The Gallipoli Campaign, 1915
The Gallipoli Campaign, 1915By early 1915, the war on the Western Front had reached astalemate. The Gallipoli campaign was intended to break thedeadlock. In the spring of 1915, Allied warships bombarded thepeninsula’s coastal forts and attempted to force their way throughthe narrow Dardanelles Straits, controlled by the forces of theOttoman Empire. On 18 March, three Allied battleships were lostto mines and the naval attack was abandoned.A 70,000-strong Mediterranean Expeditionary Force wasassembled, comprising British, Canadian, Indian and French troops,along with the fledgling Australian and New Zealand Army Corps(ANZAC). Its mission was to seize the peninsula, opening theStraits for Allied warships which could attack Constantinople (nowIstanbul), taking the Ottoman Empire out of the war, and openingup a route to provide Russia with much-needed supplies.
The Gallipoli Campaign, 1915Royal Irish Fusiliers, HellesOn the morning of 25 April, British forces landed around CapeHelles on the southern tip of the peninsula, and the Anzacs cameashore further north, in an area later named Anzac Cove. Overthe next eight months, determined Turkish resistance preventedboth forces from advancing and the campaign degenerated intotrench warfare. Despite a major offensive in August 1915, theAllies were unable to break the deadlock. An evacuation beganin December, and on 9 January 1916, the last Commonwealthsoldiers left the peninsula.The Taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leistwww.cwgc.org
The Challenge of Commemoration“Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives; you are nowlying in the soil of a friendly country. Therefore rest in peace. There is nodifference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets to us where they lieside by side, here in this country of ours. You, the mothers, who sent theirsons from far away countries, wipe away your tears.Your sons are nowlying in our bosom and are in peace. After having lost their lives on thisland, they have become our sons as well.”Mustafa Kemal, the first President of Turkey, whose words are todayinscribed on a memorial at Anzac CoveConverging on this peninsula from the uttermost ends of the earth,those who fell at Gallipoli represented a diversity of cultures, heldseveral faiths and spoke many languages. During the eight-monthcampaign, the dead of both sides were buried under battlefieldconditions, their final resting places marked by wooden crosses.
Following the evacuation, Commonwealth forces were unable to revisitthe peninsula until after the Armistice. Once a Graves RegistrationUnit had discovered, marked and mapped the burial sites, the Imperial(now Commonwealth) War Graves Commission began the task ofconstructing permanent cemeteries and memorials.A total of 31 were built, containing the remains of 19,000 servicemen,of whom only 6,000 were identified. A further 2,500 who werebelieved to be buried among them are commemorated in thecemeteries by Special Memorials. The remainder of those buried inunknown graves, or whose remains were never found, make up the27,000 named on six memorials to the missing on Gallipoli.Most of the cemeteries and memorials on the peninsula weredesigned by the Scottish architect, Sir John Burnet. Due to the extremeclimate and landscape, they look very different from those of the
Western Front. To prevent masonry sinking into soggy ground, weuse stone-faced pedestal grave markers instead of headstones, and awalled cross feature rather than the free-standing Cross of Sacrifice.Rubble-walled channels surround the cemeteries to protect themfrom flood water.The high proportion of unidentified casualties gives the cemeteries wemaintain on the peninsula a unique character. Their burial places aremarked on cemetery plans but their graves are not marked on theground, meaning that many cemeteries have wide expanses of openspace dotted with just a few grave markers.Visiting CWGC sites on the Gallipoli PeninsulaThis leaflet is a brief guide to the cemeteries and memorialsmaintained by the CWGC on the peninsula today. Not all of thecemeteries and memorials are highlighted within this text, but theirlocations are included on the map within this leaflet. For furtherinformation, please visit our website at www.cwgc.org or contact ouroffice in Çanakkale, the details of which can also be found within thisleaflet.If you are travelling to our sites on Gallipoli from the Turkish mainland,there is a ferry service operating across the Dardanelles betweenÇanakkale and Kilitbahir, or Çanakkale and Eceabat.For exact times and fares, please check with your travel operator.
V Beach CemeteryThe Helles MemorialHellesOn 25 April 1915, British forces fought their way ashore on fivebeaches around Cape Helles, on the southern tip of the GallipoliPeninsula. Their aim was to push inland and capture Achi Baba, thehigh ground which dominates the region. After the landings, everyattempt to advance was met by strong Turkish resistance, resulting inhuge loss of life on both sides. Today, the cemeteries and memorialshere are a testament to the struggle which took place in the Hellessector over the spring and summer of 1915.Below the village of Seddülbahir lies V Beach Cemetery. This was oneof the key landing sites, where men fought their way ashore from smallboats and the converted merchant ship River Clyde. The beach wasstrongly fortified by Turkish forces who could fire down from the cliffsabove, and many of those buried here were killed on the beach on 25April.Just inland lies the Seddel-Bahr Military Grave. This is the final restingplace of Lieutenant Colonel Doughty-Wylie and is the only isolated
Seddel-Bahr Military Gravegrave on the peninsula. On the morning of 26 April, Doughty-Wylie,along with Captain Garth Neville Walford, led survivors from VBeach in an attack against Turkish positions. Although the attack wassuccessful, both officers were killed and were subsequently awardedthe Victoria Cross for their actions. Captain Walford is buried in VBeach Cemetery.On the very tip of the peninsula stands the Helles Memorial, theCommonwealth battle monument for the entire Gallipoli campaign.Reflecting the multinational nature of operations here, it bears thenames of over 21,000 Australian, British and Indian servicemen whodied in all three sectors of the peninsula.To the west of the Helles Memorial is Lancashire Landing Cemetery.Just below it lies W Beach, where the 1st Lancashire Fusiliers landedon 25 April. Under heavy Turkish fire, they fought their way ashoreand took the surrounding cliffs. The area around the beach became akey Allied base, and was renamed in their honour. Six Victoria Crosses
were eventually awarded to men of the battalion, famously hailed inthe press for winning “six VCs before breakfast.”Heading inland, Twelve Tree Copse, Redoubt, Skew Bridge and PinkFarm cemeteries are the final resting places of thousands of British,Anzac, French and Indian servicemen who fell during the fierce fightingwhich followed the landings around Gully Ravine and the village ofKrithia.AnzacAs British forces made landfall at Helles, the men on the Australianand New Zealand Army Corps (Anzac) came ashore further up thepeninsula, at Ari Burnu. Having overshot their planned beachhead atKabatepe, they were now faced with sheer cliffs rather than the lowfoothills they had expected.Their attempt to take the high ground of Sari Bair was halted byTurkish forces. Driven back to the beachhead by heavy bombardment,the Anzacs had no choice but to literally dig into the narrow spit ofland along the coast, thus earning their nickname: ‘diggers’.Ari Burnu Cemetery
Today, the entire Anzac sector has been preserved as a memorialto the men who died here. It contains 21 cemeteries and threememorials as well as the Anzac Commemorative Site, which is thelocation of the annual Dawn Service on 25 April. The cemeteries herecan be split into three main areas: the landing beaches, the front lineand the valleys and slopes which lie in between.On the coast, Ari Burnu and Beach cemeteries were begun almostimmediately after the Allied landings at Anzac Cove. Throughout thecampaign they were exposed to Turkish artillery fire from the ridgesabove, and are the final resting places of hundreds of Australian, NewZealand, British and Indian troops.Nearby is Shrapnel Valley, which took its name from the heavy shellingit was given by Turkish forces in the days after the Allied landings. Thiscemetery was located on an essential road that led up to the frontline.Accessed by a track leading up a ridge is Plugge’s Plateau, the smallestCommonwealth cemetery at Anzac. Captured within half an hour ofthe landings, it later became a key command post.Shrapnel Valley CemeteryPlugge’s Plateau Cemetery
Lone Pine Cemetery is located on a strategically important plateauon the southern extreme of the Anzac sector. A Turkish stronghold,it was attacked by Australian forces on 6 August 1915. For four days,fighting raged over the ground on which the cemetery stands, until thelast Turkish counter-attacks were defeated. Lone Pine was then helduntil the evacuation of the peninsula in December.Along the ridge above the beach are several cemeteries on whatwas once the front-line: Quinn’s Post, Courtney’s and Steel’s Post,and Johnston’s Jolly. This last site marks the position reached by theAustralians on 25 April, but was lost the next day and never recovered.Quinn’s Post CemeteryLone Pine CemeteryThe Nek
The unusual name is attributed to the repeated saying of AustralianColonel J L Johnston that, if he could bring the Howitzers to bearon that point, he would have a “jolly good time.” Further along theridge lies The Nek. This was the ground on which the men of theAustralian Light Horse made a famous and fateful charge on 7 August1915. Only ten grave headstones remain to mark the burial place ofsome 300 soldiers.Standing at the peak of the ridge, Chunuk Bair was one of the mainobjectives throughout the campaign. It was captured and then lostbetween 6 and 10 August, and this effort marked the end of Alliedefforts to take the peninsula’s central high ground. Chunuk BairCemetery and New Zealand Memorial (below) now stand whereCommonwealth soldiers at Anzac briefly glimpsed the Dardanelles.
Lala Baba CemeteryGreen Hill CemeterySuvlaBy the summer of 1915, the Allied offensive in the Helles andAnzac sectors had stalled. In an attempt to break the deadlock,Commonwealth forces landed at Suvla Bay, in the far north of theGallipoli Peninsula, on 6 August.Their aim was to link the beachhead at Suvla with that at Anzac andto drive inland, seizing the heights at Teke Tepe at the heart of thepeninsula. Diversionary attacks were launched in the Helles and Anzacsectors but, despite success at Lone Pine, Turkish forces held firm.Further attempts to take Chunuk Bair, Hill 60 and Scimitar Hill resultedin the Allied forces being driven back.The war cemeteries at Suvla tell the story of this little-known partof the campaign. Green Hill Cemetery stands on ground capturedby British forces on 7 August, yet this was as far as they were able toadvance. Among those laid to rest here are men killed in the fiercefighting for nearby Scimitar Hill.
Hill 10 CemeteryJust to the south of Suvla Bay lies the remote Lala Baba Cemetery.This low hill was stormed by the 9th West Yorkshire and the 6thYorkshire Regiment on the morning of 7 August, and many of theirnumber were laid to rest here.Azmak and Hill 10 cemeteries are the final resting place of manyhundreds of men who fell fighting to take the Kiretch Tepe Ridge andthe high ground to the east. Among nearly 700 unidentified casualtiesburied at Azmak are 114 members of the Sandringham Battalionof the Norfolk Regiment, mostly employees of the Royal Estate atSandringham, who died here on 12 August 1915.T H E I RN A M EL I V E T HF O RE V E R M O R E
The EvacuationBy October 1915, with prospects for the campaign darker than ever,commanding officer General Sir Ian Hamilton was relieved of hisduties. He was replaced by Sir Charles Monro, who recommendedthat the Allies should withdraw from the peninsula. Anzac Coveand Suvla Bay were evacuated in December 1915 and the lastCommonwealth soldier left the Helles area on 9 January 1916. Onlya handful of casualties were suffered during the evacuation, after acampaign which had cost the lives of some 36,000 Commonwealth,10,000 French and at least 86,000 Turkish troops.Other Places of InterestOn the eastern edge of Morto Bay, in what was once the Hellessector, the Çanakkale Martyrs’ Memorial commemorates the Turkishsoldiers who fought and died in what is known in Turkey as the ‘Battleof Çanakkale.’The French National Cemetery and Memorial lies just inland fromMorto Bay. This is the final resting place of 3,200 French servicemenwho took part in the Gallipoli campaign, and the remains of thousandsmore are held in four ossuaries inside the cemetery.Located in the suburbs of Istanbul, Haidar Pasha Cemetery ishundreds of miles away from the former frontline. This site was givenby the Turkish Government to the British Government in 1855, andcontains about six thousand Crimean War graves. It is also the finalresting place for Commonwealth prisoners of war captured during theGallipoli Campaign.Haidar Pasha Cemetery
Our office in ÇanakkaleThe maintenance of our cemeteries on the Gallipoli Peninsula issupervised from our office in Çanakkale. Contact details are asfollows:Britanya Milletler Toplulugu Harp Mezarliklari Komisyonu2. Demircioglu CaddesiNo: 118/2Çanakkale, 17100, TurkeyTel: 90 2862171010 Fax: 90 2862126705 E-mail: maoffice@cwgc.orgOverall administrative control for our operations within Turkeyrests with the CWGC’s Mediterranean Area. The Area’s contactdetails are as follows:Mediterranean AreaCommonwealth War Graves CommissionPO Box 40970TT 6308CyprusTel: 357 24819460 Fax: 357 24661969 Email: maoffice@cwgc.orgFront cover: Helles Memorial, Turkey
The Gallipoli Campaign, 1915 By early 1915, the war on the Western Front had reached a . stalemate. The Gallipoli campaign was intended to break the deadlock. In the spring of 1915, Allied warships bombarded the peninsula’s coastal forts and attempted to force their way through the narrow Dardanelles Straits, controlled by the forces of the
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The Battle of Gallipoli (25th April 1915 – 9th January 1916), or the “Gallipoli Campaign”, was actually a series of several battles fought over eight and a half months in first two, and later three different parts of the Gallipoli Peninsular. These included: The Naval operations in the Dardanelles Strait (19th February – 18th
GALLIPOLI 1915 The Gallipoli Campaign was intended to deliver a potential knockout blow to Germany’s ally, the Ottoman Empire. If successful it would have opened up supply routes through the Dardenelles to Britain’s ally Russia, would have assisted in diminishing a potential threat to British & French possessions and protectorates in
1915 Gallipoli campaign. Choose THREE of the six images below that you think best represent the meaning of Gallipoli. Image 1 New Zealand artillery at Gallipoli in May 1915. Image 2 Student cadets at a New Zealand school, around 1910. By 1912, military training was compulsory for all males over 14. Image 3 Many New Zealand nurses served on the .
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