The Use Of Satellite Technology In Air Navigation Services

The Use of Satellite Technology inAir Navigation ServicesJorge García VillalobosCORPAC S.A.International Airport “Jorge Chávez”Callao, Lima – Perújgarcia@corpac.gob.peICG EXPERTS MEETING: GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITESYSTEMS SERVICES 15 - 18 December 2015Vienna, AustriaSources courtesy of: CORPAC/ICAO/ITU/BOSTON COLLEGE/FAA/DECEA/NOOA

AGENDAI. INTRODUCTIONII. VSAT NETWORKIII. GNSS SYSTEMIV. IONOSPHERE EFFECTS OVER GNSS (IN SAMREGION) AND PROPOSALSV. ADS-B SYSTEMSVI. CONCLUSIONS

I.INTRODUCTIONSATELLITE SYSTEMSRadio links between mobile or ground stations through active andpassive relays located in orbit around the Earth.TYPE OF ORBITLow Earth Orbit (LEO): Mobile CommunicationsMedium Earth Orbit (MEO): GNSS: GPS, GLONASS, GALILEOGeoEstationary Orbit (GEO): Commercial Systems - VSATPeriod2 h 7’13 h 21’23 h 56’Radio [km]8.37828.37842.164OrbitalAltitude [km]2.00020.00035.786Satellite Speed[km/s]6,893,753,07Orbit /BandLEO / L, KaMEO / LGEO / C, Ku

Current Aeronautical CommunicationsEN-ROUTEf1 ACCAPROACHf2 ACCAPROACH(LANDING)(DEPARTURE)f2 APPf1 APPf1 TWRf2 TWRSURFACESURFACEVHF-AAARPTO INTERNACIONAL JORGE CHAVEZf1 HF AMSf2 HF AMS“REDAP”AFTN/AMHSATS (G-G)GROUND DIGITALNETWORK (Voice & Data)VHF-AA (G-A)LIMAVHF-AAAFTN/AMHSATS (G-G)VHF-AA (G-A)CUSCO

II.VSAT NETWORK (COMMUNICATIONS)2.1a)DOMESTIC NETWORKPhase 1: Radar Data (Since 2012) 7 Remote Sites Lima (Control Center)VSAT Node where a Radar System is installedUse of previous ground network REDAP as Backup Main Service of VSAT Nodes: Radar DataFull RedundancyClear Channel linkIP AddressingHublessC Band: 4GHz/6 GHzRedundant NCC :Main in Lima & Backup in Iquitos

b) Phase 2: Network Migration (Since 2016) 17 Remote SitesFull Migration to Satellite network Integrates another services:VHF-AA Radio and ATS voiceData service: AMHS GNSS/ADSIntelsatIS-14

2.2Regional VSAT Network - uayaquil(PANAMSAT)PAS 1R/ (IS-14, INTELSAT)ManausRecifeLimaLaLa PazPazAsunciónCordobaSantiago deChileBuenosAireBuenossAiresMontevideoREDDIG NodeNetwork Control Center(NCC)-VSAT Network used by ICAO and SAM Statesfor supporting the CNS/ATM Systems.Backup Link: Public ISDN and IP NetworkCuritibaIn service from September 2003for fixed communicationsFor international links: ATSvoice and aeronauticalmessagging AMHS/AFTNAdministered by ICAO:Regional Project RLA/03/901“Sistema de Gestión de laREDDIG y Administración delSegmento Satelital”Capacity for transmiting Radarand GNSS data-In 2016 it will be installed NodeNr. 17 in Brazil

III.GNSS SYSTEMSICAO Concept for GNSSA worldwide position and time determination system that includes one ormore satellite constellations, aircraft receivers and system integritymonitoring, augmented as necessary to support the required navigationperformance for the intended operation. (Ref. ICAO Annex 10, Vol. I).There are four essential criteria: i) Accuracy, ii) Integrity, iii) Continuity, and iv)Availability, in correspondence with the new PBN (RNAV/RNP) procedurewhich permits flying direct routings, precise navigation capability and permitsefficient operations in terrain constrained or congested airspace.GNSS Segments:1) Space: satellite constellations(GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, BEIDU)2) Control: monitor, control andsyncronization of satellites3) Users: receivers, aircraftThere are Augmentation Systems like SBAS(Satellite) and GBAS (Ground), to improveperformance of GNSS systems

IV.IONOSPHERE EFFECTS OVER GNSS (INSOUTHAMERICA REGION) AND PROPOSALSLima-Peru is the Geomagnetic Equator inSouthamerica Region (low latitude), that iswhy the peruvian airports have an intenseionosphere activity, as well as countrieslocated between 20 N and 20 S (aprox)from the geomagnetic Equator, especiallyduring periods of maximum solar activity.THE SOLAR CYCLEGeomagnétic Equator ( /- 20 grades), (NOAA) Frequency of disturbances in ionosphereAt the end of 2013 and 2014 it was the maximumsolar cycle Nr 24. Next cycle would be in 2025

.IMPACTS DUE TO IONOSPHERE SCINTILLATIONS ANDTEC OVER GNSSScintillations generate fading overGNSS signalsTEC generates delays, measurements madeby LISN (Low-latitude Ionosphere SensorNetwork) – Courtesy of Boston Collegeand (c) latitude

4.1 ProposalsA) Test Bed SBAS/WAAS/GPS - Regional Project RLA/00/009(ICAO – FAA)The main objective was to develop a plan of test bed (trials) andevaluation of the technical and operational benefits of SBASAugmentation System/GNSS based on GPS / WAAS for CAR/SAMRegion (2002)The GPS receivers used the L1and L2 frequenciesEstaciones Maestras deEnsayo (TMS):La estación TMS de Chileestaba conectada con lasestaciones de Referencia TRSde Argentina, Chile, Perú yBolivia.La estación TMS de Brasilestaba conectada con lasestaciones TRS de Brasil,Colombia,yladeCentroamérica (Cocesna)

B)Results of Regional Project RLA/00/009- The Scintillation generated lost of messages and data in collectionstations- Lack of an algorithm more robust to interference or ionosphericscintillation , especially in the equatorial region (low latitude)- It may also be considered as an aspect of risk in the development ofSBAS systems for procedures of accuracy or vertical guidance.Ejemplo buble in Río de JaneiroHorizontal and vertical error taken from GPSsignal sample - Peru

C) Reference: Results of ionosphere impact evaluation onGBAS operation in Brazil (Published in SAM/IG/15-ICAO)-GBAS system, in accordance with ICAO Annex 10, Volume 1, allowsperforming precision approach Category I with increasing values ofGPS signals accuracy and integrity.-The purpose of the evaluation was to study the impact of theionosphere on the operation of the SLS-4000 station (Rio de Janeiro –Southamerica region) during solar cycle 24 by using a mid-latitudeionosphere threat model .-As result of the ionosphere impact evaluation on GBAS (operationsin Brazil) : It was concluded that the mid-latitude ionosphere threatmodel is not directly applicable to low latitudes like Equatorial Region-Like the mentioned Regional Project RLA/00/009, the receivers usedthe L1/L2 GPS frequencies.Using this model, the most critical situation forGBAS operation would be an aircraft on approach(landing) receiving wrong correction from theground station caused by different ionospheredelay received by aircraft and ground station

SBAS O GBAS SYSTEM FOR SOUTHAMERICAN REGION?-Equatorial region (Low Latitude) is hostile for the GNSS signals, requiresmore investigation.-Less air traffic in Southamerica than Northamerica (Medium Latitude) .-Brazil is doing the study and testing of a national GBAS Augmentationsystem, which could be a model extended for the South America Region .-Continuos study of the scintillation in more detail as the main constraint onthe use of two frequencies ( L1 and L5 ) for vertical guidance.-The scintillation can seriously affect the continuity and availability of GNSS.-Cost - benefit analysis

PERUVIAN EXPERIENCE:The first operational approach procedure based on GNSS and RNP Baro- VNAV information was authorized at the Cusco Airport in 2008Cusco Airport: Location: Cusco, Peru Elevation: 10745 ft. IFR Daylight operations onlyRWY28 served by two IFRapproaches, ending in visualcircling maneuvers. Minimumapproach(DA14500’,visibilityrequired8Km) often higher than actualweather conditions.14th GNSS Implementation Team Meeting Seattle, USA, 1521-24 June 2010

V.ADS SYSTEM - Automatic Dependent SurveillanceIt is broadcasting the position (latitude and longitude), altitude,speed, aircraft identification and other information obtained from theonboard systems. Because their coverage is satellite (GNSS ), theADS nicely complements the current radar information (ground)giving coverage to remote areas, low flight level and oceanic areas,which is integrated with the radar data.There is currently 1090 ADS-B technology that works in S Mode formatand with capacity to provide information for air traffic control.

CURRENT SITUATION OF SURVEILLANCE/ADS IN PERUAND SAM REGION-All SAM region has surveillance radar (groundsensors ) .Now, many states are in the stage of studies andtests of ADS- B, noting that Brazil hasimplemented ADS- C stations in your area ofoceanic control.-Today, Peru has 07 Secondary Radar Systems(SSR ) Mode S nationwide (including Lima) forhedges of headspace FL 250 or more of the FIRLima, and 01 Primary Radar (PSR) systemterminal area in Lima MN 60 approx.-In the medium term ( to 2016/2017 ) areconsidered tests with ADS- B system and the firststations ADS- B ( ES Mode S receivers ) would beimplemented nationwide.-Today, there is an ADS- B system in Pisco beingintegrated with the radar data in ACC ControlCenter of Lima.-In the long term (2025, estimated), the currentSSR Mode S radars installed would not berenewed and be replaced around 2021 by ADS -B/ C systems.

Radar Coverage Diagram in upper airspace in the FIR( Flight Information Region ) LimaCoverage of lower airspace in the FIR Lima whereADS- B can be usedIDENTIFIED AREAS(UNDER FL 250 )WHERE THE ADS- BCAN COVER ANDCOMPLEMENT THERADAR SERVICE

VI.CONCLUSIONS-There are benefits (VSAT, GBAS, ADS) for airnavigation in Peru and the SouthamericaRegión, by using the satellite tecnology inaccordance with ICAO recommendations.-Most countries in South America would haveto base their national airspace onGNSS/GBAS and/or SBAS-Development of a valid Ionosphere ThreatModel for Low Latitudes (Equatorial region), is key to GBAS for the national or regionalaviation TCCenterAeronauticalTelecommunications enterATCCenterATCCenterATCCenterAugmentation SystemSBAS/GBASADS-B/C, MLAT

THANK YOU!!Note: The opinions expressed here are solely those of the author

III. GNSS SYSTEMS ICAO Concept for GNSS A worldwide position and time determination system that includes one or more satellite constellations, aircraft receivers and system integrity monitoring, augmented as necessary to support the required navigation performance for the intended operation. (Ref. ICAO Annex 10, Vol. I).