THE CAROLINA PARAKEET IN PIONEER MISSOURI
THE CAROLINAPARAKEETBY DANIELTHEcolorfulCarolinaParakeetIN was amongthe many species of birds found by early travelers in Missouri.Thesescreeching, sociable birds, the individuals almost waggish in their demeanor,the flocks resplendent in their gay feathers, brightened many a man’sAs with the Passenger Pigeononly a part of history.remaining(Ectopistes migratorius),day.this species is nowExcept for a few museum specimens, the only recordsof these delightfulbirds are in the vigorous prose of numerousdiaries kept by people who saw them.Widmann (1907:113-116)wrote a good account of the parakeet in Missouri.I have summarized his findings in each region of the state, for hisimportantwork is no longer freely available.been arrangedchronologicallyOtherwise, all reports havefor each regionof the state.Records formarginal counties of states bordering Missouri have been included, to makethe picture as complete as possible.French explorers recorded the earliest observations on parakeets in theMissouri area, but some of their reports are too general to be precisely placed;others apply to the bird in a general way in all its range.Many such inter-esting reports, besides the ones I have used, may be consulted in Wright’svaluable historical review (1912).Two general comments by early geographers are interesting, for they indicate something of the attention parakeets had from hardheaded pioneers andsomething of the status of the parakeets in the lore of the day.Wetmore(1837:3&31)wrote in the 1830’s:Alphonso“The paroquet found in Mis-souri deserves notice, as peculiar in character and attractive in its plumage.This is a bird strongly resembling the green parrot in colour and form;andit is reported of them, that at night they repose within the cavity of a hollowtree, hanging by their curved Roman nose-beaks. This report may requireconfirmation.”Just previous to Wetmore,Schoolcraft, in a list of Missouribirds, wrote (1819:37) : “The parakeet is a beautiful bird; it is a kind ofparrot; its colours are green, yellow, and red, all bright colours, and it is apleasing sight to see a flock of them suddenly wheel in the atmosphere, andlight upon a tree; their gaudy colours are reflected in the sun with the brilliance of the rainbow:they are a noisy bird, but their notes are disagreeable.”It is not clear to what extent Schoolcraft based his description upon personalobservations or information1818-1819collected in Missouri, for the only place on histrip that he specifically mentioned seeing the birds was on theMississippi River, above Brazeau (“Obrazo”)Creek, July 16, 1818: “Wefrequently meet the paroquet on the banks of the river, and have passed1 esearchUnit,Columbia.
DanielMcKinleyCAROLINAseveral large flocks to-day.PARAKEET275This is a kind of parrot, a beautiful bird, whichis very common in Louisiana, Missouri, and Kentucky”(ibid.:232).MISSISSIPPI VALLEYSome of the early Mississippi Valleyobservations summarizeddoubtedly were meant to apply to either or both banks of the river.here unIn July,1673, Joliet wrote (Thwaites, 1896-1901, 58:99) that near the mouth of theIllinois River, “Parroquets fly in flocks of 10 to 12.” And the same summer,above the mouth of the St. Francis River(Tennessee side?),he remarked:“We killed a little parroquet, one half of whose head was red, The other halfand The neck yellow, and The whole body green” (ibid., 59:149-151).levoix thought the parakeets he saw on the IllinoisRiverChar-(north-centralIlli-nois) in September, 1721, only stragglers at that time of year, although hestated that on the Mississippi they were found at all seasons (Charlevoix,1923, 2:189-190).That this was true, at least for the winter as far northas Quincy, Illinois(opposite Marion-Lewisgested by a trader’scounty line, Missouri),reminiscences of 1800-01:“Theis sug-long Winter,fromNovember until Spring, had to be worn out; and I did my share of ramblingwith my gun, shooting paroquets, picking and eating pecans, and breakingthrough the ice with narrow escapes” (Anderson,1882 :149) . From nearbyPike County, Illinois, came the assertion, undated as to season but probablyreferring to the 1830’s, that “Of the parrot . . . there are great numbers . . .”(Burlend,1936:98) .Other MississippiRiverrecords can be considered winterProbably referring to his 1810 visit to MissouriNuttall(1832:546)observations.(if a first-hand observation),wrote that the parakeet was “so far hardy as to make itsappearance, commonly in the depth of winter, along the woody banks of theOhio . . . and Mississippi and Missouri around St. Louis . . . when nearlyall other birds have migrated.”On the Ohio, just above its mouth, Audubonfound parakeets in December, 1810 (Audubon,1942:152): “The large syca-mores with white bark formed a lively contrast with the canes beneath them;and the thousands of parroquets, that came to roost in their hollow trunksat night, were to me objects of interest and curiosity.”The distributionof the parakeet in the Mississippi Valleywell known, for Drake(1815:118-119)stantly along the Mississippi, Ohio, and their tributary39”30’,seemed to bed escribed the bird as resident “conrivers, as far north asand is seen occasionally up to 42O.”Not far from the place where Schoolcraft(quoted above),Peale (1946-47:157)saw parakeets in July,1818noted on June 2, 1819, when justabove Cape Girardeau, that “parrakeets are still to be seen.” About the gto the Tennessee
THE WILSON276September 1960Vol. 72, No. 3BULLETINshore, but in the latitude of southeastern Missouri,told of the geese, ducks,and swans that he saw in the Mississippi where “numerous paroquets occupythe trees on its banks. . . . they go in flocks, and their notes are rapid, harsh,and incessant. It is remarkable, that this bird is subject to a disease resembling apoplexy.”(The possibility of “apoplexy”interesting account of “Doodles,”is not too remote; see thethe pet Carolina Parakeet belonging to PaulBartsch (1952) .)Paul-Wilhelm(1835:145;Bek transl., page 155) saw parakeets in the deepwoods at the mouth of the Ohio in April,side) ; their cries1523 (Illinoiswere rivaled by the noise of five species of woodpeckers.TimothyFlint recorded several personal observations on parakeets duringhis descent of the Ohio in 1816, just before his travels in the Missouri regionbegan.Towardthe lower end of the Ohio he remarked how his “childrencontemplated with unsated curiosity the flocks of parroquets fluttering amongthe trees, when we came near the shore” (Flint,sissippi Valley, he wrote (1828, 1:lOS;1826:84).And of the Mis-:1832, 1:71-72)This is a bird of the parrot class, seen from latitude 40" to the gulf of Mexico. Itsfood is the fruit of the sycamore, and its retreat in the hollow of that tree; and is avery voracious bird, preying on . . . all kinds of fruit. They fly in large flocks, and areseen in greatest numbers before a storm, or a great change in the weather. They havehooked, ivory bills, a splendid mixture of burnished gilding and green on their heads,and their bodies are a soft, and yet brilliant green. Their cry, as they are flying, isshrill and discordant. They are said to perch, by hanging by their bill to a branch.When they are taken, they make battle, and their hooked bill pounces into the fleshof their enemy. They are very annoying to fruit orchards, and in this respect a greatscourge to the farmer. We have seen no bird of the size, with plumage so brilliant;and they impart a singular magnificance to the forest prospect, as they are seen dartingthrough the foliage, and among the white branches of the ms,Flint’sdens”;tosentimentPeckpoorlywho discussedwithbut he later modifiedcocklebur,as muchby eatingwhichbenefitcompensateson the destructiveness(1831:50),Flint’sbytheits fine plumage,beauty(Peck,theofitsfruits.”was echoedof the centralannoys(1828,frequentsextremeof parakeetsthe birdsbald statementparroquetand gardenhis stand somewhatthe fruitit devourswithbeautifulit does the orchard: “the paroquette,the orchards“TheMissouri:andfor the injuryMasonValleythis view is hard to reconcilereferenceby JohnMississippithe orchardsand gar-: “It annoyslS53:34). . . but its favorite food is the seeds of theAnd, . . . it may be the farmer receivesgreedily.in the destructionof this annoyingweedas willcompensatethe loss of his apples.”On the Mississippi,quitecoveredthis regionwithabove the Ohio,these beautifulthat a Lutheranpioneer,in March,birds”(Wied,1833, Maximilian1857:104).on his way to establishsaw “treesIt was also ina colonyin Mis-
DanielMcKinleyCAROLINAsouri in the winter of 183&39,PARAKEET277saw parakeets (Graebner,1919:14).Eifrigplaced the event either in Kentucky or in Mississippi County, Missouri, sinceit is not clear which side of the river the man was on. While on a hunt on“a large and beautifulfarm,”which many were killed.(1858:68)a party “hunteda small species of Parrot, ofThey made a savory dish” (Eifrig,1929).listed an undated specimen from Cairo, Illinois,Mississippi from southeastern Missouri,by Kennicott.Pindar(1925 :86)Bairdjust across thepresented to the NationalMuseumheard that parakeets were occasional visi-tors to Fulton County, Kentucky, at the mouth of the Ohio, until 1878.Sincerelatively little is known of the parakeet in the Mississippi Valley above St.Louis(other than observations of Anderson and Burlend already quoted),it is worth remarkingthat Smith and Parmalee(1955:36)report, on theauthority of T. E. Musselman, a sight record of a flock of parakeets in AdamsCounty, Illinois,about mid-April,1884.That is a late date for that area.NORTHERN MISSOURINorth Missouri records for the parakeet are few. Widmann (1907:115)quoted the observations of Hoy who found the birds numerous in GrandRiver Valley, Livingstone County, in May, 1854 (Hoy, 1865).Trippe heardin 1872 that flocks of the birds had been known in extreme southern Iowa(Decatur County),but was not able to learn exact dates (Trippe, 1873 :233).MISSOURI VALLEYAmong early travelersWidmannon the Missouri River who recorded parakeets,cited Townsend ( 1839 :131)) who saw them at Boonville, April 8,1834; Wied (in the German edition of his Travels, 183941,1:261, 263, 272-273), who reported them from Boonville westward in April, 1833, and nearSt. Charles in May, 1834 (ibid., 2:361) ; Audubon (Audubon and Coues,1898, 1:468, 469, 470, 476; 2:173), wh o saw several flocks and collectedsome birds in May and again in October, 1843; Hoy (1865))parakeet April 21, 1854, at Boonville;general information1855-57.Widmannand Haydenon the species in the lower Missourialso presented previouslywho killed one(1862:154),who suppliedas a whole forunpublishedrecords fromPlatte County, where the last birds were seen in the early 1850’s;ren County, where the last report was 1867; and Franklinfrom War-County, where thelast known date was 1865. From the Missouri Valley, also, came one of Widmann’s last reports of the parakeet: Atchison County, Kansas, across theMissouri River from Platte County, in 1904 (Widmann,Lewis and Clark saw the parakeet in 1804.June 26 at the mouth of the Kansas River:Parrotqueets this evening”by Clark(ibid.,6:122)“I(L ewis and Clark,said:“Parotqueet1907:116).Clark noted in his journalobserved a great number of1904,1:59).Anda noteis seen as high as the Mahar
THE WILSON278[Omaha Indian]Village”-thatkota County, NebraskaSeptember 1960Vol. 72. No. 3BULLETINis, to near the present town of Homer,Da-(Swenk, 1934:55).The next record that I have is the substantial contributionof Peale, whoascended the Missouri with the Long expedition in the summer of 1819.He“heard the cries of a flock of parrakeets” when only a short distance up theMissouri River on June 1. Traveling overland north of the Missouri, nearthe end of June, in St. Charles or MontgomeryCounty, he wrote:“In whatfew bottoms we have come through we saw turkeys and heard the screech ofparrakeets.”Parakeets abounded in the “buttonwood”on Loutre Island in the Missouriand they were still “numerous”County line, Franklin,Jackson County)Howard(sycamore)at the Montgomery-WarrenforestsCounty line,near Cedar creek at the Callaway-BooneCounty, and near Ft. Osage (now Sibley,(Peale, 194647:162,267, 268, 270, 273, 275, 282).Pealereached Ft. Osage on August 1.Paul-Wilhelm, an observant German nobleman, walked and paddled up theMissouri Valley in the summer of 1823. Just before reaching the GasconadeBek transl., p. 234) : “For several daysRiver, June 1, he noted (1835:221;I had hardly heard the song of a single wild bird.Only the piercing cries offlocks of restless parrots and the occasional hammering of a red-headed woodpecker broke the deathlike silence.”About the middle of June, he walkedopposite Tabo Creek (that is, in Carrollor Ray County)(ibid.:254;Bektransl., p. 268) : “The great amount of game, especially the great number ofturkeys, and the sight of countless birds, especially the great flocks of parrots,as also the splendid luxuriant trees, together with the incomparable fragranceof the linden trees in full bloom, all these things would have repaid me amplyfor the strenuous foot-journey, if my attention had not been diverted in apainfulmanner by countless insects.”By the end of June, Paul-Wilhelm(ibid.:246;Bek, p. 279) was above Ft. Osage when he observed: “Bothbanks are low, and the left was very sparsely settled. I do not recall everhaving seen so many parrots in one place. When I shot one of these froma tree on which hundreds of these birds were sitting, the others did not flyaway, but only made a horrible noise. The same is true if they sight a birdof prey. The flesh of these parrots is tough and black. Fish like it, however,and so it is used for bait.”p. 289)Parakeets were also seen (ibid.:274;Bek transl.,above Little Platte River, Platte County, and “great flocks” of themwere seen near present St. Joseph in mid-July (ibid. :278; Bek transl., p. 294) .Duden saw parakeets in the winter of 1825, in WarrenCounty; but in hisletters of two years’ residence, he mentioned them only once. They weredestructive in orchards, he wrote a friend; “in particular, they hurl themselvesin swarms upon apples” (Duden,1829:93).It is not plain if he based hisstatement of their destructiveness on personal observation.There is another
DanielMcKinleyCAROLINAPARAKEET279record of the species from the same region at that time, for Bernhardsawseveral parakeets in the forests of “large and very thick sycamores” near St.Charles in April,BeginningFranklin1826 (Bernhard,1828, 2:99).the decade of the 1830’s,in February,1830 (Ferris,Ferrissaw parakeets just west of194O:lO) : “Nearthe village we metwith innumerable flocks of paroquets . . . whose beautiful plumage of greenand gold flashed above us like an atmosphere of gems.”J. T. Irvingparakeets on the Missouri at Leavenworth in August, 1833 (Irving,They were plentiful at Independence in April,1834 (Townsend,while, in June of the same year, Sir Charles Augustus Murray184), when just west of Leavenworth,(1839,A species of parrotdroves” was reported from near Columbiabrighter-we1:exercised his fowling-piece upon thehe found them palatable.Boone County pioneer, Lenoir;;1839:139)only feathered things present, “a small flock of green Perroquets.”Paul-Wilhelm,saw1955 :25).“thatUnlikefly inabout 1835 by the wife of the“. . . they are not so large but their plumageintend getting some to tame; if you can ketch one and handleit some it will not leave you”(Atherton,1943-44:290).several flocks of parakeets in the Ft. Leavenworth-St.Count Arese sawJoseph area in sum-mer, 1837 (Arese, 1934:67).In a remarkably beautiful tribute to the parakeets that had “ceased to cometo central Missouri since many years,” Gert Goebel, a German immigrant,wrote of the species in early Franklin County.I feel that the account deservesfull quotation (from Goebel, 1877; Bek transl., 1919-25,16:549-550):Until the later thirties great flocks of paroquets came into our region every fall andfrequently remained till the following spring. They were a small variety, about the sizeof a dove. They were bright green in color, and their heads were orange colored. Theseflocks of paroquets were a real ornament to the trees stripped of their foliage in thewinter. The sight was particularly attractive, when such a flock of several hundred hadsettled on a big sycamore, when the bright green color of the birds was in such markedcontrast with the white bark of the trees, and when the sun shone brightly upon theseinhabited tree tops, the many yellow heads looked like so many candles.This sight always reminded me vividly of a kind of Christmas tree, which was usedby the poorer families in my native city [Germany]. A few weeks before Christmas ayoung birch tree was set in a pail of water. In the warm room it soon began to producedelicate leaves. When on Christmas eve such a tree was decorated with gilded andsilvered nuts and with apples and candies, it did not look unlike one of these birdcovered tree tops, only these enormous Christmas trees of the forest looked vastly moreimposing than the little birch in the warm room.As the settlements increased and the forests were more and more cleared away, thesebirds ceased to come. The few old settlers of the days, when the paroquets frequentedthese parts, feel just as little at home as those beautiful birds did; they long for peaceand quiet, whether above the earth or beneath, it does not matter.(It is interesting that Bek, editor and translatorwas impressed by Goebel’s eloquent testimony;of Goebel and Duden,he had considered Duden’s
THE280WILSONSeptember 1960Vol. 72. No. 3BULLETINremarks on parakeets [cited above] as a flight of the latter’snation:Bek had lived 30 years in Missouri[Bek, 1919-25, 16:550].)On the Missouri Valley trip in 1843, Audubonto parakeets in Missouri.On MayRomantic imagi-without seeing any parakeets!gave but casual attention7 and 8, 1843, near the northwesterncorner of the state, he wrote in his journal(Audubonand Coues, 1898, 1:476) : “Indigo birds [Passerina cyanea] and Parrakeets plentiful. . . . Wesaw Parrakeets and many small birds, but nothing new or very rare.” Parakeets and Indigo Buntings in the same breath!Audubonreferences.)(1951:55)(Widmann notices some otherof the Audubon trip, Edward HarrisIn his journalnoted that the first parakeets were seen at Boonville, April29(not Independence, where the first ones were killed [Audubon and Coues,1898, 1:468] ) . The Harris group is reported to have procured 13 parakeetson the trip upriver and eight on the passage down the Missouri;apparently fell to Harrisas his share (Harris,1951:207,of these, 10210, 211).Thismust refer only to parakeets preserved as museum specimen skins, for Audubon wrote that at least 17 parakeets were killed near St. Joseph on May 4(Audubonand Coues, 1898, 1:470).J. N. Baskett, while unfortunatelygiving no specific records, summedthe situation for about 1850 (Lewis and Clark, 1904, 6:122)up: “The parro-quet has now practically been exterminated throughout the West; but it wasfound in abundance in the region of Jefferson City, Missourieven fartherdown the river),(and probablyup to the middle of the nineteenth century.”(This was written about 1900.)There are two records of the parakeet from central and western Missouriin the 1850’s that bear out Baskett’s statement. Bruff wrote, on April 21,1849, a short distance above Jefferson City:Paroquets numerous” (Bruff, 1949:5).mens of parakeets collected by WarrenApril24 and 25, 1856, on or near “BaldCounty (Swenk, 1934:56).Nebraska,“We wooded, on the right bankBaird (1858:68)listed the 12 speciand Hayden (Hayden, 1862:154)onIsland,”Nebraska, near AtchisonIn th is area, near Brownsville,Nemaha County,an abundance of parakeets still survived a few years later:“Iremember one season some young men raised a hundred or more of them fors
County, Illinois, about mid-April, 1884. That is a late date for that area. NORTHERN MISSOURI North Missouri records for the parakeet are few. Widmann (1907:115) quoted the observations of Hoy who found the birds numerous in Grand River Valley, Livingstone County, in May, 1854 (Hoy, 1865). Trippe heard
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