The Value Of Positive Emotions Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph .
The Value of Positive EmotionsBarbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D.www.PositiveEmotions.org
The Value ofPositive PerspectivesVideo Clip: Celebrate What’sRight with the World
Positive Psychology A mental health continuum Role of positive character Role of positive states Role of positive organizations
Exercise:Relive a Frustrating Event
Aspects of Anger
Exercise:Relive a Joyful Event
Aspects of Joy
Working Definitionof Emotions Brief Multi-component systems Initiated by meaning assessments Distinct from other affective phenomena
How Pos Emotions Differfrom Neg Emotions Fewer ties to pathology Less salient More frequent More diffuse Seldom concern threats
Specific Action Tendencies Fear . . . . . . . . . . . escape Anger . . . . . . . . . . attack Disgust . . . . . . . . . expel Guilt . . . . . . . . . . . make amends Shame . . . . . . . . . disappear Sadness . . . . . . . . withdraw
Specific Action Tendencies Contentment . . . inaction Joy . . . . . . . . . . free activation Affection . . . . . . approach Relief . . . . . . . . cessation of vigilance
X XThought–ActionSpecific Action Tendencies
Breadth of MomentaryThought-Action RepertoireNegative Emotions NarrowPositive Emotions Broaden
Descriptions of SevenPositive Emotions JoyInterestContentmentPrideGratitudeElevationLove
Joy CONTEXT:safe, familiar, progress TENDENCY:play OUTCOME:acquire skills
Interest CONTEXT:safe, novel, mysterious TENDENCY:explore OUTCOME:gain knowledge
Contentment CONTEXT:safe, certain, low effort TENDENCY:savor & integrate OUTCOME:modify self- & world-views
Pride CONTEXT:credit self for good outcome TENDENCY:dream big about future OUTCOME:achievement motivation
Gratitude CONTEXT:receive altruistic gift TENDENCY:creative giving OUTCOME:social bonds, skills forloving
Elevation CONTEXT:witness altruism TENDENCY:become a better person OUTCOME:gain morality&compassion
Love CONTEXT:safe, close relationships TENDENCY:play, explore, savor, dream OUTCOME:social support
Positive Emotions BroadenThought-Action Repertoires Joy . . . . . . . . . .Interest . . . . . . .Contentment . . .Pride . . . . . . . . .Gratitude . . . . . .Elevation . . . . . .Love . . . . . . . . .playexploresavor & integratedream bigcreative givingbecome betterall of the above
Positive Emotions BuildDurable Personal Resources Physical resources Social resources Intellectual resources Psychological resources
The Broaden-and-BuildTheory of Positive EmotionsFredrickson (1998). Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.Fredrickson (2001). American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.Fredrickson (2003). American Scientist, 91, 330-335.
The Value of Positive EmotionsBarbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D.www.PositiveEmotions.orgMORNING BREAK
Research EvidenceEmpirical Support for theBroaden-and-Build Theory
The Broaden Effect Positive emotions broaden people’sattention and thinking.
Exercise:Study the back of your handGiven this feeling,What do you want to do right now?
Exercise:Relive a joyful eventGiven this feeling,What do you want to do right now?
Reflect & Share:Did Your Thought-ActionRepertoire Broaden?
Empirical Strategy Between-Ps Manipulation:––––– ContentmentJoyNeutralAngerFearDependent Measure:– Breadth of Thought-Action Repertoire– Global-Local Visual Processing
Breadth ofThought-Action RepertoireContentJoyNeutralAngerFear510Fredrickson & Branigan (2005). Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313-332.15
Global-LocalVisual Processing
Global PreferenceContentJoyNeutralAngerFear345Fredrickson & Branigan (2005). Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313-332.6
Self-Other Overlap
Cross-RaceFace Recognition Own-race bias (ORB): Poorrecognition of faces of a different race Cross-race recognition impaired byracial categorization
Empirical Strategy Context: White Ps learn 28 facesBetween-Ps Manipulation:– Joy– Neutral– Fear Dependent Measure:– Recognition Sensitivity (d’’) to Whiteversus Black faces
Positive EmotionsEliminate the ORBWhite FacesBlack 00JoyNeutralJohnson & Fredrickson (in press). Psychological Science.Fear
Empirical Strategy Context: Race categorization taskBetween-Ps Manipulation:– Joy– Neutral– Fear Dependent Measure:– Categorization Sensitivity (d’’) to mostlyWhite versus mostly Black Morphs
InitialEndpointsMorphedAverages20%40%60%80%
Positive EmotionsReduce Race Sensitivity2.52.01.51.00.50JoyJohnson & Fredrickson (under review).NeutralFear
The Broaden Effect:Summary Cognitive– Thought-Action Repertoires– Global Visual Processing Social– Self-Other Overlap– Cross-Race Face Recognition– Blurs Racial Boundaries
The Resilience Effect Positive emotions are an activeingredient within trait resilience
The Undo Hypothesis If negative emotions narrow andpositive emotions broaden thenpositive emotions should be efficientantidotes for the lingering aftereffectsof negative emotions.
Exercise: Visualize a carcareening towards you Then – a blessing – you’re safe. Now, think of someone you love. REFLECTION: What did you notice?
Empirical Strategy Context: Speech AnxietyBetween-Ps Manipulation:– Contentment– Joy– Neutral– Sadness Dependent Measure:– Duration of Cardiovascular Reactivity
Responses toSpeech Preparation Heart Rate**Finger Pulse Amplitude**Pulse Transit to Finger**Pulse Transit to Ear**Diastolic Blood Pressure**Systolic Blood Pressure**** p .001
Duration ofCardiovascular on et al., (2000). Motivation and Emotion, 24, 237-258.4050
Duration ofCardiovascular ReactivityHigh ResilientLow Resilient010203040Time (in seconds)Tugade & Fredrickson (2004). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320-333.
Empirical Strategy Assessed early in 2001:– Trait Resilience– Psychological Resources Assessed after September 11th:– Depression– Psychological Resources– Negative and Positive Emotions
Resilience PredictsDepression after 9/11 . . .PsychologicalResilienceβ -.24*DepressiveSymptoms p .05.Fredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
. . . throughPositive EmotionsPositiveEmotionsβ .59 PsychologicalResilienceβ .45 β .02DepressiveSymptoms p .001; p .01.Fredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
Resilience PredictsGrowth after 9/11 . . .PsychologicalResilienceβ .27*Increases inPsychologicalResources p .05.Fredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
. . . throughPositive EmotionsPositiveEmotionsβ .59 PsychologicalResilienceβ .48 β 0.01Increases inPsychologicalResources p .001; p .01.Fredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
Reflection: Pos Emotionsin Crises in your PracticeOpportunities for PEsin CrisesHow may those PEshave benefited you oryour client?
The Resilience Effect:Summary Cardiovascular Recovery– Cultivated Positive Emotions– Trait Resilience Depression Resistance– Reactions to 9/11– Reactions to Therapeutic Crises
The Build Effect Over time, positive emotions buildconsequential personal resources andincrease well-being.
Empirical Strategy Context: Diary Study, 28 daysDaily Measures:– Positive and Negative Emotions Pre- and Post-Measures:– Trait Resilience– Subjective Well-being
Positive Emotionsuniquely linked to growthIncreases inResilienceIncreases inSWBDaily PositiveEmotionsr .31***r .34***Daily NegativeEmotionsr -.16r -.14Fredrickson et al., (2005). In preparation. p .001.
Positive Emotions IncreaseSWB by Building ResourcesChanges inResilienceβ .31 Daily PositiveEmotionsβ 38 β .20Changes inSWB Fredrickson et al., (2005). In preparation.p .001; p .01.
New Directions To test whether and how positiveemotions build efficient socialcoordination and high-qualityconnections between people.with Michael D. Cohen
Social Coordination “the interlocking, reciprocally-triggeredaction sequences of individualsworking toward a common goal”with Michael D. Cohen
High-Quality ConnectionsConnecting to another person in waysthat bring: felt vitality felt mutuality life-giving physiological changes.Based on Dutton (2003). Energize your workplace. Jossey-Bass
Empirical Strategy Context: Cooperative card gameBetween-Dyads Manipulation:– Joy– Neutral Dependent Measures:– Efficiency of social coordination– Implicit model of other– Group identity; High-quality connection
Hypothesized Results Positive emotion produces moreefficient social coordination.Positive emotion produces moreaccurate implicit models of the other.Positive emotion increases perceptionsof group identity.Positive emotions build high-qualityconnections.
The Build Effect:Summary Psychological Growth– After 9/11– In trait resilience & well-being Social Cohesion (work in progress)– High-quality connections– Social coordination
The Value of Positive EmotionsBarbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D.www.PositiveEmotions.orgLUNCH
The Flourish Hypothesis Positive affect is an active ingredientwithin human flourishing.
How much positive affectis needed to flourish?
Hints: Positivity Offset Negativity Bias(a.k.a. “bad is stronger than good”)
Case: People in Therapy No remission:0.7:1 Typical remission:2.3:1 Optimal remission:4.3:1Schwartz et al. (2002). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 439-450.
Case: Marriages Ailing marriages:0.8:1 Thriving marriages:4.9:1Gottman (1994). What predicts divorce? Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Case: Business Teams Low-performance0.4:1 Medium-performance1.8:1 High-performance5.6:1Losada & Heaphy (2004). American Behavioral Scientist, 47, 740-765.
Empirical Strategy(Losada, 1999) Observed 60 business teams– High Performance (n 15)– Medium Performance (n 26)– Low Performance (n 19) Coded all speech acts– Positive-Negative– Inquiry-Advocacy– Self-Other Created a nonlinear dynamics model ofobserved interactions
Dynamics ofLosada’s Business TeamsEmotionalSpaceInquiry / AdvocacyFredrickson & Losada (in press). American Psychologist.
Empirical Strategy Context: Diary Study, 28 daysBetween-Ps Classification:– Flourishing– Languishing Dependent Measure:– Ratio of Positive to Negative Emotions
The Losada LinePos : Neg 2.9 : 16543210IndividualsMarriagesFredrickson & Losada (in press). American Psychologist.Business Teams
What happens at higherlevels of positive affect?
Pos : Neg 100 : 1EmotionalSpaceInquiry / AdvocacyFredrickson & Losada (in press). American Psychologist.
How much positive affectis needed to flourish?Pos : Neg 2.9 : 1Pos : Neg 11.6 : 1
The Value of Positive EmotionsBarbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D.www.PositiveEmotions.orgAFTERNOON BREAK
CapturingPositivity Ratios
Calculate your positivityratio for today On a 0-4 scale, on which:0 1 2 3 4 not at alla little bitmoderatelyquite a bitextremelyWhat is the most you’ve felttoday?
What is the mostyou have felt today? Amused, fun-loving, silly awe, wonder, amazement content, serene, peaceful glad, happy, joyful grateful, appreciative,thankful hopeful, optimistic,encouraged interested, alert, curious love, closeness, trust proud, confident, selfassured #angry, irritated, annoyed #ashamed, humiliated,disgraced #contemptuous, scornful,disdainful #disgust, distaste, revulsion #embarrassed, self-conscious,blushing #repentant, guilty,blameworthy #sad, downhearted, unhappy, #scared, fearful, afraidFredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
Day Reconstruction Step 1: Reinstate the target day inworking memory (i.e., “yesterday”)– Identify the full sequence of all“episodes” of your morning, yourafternoon, and your evening. Step 2: Complete a short survey foreach episode within the target day.Kahneman et al. (2004). Science, 306, 1776-1780.
AugmentingPositivity Ratios
Reducing Negativity Eliminate sarcasm Selective media exposure Minimize exposure to known irritants CBT toolbox
Increasing Positivity Assumption: Positive emotions stem fromfinding positive meaningFindings:––––––Positive reframingInfusing the ordinary w/ pos meaningActive problem-solvingUsing signature strengthsSharing positive experiencesBeing kind
Exercise:Guided Meditation
Reflect & ShareDid the meditation augment yourpositive emotions?
Other strategies toincrease positivityVideo clip: Fish!
Themes in Fish! Play Make their day Be there Choose your attitude
Enablers and disablers ofPEs in your practiceENABLERSDISABLERS(cultivate / protect PEs) (prevent / disrupt PEs)
Positive AffectTransforms People
The Value ofPositive Emotions? Broaden attention and thinking Fuel psychological resilience Build consequential personal resources Seed human flourishing
Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. www.PositiveEmotions.org MORNING BREAK. Research Evidence Empirical Support for the Broaden-and-Build Theory. The
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No such thing as good emotions or bad emotions Everyone shows their emotions differently They are the best way for people to communicate with one another especially if language is a barrier You need to understand how your emotions affect others Emotions can be mild or intense -or anything in between
