CORNELL NOTES UNIT 5: ECOLOGY Chapter 13: The Principles .

CORNELL NOTESDirections: You must create a minimumof 5 questions in this column per page(average). Use these to study your notesand prepare for tests and quizzes. Noteswill be stamped after each assigned sections (if completed) and turned in to yourteacher at the end of the Unit for scoring.UNIT 5: ECOLOGYChapter 13: The Principles of EcologyI. Ecologists Study Relationships (13.1)A. Ecologists study environments at different levels of1. Ecology- study of the interactions among living thingsand their surrounding. Name comes from Greek work“oikos”- meaning “ ”.2. Levels of organization- biologist study nature ondifferent levels, from a to a scalea. - a individual living thingb. - group of same species thatlives in one areac. - group of different speciesthat live together in one aread. —————————- includes all organisms aswell as the climate, soil, water, rocks, and othernon-living things in a given area.e. - major regional or globalcommunity of organisms characterized by climateconditions and plant communities that thrive there.B. Ecological research methods include observations ,experimentation, and modeling1. - the act of carefully watchingsomething over time.a. May be term or term studiesb. are used to monitor andobserve populations2. Experimentation- may perform experiments in theor in thea. lab experiments give researcher more control,but artificial setting does not reflect complexthat occur in .b. field experiments gives more accurate picturebut is more difficult because of numerousat work in .

c. Modeling- use of ormathematical to describe and modelnature based on real data.1). Can see how one affectsanother2). Can create virtualII. Biotic and Abiotic Factors (13.2)A. An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors1. Biotic- includes things2. Abiotic- includes things such asmoisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, and soilB. Changing one factor in an can affect manyother factors1. Biodiversity- the assortment, or , of livingthings in an ecosystema. amount depends on many factorsb. tropical rainforests have biodiversity2. species- a species that has anunusually effect on its ecosystema. loss of this species may causeeffect felt across entireb. Example- beaver changes habitat for manyother species by creatingIII. Energy in Ecosystems (13.3)A. provide energy for other organisms in anecosystem1. Producer ( )- get their energy fromnonliving resources (make their own food)2. Consumer ( )- get their energy byeating other living things such as plants and animalsB. Almost all producers obtain energy from

1. Most producers on Earth use sunlight as energysource using .2. photosynthesis converts light energy ( )into chemical energy ( )C. - organisms make carbohydratesusing chemicals instead of sunlight1. Found in - thermal vents and sulfur-richmarsh flats and hydrothermal pools2. can be for thriving ecosystemsIV. Food Chains and Food Webs (13.4)A. Food chain- sequence that links species by theirrelationships.1. only follows connections between oneand single of consumers2. simplest way to look at flow in an ecosystemB. Types of consumers1. Herbivores- eat only2. Carnivores- eat only3. Omnivores- eat both and4. Detritivores- organisms that eat detritus (organic matter)5. Decomposers- organic matter intosimpler compoundsa. and bacteriab. Important to stability of ecosystem by returningback into the environment6. Organism may focus on single organism to feed( ), or have varying diet (generalist)C. levels- level in a food chain1. always first level2. Primary consumers next level ( )

3. consumer- eat herbivores (carnivore)4. consumer-carnivores that eatsecondary consumers.D. A food shows a complex network of feedingrelationships1. Food web- organism may have feedingrelationships.2. Stability of food web depends on presence of(forms base of food web)V. Cycling of Matter (13.5)A. Water cycles through the environment1. Hydrologic cycle (water cycle)- circular pathway ofon Earth2. Flows from atmosphere to the surface, below groundand back and involves humans and other organisms.B. Elements essential for life also through ecosystems1. biogeochemical cycles- movement of a particularthrough biological and geologicalparts of an ecosystema. cycle- cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respirationb. cycleflow of carbon throughenvironment1). Carbon essential forcompounds (carbohydrates, proteins, fats,etc.)2). Simplest transfer occurs betweenand(photosynthesis and cellular respiration)

c. cycle- conversion of nitrogengas in atmosphere into compounds that livingthings canutilize1). Nitrogen - convertingnitrogen into ammonia (NH3)(used by certain bacteria)2). Denitrifying - convertnitrogen compounds back to nitrogend. Phosphorus cycle- returns phosphorus toenvironment (phosphorus is factorfor plant growth)VI. Pyramid Models (13.6)A. An energy pyramid shows the distribution ofamong levels1. Ecosystems get energy from2. Some energy is along the way asB. Loss of available energy1. energy used for many purposes such as movementand .2. Your body very at converting foodinto useful energy3. Unused material excreted as4. - measure of total dry mass oforganisms in given areaa. When consumer eats producer great deal ofenergy lost in process as and wasteb. Only % of energy is transferred at eachtrophic levelC. Energy Pyramid- diagram that compares energy used byeach level1. Base made up of2. Energy to each succeeding trophic level

D. Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass anddistribution of organisms1. pyramid- diagram comparing biomassof different trophic levels within an ecosystem2. Pyramid of - shows the numbers ofindividual organisms3. Both types of pyramids may occur in an ,or down, formation (E.g. pyramid ofnumbers based on single tree

Chapter 13: The Principles of Ecology I. Ecologists Study Relationships (13.1) A. Ecologists study environments at different levels of _ 1. Ecology - study of the interactions among living things and their surrounding. Name comes from Greek work “oikos”- meaning “_”. 2. Levels of