The Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle As Generator And Load .

x̂ (9)k Ak 1 .x̂ k 1 Bk 1 .uk 1Current influences need more tests to be determined. Howeverthe higher or lower influence may depend on the battery Pk Ak 1 .Pk 1.ATk 1 Q(10)technology. "1 0#

Fig. 17.Evolution of voltage on a 4A discharge with 4A parameters,simulation using a Kalman filterFig. 16.Evolution of voltage on a 4A discharge with 2A parameters,simulationMeasurement update equationsKk Pk .CkT .[Ck .Pk .CkT R] 1(11) x̂ k x̂k Kk .[zk Ck .x̂k Dk .uk ](12)Fig. 18. Evolution of state of charge in a 4A discherge, simulation using aKalman filterPk [I Kk .Ck ].Pk (13)The matrixes according to the proposed model are thefollowing: Ak "1 0 0[1 ](14) t Z (15) Voc (soc) (16)Bk Ck tCDk 1 .RDk 1#Cn tCD soc 1 Dk Rseriesk(17)The results of the simulation are presented on the nextfigures 17, 18.The initial SOC was set to 200% which converges fast to90%. The covariance and variances of noise and errors are setempirically.VII. C ONCLUSIONSAND FURTHER STUDIESThe implementation and the study of the V2G technologyrequires good battery models, those which can represent thebattery behaviour in stationary and dynamic regime.The proposed model is intuitive, incorporares several characteristics from different electrical circuit approaches andallows the representation of all kind of battery.However, the model parameters extraction is a hard task.The state of charge is a utmost caracteristic that need estimation. The parameters varies with the working point ofthe battery (SOC, current) differently for the several batterytechnologies.In addiction, this work leads to the conclusion that the mainparameters involved in battery modeling are Rseries ,RD ) andthe function Voc (SOC), which represents the fast dynamics.The Kalman filter is for sure a good solution to be appliedin the batteries scenario, that allows a good match betweenexperimental and model results.

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the possibility of bidirectional power flow on the electric motor. (a) Series (b) Parallel (c) Series-parallel (d) Complex Fig. 1. Four common architectures of Hybrid Electric Vehicles [1] The function and power of the electric motor defines the class. Micro, vehicle