The Study Of Language
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationThe Study of LanguageThis best-selling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction tothe study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presentsinformation in bite-sized sections, clearly explaining the major concepts in linguistics –from how children learn language to why men and women speak differently, throughall the key elements of language. This Fifth Edition has been revised and updatedwith new figures and tables, additional topics, and numerous new examples usinglanguages from across the world. To increase student engagement, and to fosterproblem-solving and critical-thinking skills, the book includes thirty new tasks. Anexpanded and revised online study guide provides students with further resources,including answers and tutorials for all tasks, while encouraging lively and proactivelearning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the studyof language.George Yule has taught Linguistics at the universities of Edinburgh, Hawai‘i,Louisiana State and Minnesota. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore information“A genuinely introductory linguistics text, well suited for undergraduates who havelittle prior experience thinking descriptively about language. Yule’s crisp and thoughtprovoking presentation of key issues works well for a wide range of students.”Elise Morse-Gagne, Tougaloo College“The Study of Language is one of the most accessible and entertaining introductionsto linguistics available. Newly updated with a wealth of material for practice anddiscussion, it will continue to inspire new generations of students.”Stephen Matthews, University of Hong Kong“Its strength is in providing a general survey of mainstream linguistics in palatable,easily manageable and logically organized chunks. The chapter divisions allow forconsiderable flexibility, which has proved particularly important after recentlyrestructuring our courses and reorganizing the order in which to cover the topics.”Nigel Musk, University of Linköping“Perfect for the beginners’ level introductory linguistics course, both in style andcontent.”Hugh Buckingham, Professor of Linguistics, Louisiana State University“Very clear and easy to read for beginners; user-friendly and non-threatening. . .;chapters are in absorbable bite-size chunks.”Jean Aitchison, Professor of Language and Communication, University of Oxford“An impressive breadth of coverage . . . clear presentation, lucid style andaccessibility . . . a solid foundation for further study in linguistics as well as beinga pleasure to read in its own right.”Alan Smith, Web Journal of Modern Language Linguistics“Comprehensive, concise and compelling, this updated and highly accessible textbook is the obvious choice for the beginner language student.”Torill Hestetræet, University of Bergen“This textbook is an excellent overview of the central topics in linguistics and howlinguists study language.”Daniel W. Hieber, Rosetta Stone, eLanguage.net“. . . provides a clear and concise introduction to linguistics suitable for beginners.”Dr. Jeffrey Gil, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationThe Study of LanguageFIFTH EDITIONGeorge Yule in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationUniversity Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United KingdomCambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107658172First and second editions Cambridge University Press 1985, 1996Third, fourth and fifth editions George Yule 2006, 2010, 2014This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.First published 1985Second edition 1996Third edition 2006Fourth edition 2010Fifth edition 2014Reprinted 2015Printed in the United Kingdom by Bell and Bain LtdA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataYule, George, 1947–The study of language / George Yule. – 5th ed.pages cmPrevious ed.: 2010.ISBN 978-1-107-04419-7 (Hardback) – ISBN 978-1-107-65817-2 (Paperback)1. Language and languages. 2. Linguistics. I. Title.P107.Y85 2014400–dc23 2013028557ISBN 978-1-107-04419-7 HardbackISBN 978-1-107-65817-2 PaperbackAdditional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/yule5Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,accurate or appropriate.Every effort has been made to secure necessary permissions to reproduce copyright material in thiswork, though in some cases it has proved impossible to trace copyright holders. If any omissions arebrought to our notice, we will be happy to include appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting,or in any subsequent edition. in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationContentsPrefacel1 The origins of languageThe divine sourceThe natural sound sourceThe “bow-wow” theoryThe “pooh-pooh” theoryThe social interaction sourceThe physical adaptationsourceTeeth and lipsMouth and tongueLarynx and pharynxThe tool-making sourceThe human brainThe genetic sourceStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading2 Animals and human languagelCommunicationProperties of human ral transmissionDualityTalking to animalsChimpanzees and languageWashoeSarahLanaThe controversyKanziUsing languageStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading in this web service Cambridge University 02022222324l3 The sounds of language272727282829PhoneticsVoiced and voiceless soundsPlace of articulationConsonantsFamiliar symbolsUnfamiliar symbolsConsonants: manner dsGlidesA consonant chartGlottal stops and flapsVowelsDiphthongsSubtle individual variationStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading30303030313131313132333435353737l4 The sound patterns of languagePhonologyPhonemesNatural classesPhones and allophonesMinimal pairs and setsPhonotacticsSyllablesConsonant clustersCoarticulation effectsAssimilationNasalizationElisionNormal speech40404141424343444445454646www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationviContentsStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsBob Belviso translatedFurther readingl5 Word tionConversionCoinageAcronymsDerivationPrefixes and suffixesInfixesMultiple processesStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther readingl6 MorphologyMorphologyMorphemesFree and bound morphemesLexical and functionalmorphemesDerivational morphemesInflectional morphemesMorphological descriptionProblems in morphologicaldescriptionMorphs and allomorphsOther languagesKanuriGandaIlocanoTagalog in this web service Cambridge University 06263666666676768686969707071717173737678Study questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther readingl7 Grammar8080808182838384848585English grammarTraditional grammarThe parts of speechAgreementGrammatical genderTraditional analysisThe prescriptive approachCaptain Kirk’s infinitiveThe descriptive approachStructural analysisConstituent analysisLabeled and bracketedsentencesHierarchical organizationA Gaelic sentenceWhy study grammar?Study questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther readingl8 Syntax8687878889899293Syntactic rulesA generative grammarDeep and surface structureStructural ambiguityTree diagramsTree diagram of an EnglishsentenceSymbols used in syntacticanalysisPhrase structure rulesLexical rulesMovement rulesStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther idge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationContentsl9 SemanticsMeaningSemantic featuresWords as containers ofmeaningSemantic rolesAgent and themeInstrument andexperiencerLocation, source and goalLexical nes andhomonymsPolysemyWord playMetonymyCollocationStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading10 ceAnaphoraPresuppositionSpeech actsDirect and indirectspeech actsPolitenessNegative and positivefaceStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading in this web service Cambridge University 313413413613811 Discourse 9151152DiscourseInterpreting discourseCohesionCoherenceSpeech eventsConversation analysisTurn-takingThe co-operative principleHedgesImplicaturesBackground knowledgeSchemas and scriptsStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading12 Language and the brainlviiNeurolinguisticsLanguage areas in the brainBroca’s areaWernicke’s areaThe motor cortex and thearcuate fasciculusThe localization viewTongue tips and slipsThe tip of the tonguephenomenonSlips of the tongueSlips of the brainSlips of the earAphasiaBroca’s aphasiaWernicke’s aphasiaConduction aphasiaDichotic listeningLeft brain, right brainThe critical periodGenieStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther 61161162163163165165166167www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationviiiContentsl13 First language acquisitionAcquisitionInputCaregiver speechThe acquisition scheduleCooingBabblingThe one-word stageThe two-word stageTelegraphic speechThe acquisition processLearning throughimitation?Learning throughcorrection?Developing morphologyDeveloping syntaxForming questionsForming negativesDeveloping semanticsLater developmentsStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther 77178178179181181183184Second language acquisition/14llearningSecond language learningAcquisition and learningAcquisition barriersThe age factorAffective factorsFocus on teaching methodThe grammar–translationmethodThe audiolingual methodCommunicativeapproachesFocus on the learnerTransferInterlanguageMotivationInput and outputTask-based learning in this web service Cambridge University 194194196196198198Communicative competenceApplied linguisticsStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading15 Gestures and sign languageslGesturesIconicsDeicticsBeatsTypes of sign languagesOralismSigned EnglishOrigins of ASLThe structure of signsShape and orientationLocationMovementPrimesFacial expressions andfinger-spellingThe meaning of signsRepresenting signsASL as a natural languageStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading16 Written raphic writingThe rebus principleSyllabic writingAlphabetic writingWritten EnglishEnglish orthographyStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther 221221222224www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationContentslFamily treesIndo-EuropeanCognatesComparative reconstructionGeneral principlesSound reconstructionWord reconstructionThe history of EnglishOld EnglishMiddle EnglishSound changesMetathesisEpenthesisProthesisSyntactic changesLoss of inflectionsSemantic changesBroadening of meaningNarrowing of meaningDiachronic and synchronicvariationStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading18 Regional variation in languagelThe standard languageAccent and dialectVariation in grammarDialectologyRegional dialectsIsoglosses and dialectboundariesThe dialect continuumBilingualismDiglossiaLanguage planningPidginsCreolesThe post-creolecontinuumStudy questionsTasks in this web service Cambridge University Press254254Discussion topics/projectsFurther reading17 Language history and 4724824925025125125225219 Social variation in languagelSociolinguisticsSocial dialectsEducation and occupationSocial markersSpeech style and style-shiftingPrestigeSpeech angTaboo termsAfrican American EnglishVernacular languageThe sounds of avernacularThe grammar of avernacularStudy questionsTasksDiscussion topics/projectsFurther reading20 Language and culturelixCultureCategoriesKinship termsTime conceptsLinguistic relativityThe Sapir–WhorfhypothesisAgainst the Sapir–WhorfhypothesisSnowNon-lexicalized categoriesCognitive categoriesClassifiersSocial categoriesAddress termsGenderGendered 6276277278278www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationxContentsGendered structuresGendered speechSame-gender talkGendered interactionStudy questionsTasks in this web service Cambridge University Press279279280280281281Discussion topics/projectsFurther ambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationPrefaceIn this new editionFor all their advice and suggestions for improvements to the fifth edition of this book,I’d like to thank the reviewers, instructors, students and researchers who havecommented on earlier versions. I have made a number of revisions in the internalorganization of all the chapters, with a clearer division into major topics and subsections. Additional section headings have been included to make the material moreaccessible and a number of extra examples from everyday language use are offeredto make some of the points clearer. There are also more substantial revisions inChapters 3 (Phonetics), 4 (Phonology), 5 (Word formation) and 8 (Syntax) thatshould make these units more manageable. I hope these revisions will make the bookmore informative, easier to read, and overall more user-friendly.In addition, there are thirty new tasks. The majority of these are data-based anddesigned to foster problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. New examples fromlanguages as diverse as German, Hawaiian, Hungarian, Lakhota, Proto-Polynesian,Quechua, Spanish and Tamasheq provide an opportunity to explore further aspects oflanguages other than English. Additional topics explored in the study of the Englishlanguage include adjective order, adverb position in sentences, American and Britishdifferences, compounds, general extenders, the presuppositions of jokes, recasts,stylistics, synecdoche and vague language. An expanded and revised Study Guideproviding answers and tutorials for all the tasks can be found on the book’s website:www.cambridge.org/yule5.To the studentIn The Study of Language, I have tried to present a comprehensive survey of what isknown about language and also of the methods used by linguists in arriving at thatknowledge. There have been many interesting developments in the study of languageover the past two decades, but it is still a fact that any individual speaker of a languagehas a more comprehensive “unconscious” knowledge of how language works than anylinguist has yet been able to describe. Consequently, as you read each of the followingchapters, take a critical view of the effectiveness of the descriptions, the analyses, andthe generalizations by measuring them against your own intuitions about how yourlanguage works. By the end of the book, you should feel that you do know quite a lot in this web service Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth EditionGeorge YuleFrontmatterMore informationxiiPrefaceabout both the internal structure of language (its form) and the varied uses of languagein human life (its function), and also that you are ready to ask more of the kinds ofquestions that professional linguists ask when they conduct their research.At the end of each chapter, there is a section where you can test and apply whatyou have learned. This section contains: Study questions that you can use to check if you have understood some of themain points and important terms introduced during that chapter Tasks that extend the topics covered in the book, mostly through data analysis,with examples from English and a wide range of other languages Discussion topics/projects that offer opportunities to consider some of the moregeneral, sometimes controversial, language-related topics and to develop your ownopinions on issues involving language Further reading suggestions provided to help you find more detailed treatments ofall the topics covered in that chapterThe origins of this book can be traced to introductory courses on language taught atthe University of Edinburgh, the University of Minnesota and Louisiana State University, and to the suggestions and criticisms of hundreds of students who forced me topresent what I had to say in a way they could understand. An early version of thewritten material was developed for Independent Study students at the University ofMinnesota. Later versions have had the benefit of expert advice from a lot of teachersworking with diverse groups in different situations. I am particularly indebted toProfessor Hugh Buckingham, Louisiana State University, for sharing his expertiseand enthusiasm over many years as a colleague and friend.For feedback and advice in the preparation of recent editions of the book, I wouldlike to thank Jean Aitchison (University of Oxford), Linda Blanton (University of NewOrleans), Karen Currie (Federal University of Espı́ritu Santo), Mary Anna Dimitrakopoulos (Indiana University, South Bend), Thomas Field (University of Maryland,Baltimore), Anthony Fox (University of Leeds), Agustinus Gianto (Pontifical BiblicalInstitute), Gordon Gibson (University of Paisley), Katinka Hammerich (University ofHawai‘i), Raymond Hickey (University of Duisburg–Essen), Daniel Hieber (RosettaStone), Richard Hirsch (Linköping University), Fiona Joseph (University of Wolverhampton), Eliza Kitis (Aristotle University), Terrie Mathis (California State University,Northridge), Stephen Matthews (University of Hong Kong), Robyn Najar (FlindersUniversity), Eric Nelson (University of Minnesota), Jens Reinke (Christian AlbrechtUniversity Kiel), Philip Riley (University
Politeness 132 Negative and positive face 133 Study questions 134 Tasks 134 Discussion topics/projects 136 Further reading 138 l 11 Discourse analysis Discourse 140 Interpreting discourse 140 Cohesion 141 Coherence 142 Speech events 142 Conversation analysis 143 Turn-taking 143 The co-operative principle 144 Hedges 145 Implicatures 146 .
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Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
