A Conceptual Framework For An Ontology-Based Examination .
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 2, No. 5, 2011A Conceptual Framework for an Ontology-BasedExamination SystemAdekoya Adebayo FelixAkinwale Adio TaofikiSofoluwe AdetokunboDepartment of Computer Science,University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,NigeriaDepartment of Computer Science,University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,NigeriaDepartment of Computer Science,University of Lagos,Lagos, NigeriaAbstract— There is an increasing reliance on the web for manysoftware application deployments. Millions of services rangingfrom commerce, education, tourism and entertainment are nowavailable on the web, making the web to be the largest databasein the world as of today. However, the information available onthe web is syntactically structured whereas the trend is to providesemantic linkage to them. The semantic web serves as a mediumto enhance the current web in which computers can processinformation, interpret, and connect it to enhance knowledgeretrieval. The semantic web has encouraged the creation ofontologies in a great variety of domains. In this paper, theconceptual framework for an ontology-based examination systemand the ontology required for such examination systems weredescribed. The domain ontology was constructed based on theMethontology method proposed by Fernández (1997). Theontology can be used to design and create metadata elementsrequired developing web-based examination applications and canbe interoperate-able with other applications. Taxonomicevaluation and the Guarino-Welty Ontoclean techniques wereused to assess and refined the domain ontology in other to ensureit is error-free.Keywords- semanticknowledge ONThe world wide web is a huge library of interlinked andnon-machine interpretable documents that are transferred bycomputers and presented to users. Thus, an information usersemi-automatically connects and interprets the information.use has enabled automated acquisition, retrieval and reuse ofknowledge and improved software engineering activitiesthrough automated code generation, knowledge access etc.Ontology provides a sharable structure and semantics inknowledge management, e-commerce, decision-support andagent communication [6].In this paper, we described the conceptual framework for anontology-driven semantic web examination system. Succinctly,the paper described an ontology required for developingexamination systems for the semantic web.II.LITERATURE REVIEWAn examination according to [20] “is an educationalactivity well organized to test, measure and consequentlyevaluate the cumulative knowledge of students in theiracademic endeavours”. It involved an agreed syllabus, same setof conditions and predetermined response time to samequestions administered to student(s). [3] stated that “electronicexamination system involves the conduct of examinationsthrough the web or the intranet and it reduces the largeproportion of workload on examination, training, grading andreviewing”. Web-based examination is on the increase, mosteducational and professional institutions are progressivelyusing the internet to deliver their services especiallyexaminations to their customers.The semantic web serves as a medium to enhance thecurrent web in which computers can process information,interpret, and connect it to enhance knowledge retrieval. Thesemantic web is an XML-based ontological application thatprovides intelligent access to heterogeneous and distributedinformation. According to Berners-Lee [5] and [2], theSemantic web enable machine-readable metadata to be addedto agents in order to efficiently facilitates useful tasks such asimproved search, resource discovery, information brokeringand filtering.The semantic grid uses open standards to enable distributedcomputers shares computing resources as well as informationover the internet [22]. The application of semantic grid ineducation has provided huge opportunities for academicinstitutions especially universities to aggregate disparateinformation technology components to create a unified singlesystem ([11], [9]. The semantic education grid involvesdevelopment and deployment of large-scale distributed, openand comprehensive end-to-end infrastructure educationalapplications across academic institutions using web service andgrid technology in other to enhance improved teaching andlearning quality, and also to expand the global scope ofeducational services [15].The semantic web has encouraged the creation ofontologies in a great variety of domains. Ontologies are beingused as formal knowledge representation scheme and are usedin designing and creating meta-data elements. It providestaxonomy for domain of discourse, and a set of constraints,relationships and rules between concepts in the taxonomy. ItsThe semantic examination grid is the combination of theelectronic examination and the semantic web technologies andis intended to be part of the large semantic education gridpresented in Figure 1. It provides a convenient means ofdesigning semantic based question banks that can handle largeIII.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK36 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 2, No. 5, 2011set of questions while avoiding repetitions in the questions. Italso offers an effective way of scheduling examinationpersonnel to examination venues, periods and specificexaminations.An exam ontology which can be used or reused to developweb-based examination applications that would meet theoutlined semantic requirements stated above was designed as acore component in the proposed semantic examination grid.Web-based application developers who are interested inweb-based examination delivery services would benefit fromthe exam ontology. The exam ontology provides a commonvocabulary of examination administration with different levelsof formality, the meaning of the terms and the relationshipsbetween them. The exam ontology is expected to providecommon and shared knowledge about examinationadministration to web developers. It would also allow web-Campus orEnterpriseAdministrativeGridLearningManagementor LMS GridDigitalLibraryGridbased examination applications to share information. It servesas knowledge bases which can be accessed in a language andplatform independent manner to support e-examination. Figure2 illustrates the conceptual framework for an ontology-drivensemantic web examination system.IV.OWL-DL EXAM ONTOLOGYThe exam ontology was constructed based on theMethontology method proposed by Fernández (1997) andcovers five processes namely, specification, conceptualisation,formalisation and implementation and maintenance.A glossary of terms to be included on the ontology, theirnatural language definition and their synonyms and acronymswas first developed. The terms were classified into one or moretaxonomies of concepts, where a concept is an abstraction foroneormoreterms.Science GridsBioinformaticsParticle PhysicsEarth Science .Typical Science GridService such asResearchDatabase or simulationTransformed by Grid Filterto form suitable foreducationPublisherGridEducation GridInformalEducation(Museum)GridInservice TeachersPreservice TeachersSchool of EducationTeacher EducatorGridsStudent/Parent CommunityGridFigure 1: The Semantic Educational Grid as Grid of GridsFigure 3 illustrates the concepts inherent in the examontology using hierarchy of classes by classifying taxonomywith UML. As described in figure 3, ExamAdmin is the parentclass in the exam ontology. This parent class is further breakdown into eight other child classes namely ExamType,ExamFormat, ExamMedia, ExamMaterials, ExamPolicy,ExamTerm, ExamPersonel and ExamMalpractices. Each ofthese child classes is further sub-divided into child classes andso on as shown in figure 3. This class hierarchy of conceptsand relations makes the contents of the exam ontology moremanageable and facilitates integration of additional conceptswhen required in the future. Also, it enables precise andpowerful search results when the exam ontology isimplemented in a hierarchical application.37 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 2, No. 5, 2011Ontology thontologyOntologyImplementationReasoners (OWL DL,SWRL, )Ontology c Object Model(Jena)Concepts SystemKnowledgeWorkerOntologistSemantic WebThe purpose, scopeand requirementdefinitionExaminationUser Requirements(Aspects)ApplicationSoftwareUserFigure 2: An ontology-driven semantic web examination applicationThe ontology relation diagram designed for the examontology is illustrated in Figure 4. The ontology relationsdefined the ad hoc relations between concepts in the domainontology and also with concepts in other ontologies. Relationsare determined by their names and the source and targetconcepts.V.IMPLEMENTATIONFigure 5 shows how the various classes in the examontology relate to each other within the Protégé 4.0 alphaapplication. Unlike the class diagram, the protégé classhierarchy shows the various sub-classes and relations that wereadded to the parent class in the exam ontology. For instance,ExamPersonnel is a sub-class to ExamAdmin as relation ofExamAdmin(ExamPersonel). The figure 6 below showsthe OWL visualization of a section of the examinationontology which covers the sub-class “ExamPersonnel”. Theclassification of people who are concerns with theadministration of examinations would facilitate effectivescheduling of personnel to examination venues, subjects andeven to supervise other personnel. An instance of any subclass could be created such as Supervisor, Venue, Invigilator,Question, etc .The examination ontology was developed with formalsemantic flavour in order to improve access to informationstored on the web. The examination ontology was designed asa web application which can be integrated with otherapplications to provide access to information. The sampleoutput of the examination ontology is displayed in the webbrowser of figure 7 to describe an instance of sub-classsupervisor.The browser output is divided into three parts namelycontent, all resources and ontology. The content part shows thesemantic link to the exam ontology, the resources, classes, andobjects and data type properties.The various classes and attributes are displayed in the allresources part. Each resource is semantically related to theother relevant resources. The ontology part displays how thevarious classes are represented in the ontology.For instance, the sub-class “Supervisor” displayed in figure7 is a sub-class of ExamPersonnel” which in turn is a sub-classof ExamAdmin. The output reveals that the sub-class“Invigilator” is a disjoint class to the sub-class displayed whichimplies that an individual cannot belong to these two subclasses at the same time.The relationship between the sub-classes is also displayedalong with other information. For instance, the relationshipbetween “Invigilator” and “Supervisor” is shown in figure 8,which means that there is an individual named “Tony Chris”who belongs to the set of invigilators and who is beingsupervised by another individual named “Okechukwu Adams”.38 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 2, No. 5, 2011ExamAdmin-I –O -U RExamTerm I O U RExamFormat I O U RExamMaterials I O U RExamMalpracticeExamPersonnel I O U -R I O U RExamPolicy I O U RExamType I O U RExamName I O U RPaper I O U RComputer I O U RuseMediauseMediaWritten I O U RPractical I O U ROral IExaminer O U R I O U RSupervisor I O U RInvigilatorAssessor I O U R I O U RGuidelines I O U RInstructions I O U RInternal I O U -RExternal I O U RExamTermRegistration I O U RAcknowledge I O U RQuestionBank I O U RAdminExam I O U RProcessResult I O U RPublishResult I O U RFigure 3: The modified exam ontology taxonomy after applying OntoClean MethodVI.CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we have described an examination ontologybased which was developed based on the methontologyontology development technique proposed by Fernández. Therelevant concepts which characterize the domain of discoursewere identified, appropriately defined along with their bindingrelationships and slots, and were classified based on theinherent concepts they described. The concepts were presentedusing a tree-like class hierarchy which shows the relationshipbetween the super-class concept and the sub-class concepts.The ontology was developed with Protégé 4.0 alpha which isbased on the OWL-DL. The consistency check andcomputation of the inferred ontology was done with FaCT reasoner and the validity of the ontology was confirmed. Theexam ontology was developed to provide a knowledge base forthe semantic examination grid. Information regarding a specificexamination - persons, questions, date – can be obtained withease referencing. The ontology was designed with a view topermit integration of additional concepts in the future and atdifferent levels of content granularity. The exam ontology isinteroperable which can be reused or integrated into electronicexamination applications to facilitate efficient informationaccess and retrieval.39 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 2, No. 5, 2011is-aAnswer rseeBySupervisorreportToleadleadByExam nelis-aExam eMediaExam uctsisConductedByFigure 4.Diagram of Binary Relations in (KA)Figure 5: Protégé 4.0 alpha class hierarchy of exam ontology40 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 2, No. 5, 2011Figure 6: OWL visualization of sub-class “ExamPersonnel” in the exam ontologyFigure 7: web browser of sample output of the exam ontologyFigure 8: an instance of sub-class “Invigilator” and its relationships41 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
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Ontology provides a sharable structure and semantics in knowledge management, e-commerce, decision-support and agent communication [6]. In this paper, we described the conceptual framework for an ontology-driven semantic web examination system. Succinctly, the paper described an ontology required for developing
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