ANTHROPOLOGY
Higher Secondary CourseANTHROPOLOGYCLASS - XIGovernment of KeralaDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONState Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT),Kerala2016
THE NATIONAL ANTHEMJana-gana-mana adhinayaka, jaya angaUchchala-Jaladhi-tarangaTava subha name jage,Tava subha asisa mage,Gahe tava jaya gatha.Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya heBharatha-bhagya-vidhata.Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!PLEDGEIndia is my country. All Indians are my brothers andsisters.I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and variedheritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it.I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect,and treat everyone with courtesy.To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. Intheir well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.Prepared by :State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, KeralaWebsite : www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.comPhone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869Typesetting and Layout : SCERT Department of Education, Government of KeralaTo be printed in quality paper - 80gsm map litho (snow-white)
Dear learners,It is with immense pleasure and pride that the State Councilof Educational Research and Training (SCERT), Kerala bringsforth its first textbook in Anthropology for higher secondarystudents. We have been trying to setup a well structured syllabusand textbook for Anthropology since the introduction of the courseat the higher secondary level. Though we could frame a syllabus,we could not develop a textbook for Anthropology all these years.This textbook in Anthropology is a fulfilment of a long - cherisheddream of the teachers and learners of the subject at the highersecondary level.Anthropology is a relatively recent discipline. It is a growingscience which aims to make a difference in the world by dealingwith humans in all places and at all times. It is generallyconsidered as "the most scientific of the Humanities, the mosthumanist of Sciences". Anthropology is in search of humans andit documents human life through field work. Hence, every part ofthe world that has ever had human population is the field - thelaboratory - of anthropologists. It teaches a great lesson to thehumanity that, in a multicultural setting, the life style of otherpeople that appear offensive to us may be their adaptations to aparticular environment. Thus anthropology helps people to bemore tolerant by taking a culturally relativistic viewpoint ratherthan an ethnocentric outlook.This textbook is the combined effort of a team of practisingteachers and experts in Anthropology in and outside the state ofKerala. We thank them all. It is hoped that the teachers whohandle the classes and the students who learn the subject willmake maximum use of the inputs offered in the book.Wish you all success.Dr P. A. FathimaDirectorSCERT, Kerala
Textbook Development TeamMembersBabu A PHSST Anthropology, GHSSMuzhappilangad, KannurPremarajan KHSST Anthropology, KadamburHSS, Kadambur, KannurSreelatha K RHSST Anthropology, GWHSSCherukunnu, KannurNarayanan P VHSST Anthropology, TagoreMemorial HSS, Vellora, KannurSajeevan NHSST Anthropology, GHSS AvalaKuttoth, KozhikodeSreelatha BHSST Anthropology, GHSS PalaKakkayangad, KannurVinodan NandiathHSST Anthropology, GHSSChelora, Varam, KannurExpertsProf. Dr C G Hussain KhanFormer Head of the Department of Anthropology,Karnataka University, DharwardProf. Dr S GregoryHead of the Department of Anthropology,Kannur UniversityProf. Dr S V HittalmaniHead of the Department of Anthropology,Karnataka University, DharwardProf. Dr A ChellaperumalHead of the Department of Anthropology,Pondichery UniversityDr Bindu RamachandranAssistant Professor of Anthropology,Kannur UniversityDr N ShubhaAssociate Professor of English,University College, ThiruvananthapuramArtistJ SomanArt Teacher (Rtd.), GHSS Aruvikkara, ThiruvananthapuramAcademic Co-ordinatorDr. P. L. AnilkumarResearch Officer, SCERT, Kerala
CONTENTSUnit 1Introducing Anthropology07Unit 2Basics of Social Cultural Anthropology40Unit 3Basics of Biological Anthropology76Unit 4Basics of Archaeological Anthropology125Unit 5Basics of Linguistic Anthropology169Unit 6Marriage, Family and Kinship197Unit 7Political Organisation236Unit 8Economic Organisation263Unit 9Religious Organisation292Unit 10Folkloristic Anthropology317
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UNITINTRODUCINGANTHROPOLOGY1CONTENTSIMeaning and Nature of Anthropology· Etymology and Definitions· Bio-social nature· Comparative, Integrative andHolistic nature· Anthropology as a Field ScienceIntroductionON THE WAY TO PRETORIAII Major Branches of Anthropology· Biological Anthropology· Social Cultural Anthropology· Archaeological Anthropology· Linguistic AnthropologyIII Relevance of Anthropology· Career Opportunities· Applied Anthropology· Action AnthropologyIV Relationship Between Anthropologyand Other Disciplines· Anthropology and BiologicalSciences· Anthropology and Social SciencesV Origin and Development ofAnthropology· Human Curiosity andAnthropological Explorations· Origin and Development ofAnthropology· Growth and Development of IndianAnthropologyFig. 1. 1 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi“The train reached Maritzburg, thecapital of Natal, at about 9 p. m.Beddings used to be provided at thisstation. A railway servant came andasked me if I wanted one .’No’, said I, ‘Ihave one with me’. He went away. But apassenger came next, and looked me upand down. He saw that I was a ‘coloured’man. This disturbed him. Out he went andcame in again with one or two officials.They all kept quiet, when another officialcame to me and said, ‘Come along, youmust go to the van compartment’.
Textbook for Class XI - Anthropology‘But I have a first class ticket’, said I.‘That doesn’t matter’, rejoined the other. ’I tell you, you must go to the vancompartment’.‘I tell you, I was permitted to travel in this compartment at Durban, and Iinsist on going on in it’.‘No, you won’t’, said the official .’You must leave this compartment, or else Ishall have to call a police constable to push you out’.‘Yes, you may. I refuse to get out voluntarily’.The constable came. He took me by the hand and pushed me out. My luggagewas also taken out. I refused to go to the other compartment and the train steamedaway. I went and sat in the waiting room, keeping my hand-bag with me, and leavingthe other luggage where it was. The railway authorities had taken charge of it.It was winter, and winter in the higher regions of South Africa is severely cold.Maritzburg being at a high altitude, the cold was extremely bitter. My over-coat wasin my luggage, but I did not dare to ask for it lest I should be insulted again, so I satand shivered. There was no light in the room. A passenger came in at about midnightand possibly wanted to talk to me. But I was in no mood to talk.I began to think of my duty. Should I fight for my rights, or go back to India, orshould I go on to Pretoria without minding the insults and return to India afterfinishing the case? It would be cowardice to run back to India without fulfilling myobligation. The hardship to which I was subjected was superficial—only a symptomof the deep disease of colour prejudice. I should try, if possible, to root out the diseaseand suffer hardships in the process. Redress for wrongs I should seek only to theextent that would be necessary for the removal of the colour prejudice.So I decided to take the next available train to Pretoria”.(From Gandhiji’s Autobiography)This was one of the bitter experiences that Mahatma Gandhi had in South Africa. Inthis case, he explains the gravity of colour difference that led to discrimination. In theIndian context, the practice of untouchability was the worst form of discrimination that was8
Unit- 1: Introducing Anthropologyprevailing for centuries. In both these cases, the basis of discriminiation is the differencebetween two catagories of people, one on the basis of colour and the other on the basis ofcaste. In human life, there could be a number of differences in various spheres of life, somedeep rooted and others merely out of habitual formation. Not all differences may lead tosuch behavioural responses and reactions. It is the differences that bring about diversity inhuman society. We all encountera number of differences in ourday-to-day life. Most often,people are not ready to acceptand appreaciate human diversity.We experience diversity in everysphere of human life. There aresignificant variations in variousaspects of human life acrossnations and cultures.Have you experienced orencountered any kind ofdifference or variation at any timein your life?Fig. 1. 2 Diversity in food, shelter and clothingHow did you react or respond to such variations?Beals and Hoijer (1971) cite a few examples of such variations in their book ‘Introductionto Anthropology’. Eskimos of the Arctic live almost exclusively upon meat and fish.Mexican Indians depend on cereals and vegetables.Milk and its products is a luxury among the Bayganda of East Africa but for thepeople of West Africa it is least regarded.Fish is the main food of many Amerindian tribes but the Navajo and Apaches ofNew Mexico and Arizona consider it unfit for human consumption.Meat of dog is considered to be very delicious for Mexican Indians.There are variations even in the combination of food. Orthodox Jews do not combine meat and dairy products.Eskimos do not combine sea food and meat obtained from land.Variations are there in the process of eating – table manners or etiquette.9
Textbook for Class XI - AnthropologySimilarly, variations could be observed in dressand ornaments. Some Australian and Andaman Tribesgo about naked. Others like the Bayanda of East Asia arefully clothed from neck to ankle.It is evident that diversity exists amonghumans in terms of physical appearances,cultural practices, languages and life styles. Infact, such diversity adds to the beauty to oursociety and culture. Anthropology as adiscipline upholds human diversity, as itis a reality which need to be appreciatedand accepted. Anthropology enquires into the"Difference is of theessence of humanity.Difference is an accidentof birth and it should therefore neverbe the source of hatred or conflict. Theanswer to difference is to respect it.Therein lies the most fundamentalprinciple of peace: respect fordiversity".John Hume (Irish Politician, 1998Nobel Peace Prize Winner, 1999Defender of Democracy Award,2001 Gandhi Peace Prize; b. 1937)diversities with a curious mind. It underlinesthe fact that diversity is cultural, whiledifferent biologically, we belongs to one species.We may havereligions, different languages,Anthropology, is interested indifferent coloured skin, but westudyingthe biological and culturalall belong to one human race”.uniqueness and variations of the mostKofi Annan (Ghanian Diplomat, 7th UN intelligent species on the earth - HomoSecretary-General, 2001 Nobel Peace sapiens sapiens. Anthropology, as a distinctPrize Winner; b. 1938)discipline with bio-social nature providesone with an opportunity to explore humannature and culture from a holistic andintegrated perspective. In this unit, wewill examine the nature and feature ofanthropology by understanding itsmeaning, definition, scope andrelevance along with its origin anddevelopment.10The word anthropology wasfirst coined by Aristotle, theGreek Philosopher
Unit- 1: Introducing AnthropologyI.Meaning and Nature of AnthropologyYou may have studied about the different aspectsof human life in your earlier classes. The biological origin,evolution and variations were studied in Biology. Culturalvariations in terms of food habits, belief systems, dresspatterns, political systems, etc. were discussed in differentSocial Science subjects. But a meaningful understandingof human beings requires an analysis of both biologicaland social peculiarities in an integrated way.Anthropology looks at these aspects with a unique andholistic perspective. Knowledge of the meaning anddefinition of anthropology will help you to identify howanthropology differs from other related subjects anddisciplines.Etymology and Definitions of AnthropologyFig. 1.3 AristotleEtymological meaning of different subjects is given in the box. It shows that allthese subjects derive their names by combining two Greek words. Each of these wordshas a particular meaning and the combination of these words renders appropriate meaningto the subject. Etymologicaly, the word ‘Anthropology’ is derived from two Greek words‘anthropos’ means 'human' and ‘logos’Etymological meaning of some subjects means 'study' or 'science'. Thus,anthropology can be understood as thePsychology - psycho logosstudyor science of human beings.Sociology - socious logosEcology - oikos logosExamine some of the popular definitionsGeology - geo logosgiven by the renowned anthropologists:Anthropology – anthropos logos“Anthropology is the science of man” A L Kroeber“Anthropology is the study of man and his works” - Melville J Herskovits“Out of all the sciences which study various aspects of man, anthropology is the onewhich comes nearest to the total study of man” – Clyde KluckhohnAlso examine the following definition:“Anthropology is the scientific study of the physical, social and cultural development andbehaviour of human being since their appearance on earth” - M Jacob and B T Stern11
Textbook for Class XI - AnthropologyAnthropology is different from other subjects in many respects. Understanding thefollowing features of anthropology will help you to realise its uniqueness.Analyse the above definitions andidentify how anthropology differs fromother subjects in it’s study of humanbeings. Prepare a note on it.Is Anthropology a socialscience, as it studies thesocial life of human b
Introduction ON THEComparative, Integrative and WAY TO PRET ORIA CONTENTS I Meaning and Natur e of Anthr opology · Etymology and Definitions · Bio-social nature Holistic nature · Anthropology as a Field Science II Major Branches of Anthr opology · Biological Anthropology · Social Cultural Anthropology · Archaeological Anthropology · Linguistic Anthropology
15 Urban Anthropology 265 Kristin V. Monroe 16 Locating the 'Rural' in Anthropology 282 Vanessa Koh, Paul Burow, Lav Kanoi, and Michael R. Dove 17 Maritime Anthropology 297 Edyta Roszko 18 Political Anthropology 316 Martijn Koster 19 Anthropology of Law 334 Alan Smart 20 Business Anthropology 350 Sarah Lyon 21 Medical Anthropology 369
anthropology called Physical anthropology. In the contemporary context the term Physical anthropology and Biological anthropology are synonymous. Definition of Physical Anthropology: The emergence of anthropology as a branch of science goes back to the remote past. But Aristotle was given the credit in the 16th century only for
study. It is comprised of four subfields that in the United States include cultural anthropology, archaeol-ogy, biological (or physical) anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. Together, the subfields provide a multi-faceted picture of the human condition. Applied anthropology is another area of specialization
the Anthropology Oce, Room E53-335, 617-452-2837. Faculty and Teaching Sta Heather Anne Paxson, PhD William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor Professor of Anthropology Head, Anthropology Program Professors Ian Condry, PhD Professor of Comparative Media Studies/Writing Professor of Anthropology Michael M. J. Fischer, PhD
Applied Anthropology Ethnomusicology Anthropology of Arts Anthropology of Gender Forensic Anthropology Cultural Theory Family Studies Death and Dying Other Anthropology and Anthropological Studies n.e.c. Adjudication Legal Education Legal Practice Professional Ethics Other Professional Development of Law Practitioners n.e.c.
Introduction to Physical Anthropology Lecture 1: Introduction and Chapter 1 1. Summary 1. Class red tape and introduction 2. Anthropology - An Overview 3. Physical Anthropology - A Survey 4. Physical Anthropology - A closer
Introduction to physical anthropology 3. Science *All from chapter 1 8. Introduction: What is anthropology? 1. Anthropology is the study of humankind 2. Four subfields Subfield 1: Cultural anthropology-observe human soci
Test Report No.: E1051 .04 -501 -47 Report Date: 07/12/16 Page 7 of 11 7.0 Test Results : The temperature during testing was 21.6 C ( 71 F). The results are tabulated as follows: Test Specimen #1 : Title of Test Results Allowed Note Operating Force, per ASTM E 2068 Initiate motion: 45 N ( 10 lbf) 60 N (13 lbf) max. Maintain motion:
