 9-1359.3.COMMISSIONING . 9-1389.3.1.Energising . 9-1389.3.2.Documentation. 9-14010. OPERATION, MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE .10-14110.1.GENERAL PRECAUTIONS . 10-14110.2.OPERATION . 10-14110.2.1. Loading and consumption of lifetime . 10-14110.2.2. Parallel operation . 10-14810.2.3. Frequency . 10-14810.2.4. Protection. 10-14810.3.MONITORING . 10-14910.3.1. General . 10-14910.3.2. High level monitoring . 10-15010.3.3. Low level monitoring . 10-15010.3.4. Inspection in energised condition . 10-15110.3.5. Inspection in de-energised condition . 10-15210.4.MAINTENANCE . 10-15210.4.1. General . 10-15210.4.2. Maintenance in energised condition . 10-15210.4.3. Maintenance in de-energised condition . 10-15210.4.4. Investigation of transformer disturbances. 10-15310.4.5. Transformer liquid and insulation. 10-15810.4.6. Bushings and joints. 10-15810.4.7. Off-circuit tap changer . 10-15810.4.8. On-load tap-changer . 10-15910.4.9. Motor drive unit . 10-15910.4.10.Oil filtering unit . 10-15910.4.11.Coolers. 10-15910.4.12.Liquid conservator with rubber diaphragm. 10-15910.4.13.Gaskets. 10-15910.4.14.Dry-type transformers . 10-16010.4.15.Surface protection. 10-16011. DISPOSAL AFTER USE.11-16111.1.11.2.11.3.11.4.4LOCAL REGULATIONS . 11-161REUSE . 11-161LANDFILL . 11-161PCB-CONTAMINATED OIL . 11-161
12. THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS.12-16213. TRANSFORMER MATERIALS.13-16413.1.CORE MATERIALS . 13-16413.2.CONDUCTOR MATERIALS . 13-16413.3.INSULATION MATERIALS . 13-16513.3.1. Solid insulation materials . 13-16513.3.2. Fluids . 13-16613.3.3. Other fluids. 13-16614. TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS .14-16814.1.14.2.14.3.14.4.GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. 14-168ROUTINE TESTS . 14-168TYPE TESTS . 14-168SPECIAL TESTS . 14-16815. OVERVOLTAGES AND OVERVOLTAGE LIMITATION .15-16915.1.LIMITATION OF TEMPORARY OVERVOLTAGES . 15-17015.1.1. Overvoltages due to earth-fault . 15-17015.1.2. Overvoltages due to load rejection . 15-17115.1.3. Overvoltages due to ferroresonance . 15-17215.2.LIMITATION OF TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES. 15-17215.2.1. Types of overvoltage protection devices . 15-17215.2.2. Selection of metal oxide surge arrester data . 15-17315.2.3. Internal overvoltages caused by high frequency oscillations. 15-18115.2.4. Transferred overvoltages in transformers. 15-18715.3.SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS . 15-18816. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS .16-18916.1.16.2.16.3.LOADS WITH HIGH CONTENT OF HARMONICS . 16-189TRANSFORMERS WITH MOTOR LOAD . 16-189HOT SPOT TEMPERATURES . 16-18917. MISCELLANEOUS .17-19017.1.CERTIFICATION/APPROVAL/LABELLING . 17-19017.2.DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY. 17-19017.3.IP-CLASSIFICATION . 17-19117.3.1. General . 17-19117.3.2. Degrees of protection against solid objects . 17-19117.3.3. Degrees of protection against water . 17-19217.3.4. Comparison to NEMA ratings . 17-19217.4.TERMINAL DESIGNATION, IDENTIFYING TERMINALS . 17-19317.4.1. Single phase transformer. 17-19317.4.2. Three phase transformer . 17-19417.5.RATING PLATE . 17-19417.6.ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) . 17-19617.6.1. Definitions . 17-19617.6.2. Electromagnetic distur
Extracts from the ABB Switchgear Manual are quoted by kind approval by the issuer. ABB Ltd. issued in 2006 ABB Service Handbook for Transformers which goes more into detail in the subjects service and maintenance than the present Transformer Handbook. UK English has been selected for this document to comply with the language in IEC standards.
ABB Control SECRL - 1 2001-06-19 A New Contactor Range from ABB New Generation ABB Contactors. ABB Control SECRL - 2 2001-06-19 The ABB range of A The ABB range of A contactorscontactors A 9, A 12, A 16 A 26, A 30, A 40 A 50, A 63, A 75 A 95, A
ABB - global market and technology leader in AC drives ABB (www.abb.com) is a leader in power and automation technologies that enable utility and industry customers to improve their performance while lowering environmental impact. ABB is the world's largest drives manufacturer. The ABB Group of companies operates in around 100 countries
E-bypass. The ABB E-Clipse Bypass has taken these developments to the next level. In addition to the benefits of the previous ABB design, ABB has added new capabilities focused upon the changing and evolving customer and market requirements. This brochure will give the user a brief overview
In 1994, ABB pioneered serial communications for VFDs in the HVAC industry. Today ABB has installed over 150,000 units (in the U.S. alone) connected to building automations systems using the various HVAC communications protocols. The ABB E-Clipse Bypass includes serial communications in the bypass mode. Now, going to bypass does not mean losing
values quoted in the Coil voltage selection table Coil consumption at Uc max. q 20 C: 9 W pull-in/holding Replacement coils: consult us (standard coils used on NL control relays are not suitable for TNL control relays). Pos.1 A B Pos. 3, 4 ABB ABB ABB ABB A B Ambient temp. Max. switching frequency mm mm C Operating cycles/h
asmanex hfa aer 200 mcg; tier 1. antiasthmatic and bronchodilator agents; asmanex hfa aer 50mcg. tier 1; antiasthmatic and bronchodilator agents. breo ellipta inh 100-25; tier 2. antiasthmatic and bronchodilator agents; breo ellipta inh 200-25. tier 2; preventiv
buildings of that type). As one of the East German leading cities it is home to contiguous community allotment as neighbourhood open spaces that characterize the configuration of the city (Table 1) . Population in 2013 531,562 inh. Area in 2013 297.38 km² Population density 1,787 inh./km² Unemployment rate in 2014 9.4 %
A.R. Paterson, A First Course in Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press. (The recommended text to complement this course - costs ˇ 50 from Amazon; there are 6 copies in Queen’s building Library and 3 copies in the Physics Library) 2. D.J. Acheson, Elementary Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press 3. L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics. Butterworth Heinemann Films There is a .
