Crossing The Rocky Mountains Y Building The .
HISTORICAL FICTIONThe Lewis andClark Expedition:Crossing the Rocky MountainsyBuilding theTranscontinental Railroad:Blasting Through the Sierra Nevadasby Stacia Deutsch and Rhody Cohon
Genre: Historical FictionLevel: S/44*The Lewis and Clark Expedition:LITERARY ANALYSIS Respond to and interpret text Make text-to-text connections Analyze the genreHow to use this bookREADING SKILLSComprehension Make judgments Analyze text structure andorganizationWord Study Homonyms2. Read the historical fiction stories for enjoyment.(Leveled texts)Tier Two Vocabulary(see Glossary)WRITING SKILLSWriter’s Tools AlliterationWriter’s Craft How to write historical fictionCrossing the Rocky Mountains1. Learn about the genre by reading pages 2–3. Getbackground information about the stories on pages5–7. (Shared reading)3. Reread the stories and answer the questions onpages 16–17 and 28–29. (Shared reading)4. Reread the last story. Pay attention to thecomments in the margins. See how an authorwrites historical fiction. (Leveled text)5. Follow the steps on pages 30–31 to write yourown historical fiction story. (Shared reading)6. Complete the activity on the inside back cover.Answer the follow-up questions. (Shared reading)Building the Transcontinental Railroad:Blasting Through the Sierra NevadasTWO HISTORICAL FICTION STORIESABOUT WESTWARD EXPANSIONby Stacia Deutsch and Rhody Cohonillustrated by Helen PavlacTHEME CONNECTIONS Settling AmericaTable of ContentsFocus on the Genre: Historical Fiction . . . . . . . . . . . . 2*The reading level assigned to thistext is based on the genre examplesonly. “Focus on the Genre,” “Reread,”and “Writer’s Craft” features were notleveled. These sections are intendedfor read-aloud or shared reading.Benchmark Education Company629 Fifth Avenue Pelham, NY 10803 2011 Benchmark Education Company, LLC.All rights reserved. No part of this publicationmay be reproduced or transmitted in any formor by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopy, recording, or anyinformation storage or retrieval system, withoutpermission in writing from the publisher.Printed in Guangzhou, China.XXXX-XX-XXXXISBN: 978-1-4509-2947-9Tools for Readers and Writers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4CreditsProject Editor: Jeffrey B. FuerstCreative Director: Laurie BergerSenior Art Director: Glenn DavisDirector of Photography: Doug SchneiderPhoto Editor: Diane FrenchEnglish Language Arts Advisor: Donna Schmeltekopf ClarkPhoto credits: Cover A, Pages 4A, 4B, 5–10, 12A, 12B, 13: TheGranger Collection, New YorkIllustrations: Helen PavlacFor information about ordering, call Toll-Free 1-877-236-2465or visit our Web site: www.benchmarkeducation.com.About Westward Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5The Lewis and Clark Expedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Building the Transcontinental Railroad . . . . . . . . . . 18The Writer’s Craft: Historical Fiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Make Connections Across Texts. . . . Inside Back Cover
FOCUS ON THE GENREHISTORICAL FICTIONWhat is historical fiction?Historical fiction stories take place in the past. Historicalfiction stories have characters, settings, and events based onhistorical facts. The characters can be based on real people ormade up. The dialogue is made up. But the information aboutthe time period must be authentic, or factually accurate. Thestories explore a conflict, or problem, that a character haswith himself, with other characters, or with nature.The story takesplace in an authentichistorical setting.What is the purpose of historical fiction?The dialogue ismade up but may bebased on letters, adiary, or a report.Historical fiction blends history and fiction into storiesthat could have actually happened. It adds a human element tohistory. Readers can learn about the time period: how peoplelived, what they owned, and even what they ate and wore.Readers can also see how people’s problems and feelings havenot changed much over time. In addition, historical fictionentertains us as we “escape” into adventures from the past.2The characterslived or could havelived in the time andplace portrayed.The events did occur orcould have occurredin the setting.FeaturesofHistoricalFictionyAt least onecharacter deals with aconflict (self, others,or nature).The story is toldfrom a first-personor third-personpoint of view.How do you read historical fiction?Who tells the story in historical fiction?The title gives you a clue about an important time, place,character, or situation. As you read, note how the characters’lives are the same as and different from people’s lives today.Note the main characters’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.How do they change from the beginning of the story to theend? Ask yourself, What moves this character to take action?What can I learn today from his or her struggles long ago?Authors usually write historical fiction in one of two ways.In the first-person point of view, one of the characters tellsthe story as it happens to him or her, using words such asI, me, my, mine, we, us, and our. In the third-person pointof view, a narrator tells the story and refers to the charactersusing words such as he, him, and his; she, her, and hers; andtheir. The narrator may also refer to the characters by name,for example, “Patrick was proud to be part of the journey.”3
TOOLS FOR READERS AND WRITERSAlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the same beginning sound inwords used in a sentence or phrase. One example is “Peter Piperpicked a peck of pickled peppers.” Alliteration is also the broaderumbrella for consonance and assonance. Consonance is therepetition of the same consonant sound not at the beginningof each word, as in “yellow bells are mellow.” Assonance is therepetition of the same vowel sound not at the beginning of eachword, as in “Brave waifs live on whey.” Alliteration gives writinga poetic, rhythmic quality, and it can also emphasize an action ora character’s condition.HomonymsAbout Westward ExpansionLouisiana PurchasePresident Thomas Jefferson acquired the territory ofLouisiana from France in 1803. This event, known as theLouisiana Purchase, doubled the size of the United States.Jefferson wanted to explore the new land to see if there wasan all-water route between the central states and the PacificOcean.Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were chosento lead the “Corps of Discovery” from St. Louis, Missouri,westward. During the spring and summer of 1804, the Corpsof three dozen explorers crossed the Great Plains, mappingtheir route and collecting information about wildlife andplants. Seven of the men, including Sergeant Patrick Gass,kept diaries of their observations.Homonyms are words that are spelled and pronounced the samebut have different meanings, such as skate (verb—to glide onice) and skate (noun—a fish). Some homonyms may have thesame origin, such as mouth (noun—of an animal) and mouth(noun—of a river). Homonyms can be confusing, so readcarefully to know which meaning the author intends.Text Structure and OrganizationAuthors put words together in several ways called text structuresor patterns. These text structures include cause and effect,compare and contrast/problem and solution (very similar and usethe same key words), steps in a process or sequence of events,and description. In many cases, authors use key words andphrases that help readers determine the text structure being used.45
Lake OahetSnake R.SOUTHDAKOTAckssMiWYOMINGouriRyouNEVADAPlaSalt Lake CityntaiCALIFORNIAnsMojaveDesertNEBRASKAtteRiverU T A lt LakeM6Transcontinental RailroadIn the early 1800s, settlers began to move west across theNorthern Great Plains. This swell of people traveling westwardintensified when gold was discovered in California in 1849.From that time forward, railroad engineers looked into thepossibility of a single train line extending all the way west fromthe Missouri River. In 1862, Congress and President Lincolnsigned thePacific RailroadPromontory PointBill into law.OmahaSacramentoThis documentUnited Statesstated thatthe CentralPacific Railroad,building from the west, and the Union Pacific Railroad,building from the east, were to meet.It was hard going from California, where crews had to tunnelthrough parts of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Many lives werelost; using pickaxes and black powder to make the necessarytunnels was slow work.Railroad bosses managed to find workers who never gave up.Many of them were Chinese immigrants, who, despite their hardwork, were treated differently than other workers. They receivedlower wages and were in separate living quarters.A new, powerful explosive called nitroglycerin enabled theworkers to blast through the mountains in 1867. Finally, on May10, 1869, both railroads joined tracks at Promontory Point, Utah,making travel from east to west a reality.RoThe Corps of Discovery stayed with the Mandan in NorthDakota during their first winter. There they hired ToussaintCharbonneau, a French trapper, and Sacagawea, his NativeAmerican wife, as translators. When winter ended, they continuedtheir journey, accompanied by Charbonneau, Sacagawea, and thecouple’s newborn baby boy. In May 1805, the travelers spied theRocky Mountains. To cross them, they obtained horses from theShoshone, whose chief was Sacagawea’s brother. It rained andsnowed during the difficult climb. By September, food was soscarce that the Corps was forced to eat some of the horses. Oncethe group made it over the Rockies, they were able to regain theirstrength at a Nez Perce tribal village. They finally reached thePacific Ocean on December 3, 1805.The return trip was less difficult. The explorers arrived backin St. Louis on September 23, 1806, after having traveled over7,000 miles (11,265 kilometers). They had opened the waywest for other travelers.KANSASR.R.Guymon7
The Lewis and Clark Expedition:Crossing theRocky Mountains8This oil painting of Sacagawea with Lewis and Clarkis by N. C. Wyeth, a noted American artist andillustrator in the first half of the twentieth century.“Hold up!” Captain Meriwether Lewis called out. “Stop thehorses! We need to take a short rest.”The Corps of Discovery, spread out along the difficult terrain ofthe Rocky Mountains, struggled to make the command heard byall over the battering rain. One by one the men repeated the orderup and down the line andhelped one anothertie their few horsesto trees, afraid oflosing even one of thevaluable animals.Once all weresecured, SergeantPatrick Gass brushedsnow off a cold, hardrock before sittingdown. He dug through the well-worn knapsack he’d been carryingsince he joined the group almost two years earlier. As he searchedfor his diary, Patrick marveled at how his life had changed.Before meeting Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark,Patrick had been a carpenter for the army. After hearing about theCorps’ plans, he immediately volunteered to join them. Now,here he sat, freezing in the frigid forest air. But the cold wasn’tPatrick’s biggest problem. He was close to starving, and at timeshe wondered if he’d survive another day.Patrick was part of a mission to discover if there was a waterroute across America. Once the Corps located a northwestpassage, the pathway for westward expansion would be set.Patrick was proud to be part of the journey, and he was one ofonly seven men documenting the trip through journal entries.9
THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONPatrick smiledslightly as he sightedhis notebook in arecess of his pack.It was hard to writewith gloves on, butPatrick didn’t dareremove them. If hedid, his fingers wouldan actual sketch fromfreeze like ten iciclesPatrick Gass’s journalin the Rocky Mountain air.Patrick turned to a clean page and scrawled across the top:September 14 Thursday 1805In quick, fluid strokes, Patrick described the situation:“Without a miracle it is impossible to feed thirty hungry menand upwards, besides some Indians. So Captain Lewis gave out someportable soup, which he had along, to be used in case of necessity.Some of the men did not relish this soup, and—” Patrick stoppedwriting when two men sitting next to him deliberately upsettheir soup bowls and jumped up from their seats.“This soup stinks!” one of the men shouted in a loud,echoing voice.“Garbage!” the other complained.“You must eat it. There is no other choice,” Captain Clarksaid and shook his head. “There are no berries to pick or animalsto trap up here. This soup, made from cows’ hooves, is the onlynourishment we have.”Before the men could begin complaining again, an odd clap of10THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONthunder sounded. Everyone turned to find it was the thunderingof hooves. A couple of powerful packhorses had pulled freeand were now bounding downhill at top speed.“After them!” Captain Lewis shouted, leading the charge.“I don’t know how we’llmake it over thesedifficult mountainsif we lose thosehorses.”Many tenseminutes later, theescapees were secured,and the men resumedeating the horridsoup.Sacagawea, theyoung Native American woman who acted as atranslator for Lewis and Clark, stepped toward Patrick. She wascarrying a bowl of the soup.“Here,” she said as she handed it to him.His stomach soured at the smell. This soup was vile. Butsince there wasn’t anything else to eat, he raised the bowl tohis chapped, dry lips and took a long drink. Gagging, Patrickforced himself to swallow.Patrick knew that serving the troops was not part ofSacagawea’s responsibilities, but she did it anyway. It wasclear that she felt responsible for the men and their well-being.Sacagawea was an amazing young woman. Not only did sheinterpret for the group, but she also cared for her infant son,11
THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONworked as a guide, and helped care for the men as they crossedprairies, forests, and now mountains. Patrick never once heardher complain.Patrick wished he could be more like Sacagawea, but it washard—between the never-ending trek, hunger, and cold, he wasfull of complaints!“Thank you,” he said graciously to Sacagawea, handing her theempty bowl. The little bit of food hadn’t been nearly enough fora big man like himself. Patrick was still very, very hungry.Taking the bowl, Sacagawea nodded before walking back toher husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, a burly French trapperwho was tending to the soup pot set over a fire that was almostextinguished by the rain.With a shiver, Patrick looked down at his journal and rereadwhat he had written. He’d stopped mid-sentence but couldn’trecall how he meant to finish. “Oh, bother,” he mumbled,closing the journal cover with a snap.It was time to go anyway. They needed to push forwardto find a good place to set up camp for the night. Patrickwould finish the entry when they stopped.As Patrick slipped his knapsack back onto hisshoulders, his stomach rumbled.A few hours until supper. More horrible soup.A little melted snow to drink.Utterly unsatisfying.For the hundredth time that day, Patrick wonderedif he would survive to see the Pacific Ocean.By the time Captain Clark called for the Corps totake a recess for the night, it was snowing. Patrick,12T HE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONon duty to unload tents from one of the horses, worked as quicklyas he could to remove the burden from the beast.“Brrr,” Patrick shivered, setting up the tiny tent he shared withanother man. Once set, he slipped inside and wrapped himself in histhin, frayed woolen blanket. He was so cold, so hungry, that whenCaptain Lewis rang the dinner bell, Patrick could barely move.“Let’s go eat,” his tent mate, Private Hugh Hall, said in a roughvoice. Hugh had been a soldier in Massachusetts before he joinedthe Corps.“I’m too exhausted to move,” Patrick told him.“C’mon. I’ve heard that we are only a few days from Nez Perceterritory.” Hugh helped Patrick to his feet. “Certainly the nativeswill have more filling food for us to eat. Until then, you must keepup your energy.”“My energy is already gone,” Patrick said with a groan, losinghis balance and falling back down.13
THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONHugh took a long look at his fellow explorer, upset aboutPatrick’s condition. “I’ll be right back.” Hugh disappeared outsidethe tent, swallowed up by the rapidly falling snowflakes.Patrick could hear Hugh talking to Captain Lewis. “We musthave meat,” Hugh was saying in a firm voice. “Without heartyfood, men like Patrick Gass will die.”Suddenly, Patrick could hear many voices getting involvedin a loud debate just outside.“If we kill just one, the meat will save many lives,” Hughcontinued.“It is a bad idea.” Patrick recognized the voice of Private PeterWeiser. “We need every single last one of those horses to carryour supplies!”Captains Lewis and Clark joined the discussion. There weresome men in the Corps fiercely arguing that they needed to eatat least one of the horses tonight in order to survive. Others weredisgusted by the idea, saying instead that they needed the livinghorsepower in order to make it over the mountains.Then Patrick heard the voice of Sacagawea’s husband.“In France, during the Revolution, many people ate theirhorses to stay alive.”Sacagawea spoke next. “I value the horses and am gratefulto my brother for providing them. We cannot eat them. Theyare sacred.”“But the men are starving,” Hugh countered. “The soup isnot enough.”“We will weigh the wisdom of how to proceed,” Captain Lewissaid with finality. Two sets of footsteps were heard moving awayfrom the crowd, then the air fell silent.A short time later, Hugh entered the tent where Patrick lay,14THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONalmost delirious from hunger. Hugh was carrying a bowl full ofcooked meat.The captains had decided that the men’s survival dependedmore on eating well on this night than on having the horseavailable to carry their belongings in the future.Knowing his life was at stake, Patrick slathered on a relishof dried onions and vinegar and ate every morsel, then fell intoa sound sleep.When Patrick awoke, he was surprised to find that it was stillSeptember 14. He lit a tallow candle, opened his journal, andfinished his half-written sentence: “Some of the men did not relishthe soup, and agreed to kill a colt; which they immediately did andset about roasting; and which appeared to me to be good eating.”He then set thejournal aside and wentback to sleep, restingsoundly without hungerpains, for the remainderof the night.The next morning,Patrick felt good.Healthy. Ready to go on.As he packed hisbelongings, Patricklearned that Captain Lewis had named the place where theycamped “Killed Colt Creek.” This was in memory of the horse thathad given its life to save theirs.Five days later, the Corps of Discovery made it over the RockyMountains and found the Nez Perce, who fed and cared for thegroup while they made canoes to continue their journey westward.15
REREAD THE STORYAnalyze the Characters, Setting, and PlotAnalyze the Tools Writers Use: Alliteration Who are the characters in the story? Where and when does the story take place? What problems do the characters face? What does the time period of the story have to do with the On page 9, the authors write that Patrick is freezing in the frigidcharacters’ problems? What solution to the problem do the characters decide upon?Comprehension:Text Structure and Organizationforest air. How is this an example of alliteration? On page 11, the authors write that Patrick’s stomach soured at thesmell of the soup. What does this alliterative phrase emphasize? On page 12, the authors write that Patrick thinks the soup is utterlyunsatisfying. The authors use alliteration with the “uh” sound.How does this emphasize the action?Focus on Words: HomonymsMake a chart like the one below. Locate the homonyms in the story.Define each word and identify its part of speech. The authors use sequence-of-events text structure to organize this story.Identify t
Bill into law. This document stated that the Central Pacific Railroad, building from the west, and the Union Pacific Railroad, building from the east, were to meet. It was hard going from California, where crews had to tunnel through parts of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Many lives were lost; using pickaxes and black powder to make the necessary
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Rock Climbing Rocky Mountains Sea Kayaking Sierra Nevada Southeast Western River Corridors Suggested Retail 2.95 ROCKY MOUNTAINS SKILLS & ETHICS. The Leave No Trace educational program promotes skills and ethics to support the sustainable use of wildlands and natural areas. The concept originated in the U.S. as a way to
implemented a crossing guard pilot that transferred responsibility for crossing guards from the Richmond Police Department to the Richmond Public Schools (RPS). With the same level of funding, RPS was able to expand the crossing guard program from seven crossing guards at seven schools to 36 crossing guards at 12 schools.
