ANAKTUVUK PASS - North-slope
FINAL DRAFTJUNE 2016ANAKTUVUK PASS2016 – 2036 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016Photo Credits:City View. Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development; Division of Community and RegionalAffairs’ Community Photo Library.From right to leftChurch. Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development, Division of Community and RegionalAffairs, Community Photo Library; Elders Collage. UMIAQ photo library; Mountains. UMIAQ photo library.ii
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016Anaktuvuk PassComprehensive PlanJune 2016 Final DraftAssembly Ordinance #North Slope Borough Planning Commission Resolution #City of Anaktuvuk Pass Resolution #Naqsragmiut Tribal Council #Nunamiut Corporation Resolution #iii
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Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016NORTH SLOPE BOROUGH MAYORMike AamodtNORTH SLOPE BOROUGH ASSEMBLYJohn Hopson Jr., President (Wainwright & Atqasuk)Vernon Edwardsen (Barrow)Dwayne Hopson, Sr. (Nuiqsut, Kaktovik, Anaktuvuk Pass, & Deadhorse)Herbert Kinneeveauk Jr. (Point Hope & Point Lay)Doreen Lampe (Barrow)Roy M. Nageak, Sr. (Barrow)Muriel Katuk Brower (Barrow)NORTH SLOPE BOROUGH PLANNING COMMISSIONPaul Bodfish, Chair (Atqasuk)Lawrence Burris, (Anaktuvuk Pass)Richard Glenn (Barrow)Daisy Sage (Pt. Hope)Eli Nukapigak (Nuiqsut)Nora Jane Burns (Kaktovik)Jack Henry, Jr. (Point Lay)Raymond Aguvluk (Wainwright)COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING STAKEHOLDER COMMITTEEHerman Kignik (Atqasuk)James Nageak (Anaktuvuk Pass)Mayor Bob Harcharek (Barrow)Steve Ommittuk (Pt. Hope)Thomas Nukapigak (Nuiqsut)Ida Angasan (Kaktovik)Bill Tracey, Sr. (Point Lay)John Hopson, Jr. (Wainwright)ANAKTUVUK PASS CITY COUNCILVacant, MayorEsther S. Hugo, Vice-MayorSusan Morry, SecretaryLela Ahgook, TreasurerThomas RullandHomer MekianaCharles HugoNUNAMIUT CORPORATION BOARDLarry Burris, PresidentCatherine Edwards, Vice PresidentHomer Mekiana, TreasurerSusan Morry, SecretaryShirley MekianaRiley Sikvayugak, Jr.Mickey PaneakNAQSRAGMIUT TRIBAL COUNCILCharles Hugo, PresidentChris Hugo, Sr., Vice PresidentAlice Ahgook, SecretaryAnna Nageak, TreasurerVera NayBass GordonThomas RullandNORTH SLOPE BOROUGH DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING & COMMUNITY SERVICESRhoda Ahmaogak, DirectorGordon Brower, Deputy DirectorCommunity Planning and Real Estate DivisionMatt Dunn, Division ManagerBob Shears, CIP SpecialistCONSULTANTSASRC Energy Services, Jennifer Tobey and Robin SanfordUMIAQ Design and Municipal Services, Erika Green, Richard Reich, and Tasha Edwards Michaelv
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016AcknowledgementsMany individuals and organizations participated in the multi-year effort to develop and revise theAnaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan. The North Slope Borough Department of Planning & CommunityServices provided leadership for development of this plan, especially Director Rhoda Ahmaogak, DeputyDirector Gordon Brower, Community Planning Division Manager Matt Dunn, and CIP Specialist BobShears. WHPacific, Inc. completed initial work on the plan, including facilitation of public meetings anddraft chapters in 2009 and 2010. Glenn Gray and Associates, ASRC Energy Services, and UMIAQ updatedand prepared this final plan.The community review organizations and stakeholders deserve a special thank you for their time andefforts in providing information, comments and suggestions for the Plan: The City of Anaktuvuk Pass CityCouncil, Naqsragmiut Tribal Council, Nunamiut Iñupiat Corporation leadership, Nunamiut School staff,North Slope Borough School District staff, hunters, Elders, church staff, and many residents.vi
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. viExecutive Summary. ES-1Taiguaqtit Isumafanni Piitchuitchuat . ES-5Chapter 1.Introduction . 1Purpose of the Comprehensive Plan . 2Basis for Comprehensive Planning . 3Public Involvement . 4Vision Statement. 10Plan Scope and Organization . 11Consistency with Adopted Plan Policies . 12Chapter 2.Community Overview . 15Local Governance . 15Setting . 17The People. 23Community History . 24Iñupiaq Values . 24Chapter 3.The Natural Environment. 29Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve . 29Geography, Soils and Geology . 30Vegetation . 31Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats . 31Wildlife Regulation . 36Climate and Climate Change . 37Weather Hazards . 39Contaminated Sites . 41Chapter 4.Subsistence . 47Definitions of Subsistence . 48Subsistence Area of Influence . 49Anaktuvuk Pass Subsistence Harvest . 53Subsistence Economy . 55Subsistence Vulnerabilities . 57vii
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016Chapter 5.Population . 67Historical Population and Population Trends . 67Births and Deaths . 71In-Migration and Out-Migration . 72Low, Moderate and High Population Growth Projections. 73Chapter 6.Housing. 75Existing Conditions . 75Current and Future Housing Needs . 81Chapter 7.Community Health . 83Recent Health Initiatives . 83Healthy Life Way . 85Healthy Environment . 87Access to Healthcare . 88Chapter 8.Public Facilities and Services . 91Water and Sewer . 92Power Generation and Fuel Storage . 101Solid Waste and Recycling . 104Transportation . 109Gravel . 115Education . 119Other Public Facilities . 120Chapter 9.Economy. 125Employment and Income . 125Potential Economic and Employment Influences . 127Chapter 10.Land Use and Zoning . 131Land Ownership. 131Zoning and Land Use Regulation . 132Current Land Use. 134Future Land Use . 135Chapter 11.Implementation and Plan Revision . 143Capital Project Planning . 143Potential Future Capital Needs . 145viii
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft July 2016Plan Implementation . 147Chapter 12.Goals, Objectives and Implementing Strategies . 149References . 163Appendices . 171Appendix A: SWOT Analysis Results - November 10, 2009. 173Appendix B: Summary of Concerns and Issues Expressed by Community Leaders in 2010 . 175Appendix C: Response to Public Comments . 179Appendix D: Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change Impacts . 197Appendix E: Resolutions of Support . 207Table of MapsMap 1: Anaktuvuk Pass Vicinity . 19Map 2: Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve . 21Map 3: Anaktuvuk Pass Caribou Range . 35Map 4: Contaminated Sites. 45Map 5: Subsistence Area of Influence . 51Map 6: Anaktuvuk Pass Controlled Use Area within Gates of the Arctic National Park . 61Map 7: Water Distribution System . 95Map 8: Sewer System. 99Map 9: Landfill. 107Map 10: Local Roads . 111Map 11: Regional Transportation System . 113Map 12: Gravel Pit . 117Map 13: Existing and Proposed Snow Fences . 123Map 14: Area Land Use . 137Map 15: Current Village Land Use . 139Map 16: Future Village Land Use . 141ix
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016Table of TablesTable 1: Iñupiaq Values . 25Table 2: Threatened and Endangered Species within the Anaktuvuk Pass Area of Influence . 36Table 3: Contaminated Sites in the Anaktuvuk Pass Area . 42Table 4: 2010 Major Subsistence Activities Calendar . 54Table 5: Historical Population, 1950 to 2015 . 68Table 6: 2003 and 2010 Population Characteristics . 69Table 7: Anaktuvuk Pass Age Distribution, 2003 and 2010 . 70Table 8: Five, Ten and Twenty Year Population Projections . 73Table 9: 2000 and 2010 Housing Characteristics . 77Table 10: Five, Ten and Twenty Year Projected Housing Needs . 82Table 11: Estimated Future Water Usage, High Growth Rate of 1% . 94Table 12: Estimated Wastewater Generation/Treatment, High Growth Rate of 1% . 98Table 13: Existing Power Generators . 101Table 14: Estimated Future Power Usage, High Growth Rate of 1% . 102Table 15: Anaktuvuk Pass 2015 Utility Costs . 104Table 16: Estimated Future Solid Waste Disposal, High Growth Rate 1% . 106Table 17: 2003, 2010, and 2015 Employment and Income Characteristics. 126Table 18: Potential Capital Projects over a 5, 10 and 20-Year Period . 145Table 19: Goal 1 - Protect Subsistence Resources and Activities . 151Table 20: Goal 2 – Establish Future Land Use Designations . 154Table 21: Goal 3 – Support Additional Housing . 156Table 22: Goal 4 – Facilitate Economic Development Activities . 157Table 23: Goal 5 – Maintain Efficient Social Services and Public Infrastructure . 158Table 24: Goal 6 - Protect Historical and Cultural Resources . 160Table 25: Goal 7 – Foster Meaningful Cooperation . 161x
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016Table of FiguresFigure 1: Anaktuvuk Pass Planning Workshop, May 28, 2009 . 4Figure 2: Anaktuvuk Pass Planning Workshop, May 28, 2009 . 5Figure 3: Comprehensive Plan Goals . 11Figure 4: View of the Brooks Range from Anaktuvuk Pass . 17Figure 5: Summer 1949, Tulugaq Lake. Gathering with people from Killik and Chandler Lake . 26Figure 6: Simon Paneak Memorial Museum . 27Figure 7: North Slope Caribou . 32Figure 8: Easter Creek Caribou . 48Figure 9: Anaktuvuk Pass Population: 1950 to 2015 by Decade. 68Figure 10: Anaktuvuk Pass Natural Increase in Population: Births and Deaths, 2000 to 2015 . 71Figure 11: Total Permanent Fund Applicants in Anaktuvuk Pass, 2000 to 2014 . 72Figure 12: Incidence of Housing Overcrowding . 78Figure 13: Anaktuvuk Pass Housing Costs as Percent of Income . 79Figure 14: 2013 Community Health Forum Picture of Words . 85Figure 15: Tomatoes growing in the arctic through the Gardens in the Arctic Project . 86Figure 16: Playground at Nunamiut School . 87Figure 17: Anaktuvuk Pass Power Plant . 101Figure 18: Nunamiut School . 119Figure 19: Nunamiut School Enrollment . 120Figure 20: Anaktuvuk Pass Fire Department. 121Figure 21: Anaktuvuk Pass Employers and Number of Employees, 2010. 127xi
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Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016List of kWhLEPCLFLLCMMSNALEMPNDbNNMFSNPR-ANPSn.d.American Community SurveyAlaska Department of Environmental ConservationAlaska Department of Fish and GameAlaska Energy AuthorityASRC Energy ServicesAlaska Housing Finance CorporationAlaskaAnaktuvuk PassAlaska Native Claims Settlement ActAlaska National Interest Lands Conservation ActArctic National Wildlife RefugeArctic Slope Native AssociationArctic Slope Regional CorporationAll-Terrain VehicleBest Available TechnologyBureau of Land ManagementBest Management PracticeCentral Arctic HerdCold Climate Housing Research CenterCapital Improvement PlanCooperative Management PlanAlaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic DevelopmentAlaska Department of Natural ResourcesAlaska Department of Transportation and Public FacilitiesEachFahrenheitFederal Aviation AdministrationGates of the Arctic National Park and PreserveGallon(s)gallons per daygallons per day per capitagallons per hourgallons per minuteHealth Impact AssessmentU.S. Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentIñupiaq Community of the Arctic SlopeNorth Slope Borough Iñupiat History, Language and Culture DepartmentIndian Reorganization ActKilowattKilowatt hourLocal Emergency Planning CommitteeLinear feetLimited Liability CompanyMinerals Management ServiceNative American Land Environmental Mitigation ProgramNondirectional beaconNorthNational Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Petroleum Reserve – AlaskaNational Park ServiceNo datexiii
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June iWGNorth Slope BoroughNorth Slope Borough School DistrictNorth Slope Borough Municipal CodeNorth Slope Science InitiativeNorthwestOff-Road VehicleProject Analysis ReportProject Analysis Report RequestPower Cost EqualizationPermanent Fund DividendPagePump StationRoad to ResourcesResidential and Employment Living ImprovementRevised Statute TrailSouthStudent Advisory CouncilStrengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and ThreatsTrans Alaska Pipeline SystemTanana Chiefs ConferenceTagiugmiullu Nunamiullu Housing AuthorityTeshekpuk Caribou HerdUnited Caribou Association of the NunamiutU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceUtilities System SpecialistUltravioletVisual Iñupiaq Verbal AcquisitionWestern Arctic HerdWireless fidelityWorking Groupxiv
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016Executive SummaryAnaktuvuk Pass CommunityAnaktuvuk Pass, Alaska is a unique rural community located along the continental divide in a valley of theEndicott Mountains of the Brooks Range. The residents of Anaktuvuk Pass, the Nunamiut, are the onlyinland Iñupiat and have thrived for thousands of years in the Arctic, relying on intimate knowledge of theenvironment and the values of sharing and cooperation. Iñupiat subsistence hunting and fishingtraditions, especially of caribou, remain an integral way of life. The Anaktuvuk Pass landscape ischaracterized by dramatic mountain scenery with valley tundra near the Anaktuvuk and John rivers andwithin the federal Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve.Four families, about 31 people, settled the village of Anaktuvuk Pass during the 1940s. The communityhas experienced overall positive sustained population growth for over 50 years, since 1960. Today,approximately 393 people call Anaktuvuk Pass home. Anaktuvuk Pass residents and community leadersstrive to create the community that provides modern infrastructure while maintaining a traditional culturethat has sustained the Iñupiat for thousands of years. It is one of eight communities within the NorthSlope Borough, a vast area that encompasses of nearly 95,000 square miles across northern Alaska thathas a total population of only 8,075 residents.1Hunting, fishing, and gathering of food and plants are essential subsistence activities for the Nunamiutpeople. The traditional subsistence range covers a 54,000 square-mile area that reaches nearly to thevillage of Nuiqsut near the Beaufort Sea coast, the southern foothills of the Brooks Range and into theArctic National Wildlife Refuge to the east. Protection of subsistence resources and rights and access tosubsistence lands are essential to Anaktuvuk Pass residents.Anaktuvuk Pass residents are primary Iñupiat, making up 88.9 percent of the population. There areapproximately 123 homes in Anaktuvuk Pass, only 8.2 percent of which have been constructed since 2000.Many residents have cited both a housing shortage that has led to overcrowded conditions and housingcondition as important issues in the community that need to be addressed. The cost of constructing newhomes in Anaktuvuk Pass is cost prohibitive for most families due to the community’s rural location andhigh transportation costs. Seventeen homes will soon receive water and sewer connections throughNorth Slope Borough capital funding.North Slope Borough. 2015. Unpublished. Draft North Slope Borough 2015 Economic Profile and Census Report. Prepared byCircumpolar Research Associates Shepro, C., Maas, C. and D. Gallaway for the North Slope Borough.1ES-1
Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan Final Draft June 2016The Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive PlanA comprehensive plan is long-range vision and strategy for the future that assists a community inpreparing for change and managing population growth, typically over a twenty year horizon.Comprehensive plans contain a vision for the future prepared with input from community residents andstakeholders. Goals and strategies implement that vision. A comprehensive plan provides direction onmany physical and social issues, including land use, transportation, and housing. It is framed in broadterms and guides future implementation.The 2005 North Slope Borough Borough-wide Comprehensive Plan contains a profile for each North SlopeBorough community. This Anaktuvuk Pass Comprehensive Plan replaces the Anaktuvuk Pass communityprofile in the Borough-wide Comprehensive Plan.Anaktuvuk Pass residents participated in the development of this plan through public meetings andworkshops. Input was also provided by the tri-lateral, a committee comprised of members from theNunamiut Corporation, Naqsragmiut Tribal Council, and City of Anaktuvuk Pass. Based on communityinput, a vision was created for the comprehensive plan that establishes a shared set of community valuesand direction for the future of Anaktuvuk Pass:An
ANWR Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . ASNA Arctic Slope Native Association . ASRC Arctic Slope Regional Corporation . ATV All-Terrain Vehicle . BAT Best Available Technology . BLM Bureau of Land Management . BMP Best Management Practice . CAH Central Arctic
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