Silvicultural Guide For Northern White-cedar (eastern .
Silvicultural Guide forNorthern White-Cedar(Eastern White Cedar)General TechnicalReport NRS-982012United StatesDepartment of AgricultureForestServiceNorthernResearch Station
ABSTRACTNorthern white-cedar (eastern white cedar; Thuja occidentalis L.) is an important treespecies in the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, occurring both in purestands and as a minor species in mixed stands of hardwoods or other softwoods. Yetpractitioners have little and often contradictory information about cedar ecology andsilviculture. In response to this information need, a group of university and governmentresearchers in the United States and Canada embarked on more than a decade ofcollaborative research; this guide is a compilation of the knowledge generated by thateffort. It includes an overview of the commodity and non-commodity values of cedar,silvics of cedar and companion species, descriptions of the cedar resource in thenortheastern United States, Quebec, and Ontario, and silvicultural guidelines basedon previously published literature and new studies of cedar regeneration, growth,mortality, site relationships, and responses to treatment. With generally slow growthand little to no ingrowth on most inventory plots in the region, silvicultural prescriptionsthat explicitly address cedar are warranted. Recommendations include retaining andreleasing cedar in managed stands, as well as establishing and protecting advance cedarregeneration and residual trees during harvesting. Partial cutting (e.g., the selection orirregular shelterwood method) is suggested for regenerating stands with a componentof cedar, though browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann)may influence treatment outcomes and must be considered. Once established, cedarresponds well to release and will benefit from competition control and thinning. In mixedspecies stands, within-stand flexibility of treatment is critical for maintaining cedar whenother, more dominant species are driving silvicultural prescriptions at the stand level;a “micro-stand” approach in which pockets of cedar are identified and managed issuggested.Cover PhotosTop left: Cones on cedar foliage. Photo by Sabrina Morissette, used with permission.Bottom left: Cedar stand. Photo by Stéphane Tremblay, MRNF.Top right: Cedar stand. Photo by Sabrina Morissette, used with permission.Bottom right: Cedar seedlings. Photo by Elizabeth Larouche, MRNF.Manuscript received for publication September 2011Published by:For additional copies:USDA FOREST SERVICE11 CAMPUS BLVD., SUITE 200NEWTOWN SQUARE, PA 19073-3294USDA Forest ServicePublications Distribution359 Main RoadDelaware, OH 43015-8640Fax: 740-368-0152August 2012Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/
Silvicultural Guide forNorthern White-Cedar (Eastern White Cedar)Emmanuelle Boulfroy, Eric Forget, Philip V. Hofmeyer, Laura S. Kenefic,Catherine Larouche, Guy Lessard, Jean-Martin Lussier, Fred Pinto,Jean-Claude Ruel, and Aaron WeiskittelU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest ServiceNorthern Research StationNewtown Square, PAGeneral Technical Report NRS-98August 2012Published in cooperation withNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceThe participation of government employees in thepreparation of this document does not imply itscontent represents government policy on cedarmanagement.
AUTHORSEmmanuelle Boulfroy is a research forester, Centre d’enseignement et de recherche en foresterie deSainte-Foy inc., 2424 Ste-Foy Road, Quebec, Quebec G1V 1T2.Eric Forget is a forester, Nova Sylva inc., 147 Joseph Street, Gatineau, Quebec J8L 1G3.Philip V. Hofmeyer is an assistant professor, Renewable Energy Training Center, Morrisville StateCollege, Morrisville, NY 13408.Laura S. Kenefic is a research forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, NorthernResearch Station, Penobscot Experimental Forest, 686 Government Road, Bradley, ME 04411.Catherine Larouche is a research scientist, Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère desRessources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec, 2700 Einstein Street, Quebec, Quebec G1P 3W8.Guy Lessard is a research forester, Centre d’enseignement et de recherche en foresterie deSainte-Foy inc., 2424 Ste-Foy Road, Quebec, Quebec G1V 1T2.Jean-Martin Lussier is a research scientist, Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Wood FibreCentre, 1055, du PEPS Street, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4C7.Fred Pinto is an applied research forester, Southern Science and Information Section, Ministry ofNatural Resources, 3301 Trout Lake Road, North Bay, Ontario P1A 4L7.Jean-Claude Ruel is a silviculture professor, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Facultéde foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, 2405, de la Terrasse Street, Quebec,Quebec G1V 0A6.Aaron Weiskittel is an assistant professor, School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono,ME 04469.
CONTENTSIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Properties and Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Why Manage for Cedar? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Wood Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Log Characteristics and Other Cedar Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Pharmacological Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Native Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Importance of Cedar for Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Natural Disturbances and Damaging Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Silvics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Cedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Companion Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Species Associations and Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17In Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17In the Northeastern United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19In Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Description of Four Typical Cedar Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Silviculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21The Process of Selecting a Silvicultural Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Considerations for Cedar Silviculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23A Decision Guide for Cedar Silviculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Ecological Silviculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35English Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Literature Citations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Appendix I: Growth and Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Tree Size and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Stand Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51Yield Tables for Even-age Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Appendix II: Description of Four Typical Cedar Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55Appendix III: Ecological Classifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64Appendix IV: Definitions of Silvicultural Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69Appendix V: Silvicultural Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
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INTRODUCTIONDespite its importance to biodiversity and use in avariety of products, northern white-cedar (easternwhite cedar; Thuja occidentalis L., referred to ascedar throughout this guide) is often considereda secondary species. It is among the least studiedcommercially important tree species in North America.Forest practitioners encountering cedar have littleor sometimes contradictory information about itscharacteristics and potential. The challenges ofmanaging for multiple objectives makes it difficultto consider cedar in silvicultural prescriptions. As aresult, silvicultural treatments are often inadequate toinsure that cedar stands or the cedar components ofmixed-species stands are renewed. This could diminishforest biodiversity and lead to a reduction in thesustainable level of cedar harvesting in the future.For the last 10 years, professors and graduate studentsfrom the University of Maine (Orono, ME) and LavalUniversity (Quebec, QC, Canada) have been workingwith government researchers from the United Statesand Canada to improve our understanding of theecology and silviculture of cedar. The ultimate goal ofthese efforts was to create and publish this silvicultureguide to help forest practitioners make decisions whenmanaging cedar. Because most of the cedar range isfound in Canada and the adjacent northeastern part ofthe United States, this guide has been developed byexperts from both countries.1Developing a silviculture guide for a species that oftenoccurs as a minor component of stands dominated by,and managed for, other species is very challenging.Instead of using a prescriptive approach, we opted topresent key information about cedar and companionspecies likely to impact its success, and to allow forestmanagers to determine the best option for their specificsituation. This guide applies to all stands with cedar,whether cedar is the dominant species or a minorcomponent. It is applicable to forest practitioners onpublic or private land, or to woodlot owners, anywherein eastern Canada and United States.Due to its slow growth, the diversity of ecosystemsit occupies, and the fact that it is highly palatableto white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianusZimmermann, referred to as deer throughout thisguide) and other browsing mammals, cedar can bedifficult to manage. We hope this guide will be a usefultool for forest managers in both countries.A French version of this guide will be published by theCanadian Forest Service. Une version française de ceguide sera publiée par le Service canadien des forêts.
PROPERTIES AND VALUESWhy Manage for Cedar?Cedar is often a minor component of mixed-speciesstands and is harvested opportunistically duringoperations aimed at more abundant species. Lackof attention to cedar silviculture has had negativeimpacts throughout its range. Cedar trees harvestedin mixed stands are often replaced by more abundantand competitive companion species, resulting incompositional shifts (57). Reductions in the abundanceof cedar have been reported for whole regions ofQuebec (13, 74). In southern Ontario, cedar hasbecome less dominant within stands while at thesame time there are fewer cedar stands overall (111).Cedar harvest exceeds growth in some areas of thenortheastern United States (88).Does it matter if the amount of cedar is reduced, orif we fail to recruit new cedar trees? Yes, for manyreasons. Cedar has important economic, social, andspiritual values. From a commodity-productionperspective, between 275,000 to 350,000 m3(115,000 to 150,000 cords) of cedar are harvestedand transformed into products each year in the NewEngland states, Ontario, and Quebec (32, 65, 87).This represents 15 to 20 million (U.S. dollars)annually in mill-delivered log revenues alone. Cedarcontributes importantly to niche markets for specialtyproducts such as shingles and fence posts and is aprime species for the production of appearance-gradelumber, garden components, exterior furniture, andmany other products. Most of the cedar processingresidues are utilized in mulch production. As a result,the harvesting and transformation of cedar supportcommunities dependent on forest management andforest products manufacturing.2Cedar also has many noncommodity values. It isone of the sacred plants for Native Americans (39).It is widely recognized for its potential to producenontimber forest products such as medicines andessential oils. Cedar also is an important contributor tobiodiversity by increasing local tree species richness,providing wildlife habitat (47), and increasing verticalstructure through its unique crown form (141) andvegetative reproduction through layering (71). Cedaris extremely long-lived and has few insect pests; it haspotential for management for late-successional or oldgrowth forest characteristics (46). Pure cedar standscan occur on wet or highly disturbed sites (81), andthus play an important role in maintaining forest coverin areas unsuited to other tree species.Cedar provides critical winter habitat for deer (131)and increasing deer populations in many parts of theregion have resulted in recruitment failures (135). Thisendangers both sustainability of the cedar resourceand habitat quality, especially in deer wintering areas(DWAs). While excluding these stands or the cedarwithin them from harvest protects existing cedar, itdoes little to improve the growth and vigor of thosestems or recruit new trees or stands for future habitat(31, 136). Unmanaged stands of pure cedar have beenobserved to have a low rate of canopy disturbance,with little recruitment of new trees (44). Appropriatesilvicultural treatments within DWAs can improvetree vigor and increase recruitment, without degradingexisting habitat values.For these reasons, it is important that managementplans and silvicultural prescriptions, including thosefor mixed stands dominated by other species, be
Properties and Valuesmodified to maintain a cedar component. It is ourresponsibility as forest stewards to sustain this speciesand its myriad ecological and social values.Wood PropertiesCedar is a valuable and desired species for theproduction of many commercial products. Cedar hasweak physical properties, beautiful light brown color,good wood-working properties, and remarkable naturaldurability (Table 1).Cedar wood accepts adhesives readily from a widerange of glues and take stains well. Painting quality isvery good.3Cedar products are very durable and require littlemaintenance. The wood contains natural preservativesthat protect it from rot and insects after harvesting.Unlike other species that contain tannins, cedar can bestained just about every color imaginable, from palestto darkest, making it a preferred choice for a numberof home uses (e.g., shingle wall siding, playgroundequipment, decks, and flower boxes).Due to its exceptionally high natural resistance todecay, the wood of cedar is processed into lumberand shingles and used for applications where itis exposed to a high decay hazard, e.g., paneling,boats, greenhouses, and outdoor furniture. Cedarlogs are also processed into products that withstandTable 1.—Physical and wood-working properties of cedarPropertiesValuesPhysical propertiesColorHeartwooda: light brownSapwoodb: almost white (16)DensityThe weakest among companion speciesc: 340 kg/m3 (21.23 lbs/ft3) (67)Static bending:modulus of ruptured (MOR) 12%modulus of elasticitye (MOE) 12%MOR: The weakest among companion species: 4.31 kg/mm2 (6,130 lb/in2)MOE: The weakest among companion species: 446 kg/mm2 (635,000 lb/in2) (67)Wood-working properties (85) (% successf; relative successg)Planing71; Moderate-highSanding94; Very highDrillingDouble margin drill bit: 100; Very highTooth drill bit: 68; ModerateMortise56; ModerateMoulding60; Moderate-highTurning98; Very highaThe inner, nonliving part of a tree stem that is altered to a protective state as a result of normal, genetically controlled aging processes ascells die, and that provides mechanical support (130).bThe outer layers of a stem, which in a live tree are composed of living cells and conduct water up the tree. Note: sapwood is generally lighterin color than heartwood (130).cSee Table 5 for list of companion species.dA measure of the maximum wood fiber stress at failure (compression or tension) under an applied bending load (130).eA measure of wood deformation under an applied load equal to the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic range (when strain is proportionalto the applied stress) (130).fThe % success is the rating for cedar.gThe relative success is based on the rating for cedar compared to the ratings of the companion species.
4Silvicultural Guide for Cedardegradation from water and soil, such as fence postsand pilings (71).The effects of silviculture on wood properties of cedarare unknown.Log Characteristics andOther Cedar UsageDifferent end products require different log qualitiesand characteristics. The value of cedar logs depends ontheir size (length and diameter), quality (based on thepresence or absence of defects or characteristics suchas knots, rot, sweep, crook, fork, bird or insect holes,ring shake, and moisture content), and the marketdemand. A cubic meter of cedar in 2010 was worthbetween 18 and 100 U.S. ( 40 and 240 U.S./cord)delivered to the mill, depending on log quality (Table2) and market demand.Cedar mulch, typically in landscaping and decorating,also has several benefits besides aesthetics. Mulchprevents the growth of competitive weeds, maintainsground moisture, and provides insulation during thecolder season.Cedar boughs and cones are used to create wreathes,potpourri, and sachets. Shredded cedar bark makes anexcellent fire starter. Traditionally, the inner bark ofcedar was used as a fiber for making rope and fabricTable 2.—Utilization chart and value for cedar logsLog value(2010 U.S. dollars)UtilizationLog qualityLog sizeInterior moulding,panelling,carpenter grade,exterior siding100% sound and straight (no defects)100% sound and straightSound and tight knots toleratedSmall end diameter(inside bark): 15 cm (6 in)Length: 1.85 m (6 ft) 80/m³ 200/cordShingleLogs of 22 cm (8.5 in) to 40 cm (16 in) indiameter: Minimum of 10 cm (4 in) of soundperipheral wood on 3 faces (can tolerate up to50% heart rot content)Logs 40 cm (16 in) in diameter: Minimum of13 cm (5 in) of sound peripheral wood on threefaces (can tolerate up to 50% heart rot content)Minimal restriction on sweepSmall end diameter(inside bark): 22 cm (8.5 in)Length: 2.65 m (8 ft 8
Silvicultural Guide for Northern White-Cedar (Eastern White Cedar) Northern Research Station United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report NRS-98 2012. Northern white-cedar (eastern white cedar; Thuja occidentalis L.) is an important tree species in the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, occurring .
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