RIVER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE TRUCKEE AND CARSON RIVER .
RIVER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE TRUCKEE AND CARSON RIVER SYSTEM,CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICSBy WILLIAM M. BROWN III, JON 0. NOWLIN, LAWRENCE H. SMITH, and MARY R. FLINTU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYOpen-File Report 84-576A product of the River-QualityAssessment of the Truckeeand Carson River Basins,Nevada and CaliforniaIooao00Sacramento, California1986
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORDONALD PAUL HODEL, SecretaryU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYDallas L. Peck, DirectorFor additional informationwrite to:Copies of this reportcan be purchased from:District ChiefU.S. Geological SurveyFederal Building, Room W-22342800 Cottage WaySacramento, CA 95825Open-File Services SectionWestern Distribution BranchU.S. Geological SurveyBox 25425, Federal CenterDenver, CO 80225Telephone: (303) 236-7476
CONTENTSWhat this report is aboutIntroductionThe area and the time period consideredAn overview of basin topographyThe land and the riversA framework for hydrologic studyBrief descriptions of the hydrologic subunits-Detailed descriptions of the hydrologic subunits*Lake TahoeUpper Truckee RiverMiddle Truckee RiverFernley areaLower Truckee RiverPyramid LakeUpper West Fork, Carson River-Upper East Fork, Carson RiverCarson ValleyEagle and Dayton Valleys-Churchill ValleyFallen agricultural areaCarson Sink and Carson Lake*How the hydrologic system worksThe hydrologic budgetOperating procedures for major reservoirsSpecified flowsAnnual operationsTraveltime for Truckee River flowsWater-quality characteristicsHistorical data- rCharacteristics of interest and period of recordStream temperaturesDissolved solidsNitrate-nitrogen-Information used in hydrologic studiesComputerized data filesSpecial files for the study areaMaps and orthophotographsAerial photography and imagery River and basin morphologyComputation of drainage areas--Determination of river mileage and profilesSummary-----AcknowledgmentsSelected referencesSupplemental dataA. Physiographic information for the Truckee and Carson Riverbasins--------- « --- B. Inventory of hydrologic data sites, Truckee and Carson Riverbasins«. - 232363744444445566062646465667070717275767780155
PLATES (in pocket)1.2.3.Plan and profile views of the Truckee and Carson River system.Diversion systems, gaging and sampling sites, and other riverinefeatures of the Fallen area, Truckee River and Canal, and CarsonValley.Streamflow characteristics of the Truckee and Carson River .The Truckee-Carson river-quality assessment study consists ofthe six integrated elements shown in this schematicThe Truckee and Carson River basins lie in eastern centralCalifornia and western central Nevada-The Truckee and Carson River basins span the CaliforniaNevada State line, and enclose the built-up areas nearLake Tahoe, Reno-Sparks, and Carson CityThe basins were divided into 13 hydrologic subunits on thebasis of study requirements and the input of local people-The water-surface altitudes of Pyramid Lake, measuredsystematically since 1911, show a long-term decliningtrend with periods of gain related to above-averageflows of the Truckee RiverAs the inflow to Pyramid Lake decreases, the dissolvedsolids concentration increasesThe mean monthly flows at Truckee River at Farad (10346000)for a wet year and a dry year reflect the variability inthe system with respect to Floriston ratesThe traveltime and dispersion characteristics of the TruckeeRiver and Truckee Canal differ greatly depending upon flowand location-Traveltime for the Truckee River between the Highway 267bridge at Truckee and the Boca bridge may be estimatedfrom these curves using discharge at the index stationTruckee River near Truckee (10338000)Traveltime for the Truckee River between the Boca bridgeand the Vista gage may be estimated from these curvesusing discharge at the index station Truckee River atFarad (10346000)Traveltime for the Truckee River between the Vista gage andDerby Dam may be estimated from these curves using dischargeat the index station Truckee River at Vista (10350000)Traveltime for the Truckee River between Derby Dam andMarble Bluff Dam may be estimated from these curvesusing discharge at the index station Truckee Riverbelow Derby Dam (10351600)Harmonic analysis of data for 1970-79 water years showsthat water temperatures peak in July and August in theTruckee and Carson Rivers-------Temperature profiles for the Truckee River show that theharmonic maximum temperatures are within the limits ofthe Nevada water-quality standards-IV3561121223539404142434951
FIGURES ure profiles for the Carson River show that theharmonic maximum temperatures are within the limitsof the Nevada water-quality standardsRelations between stream-temperature characteristics andaltitude in the Carson River basin can be used toestimate the temperature regimen for ungaged sitesRelations between stream-temperature characteristics andaltitude in the Truckee River basin can be used toestimate the temperature regimen for ungaged sitesDissolved-solids profiles for the Truckee River show thatCalifornia and Nevada water-quality standards for annualmean concentrations were generally met for 1970-79Dissolved-solids profiles for the Carson River showthat Nevada water-quality standards for annual meanconcentrations were generally met for 1970-79Nitrate-nitrogen profiles for the Truckee River show thatconcentrations exceeded certain California and Nevadawater-quality standards for 1970-79Nitrate-nitrogen profiles for the Carson River show thatNevada water-quality standards were generally met for 1970-79The Truckee and Carson River basins cover about 7,300 squaremiles, for which a variety of maps and orthophotographs existThis satellite image of the Fallen area, computer-enhancedfrom data received on September 16, 1979, shows thelocation and extent of irrigated fields in bright redagainst the lighter hues of the surrounding desert525455575861636769TABLESPage1.2.3.4.5.6.The major sources of treated municipal and domestic sewageare the built-up areas surrounding Lake Tahoe, and in theTruckee Meadows, Carson Valley, and Eagle ValleyThe hydrologic budget for the Truckee-Carson system isapproximated on the basis of streamflow, precipitation,ground-water discharge, and evaporation dataThe factors affecting the integrated operation of majorreservoirs in the Truckee and Carson River basinsindicate the complexity of the systemThe Floriston rates specify the minimum flows for theTruckee River at Farad, California, according to theseason and the stage of Lake TahoePeriodic stream-temperature data for 1970-79 water yearswere analyzed to produce predictive information for theTruckee River basinPeriodic stream-temperature data for 1970-79 water yearswere analyzed to produce predictive information for theCarson River basin-- -9-3033344648
CONVERSION FACTORSThe inch-pound system is used in this report. For those who prefermetric units, the conversion factors for the terms used in this report arelisted below:By.Multiplyacre-ft (acre-feetacre-ft/yr (acre-feetper year)acresft (feet)ft3/s (cubic feetper second)ft/mi (feet per mile)inchesIb (pounds)Mgal/d (million gallonsper day)mi (miles)mi 2 (square miles)ton/d (tons per .45437851.6092.5900.9072To obtaincubic hectometerscubic hectometersper yearsquare hectometersmeterscubic metersper secondmeter per kilometermillimeterskilogramscubic meters per daykilometerssquare kilometersmegagrams per dayUse the following to convert degrees Fahrenheit ( F) to degress Celsius ( C)( C) 5/9 ( F ASNASAEROSNDEPDRISPPC-Any of three satellites that collect radiometric data used toproduce a variety of images of the Earth's surface.Milligrams per liter.Storage and Retrieval system of the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency.National Water Data Storage and Retrieval system of the U.S.Geological Survey.Library of computer programs of the U.S. Geological Surveydesigned to perform a variety of statistical analyses, primaryon large bodies of data.Statistical Analysis System.National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Earth Resources Observation System.Nevada Division of Environmental Protection.Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nev.Sierra Pacific Power Company.VI
RIVER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE TRUCKEE AND CARSON RIVER SYSTEMCALIFORNIA AND NEVADA HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICSBy William M. Brown III, Jon 0. Nowlin, Lawrence H. Smith, and Mary R. FlintWHAT THIS REPORT IS ABOUTThe hydrologic story of the Truckee and Carson Rivers is dominated byfour principal themes.First is the geomorphic uniqueness of the regionthrough which the rivers flow. The second relates to the ways that the riversare connected by pipes, flumes, and canals and controlled by dams and gates.Third is the relentless demand by numerous interests for the limited suppliesof water that the rivers provide. And the fourth encompasses the institutionsthat direct the allocation of water among existing and prospective users. Allthese themes must be considered in concert as well as in individual detail inorder to make the hydrologic story complete; that is, to tell of the amountsand quality of water in the rivers that result from the combined actions ofpeople and nature.The U.S. Geological Survey began a study on the Truckee and Carson Riversin October 1978 to assess the cause-and-effect relations between human andnatural actions and the quality of water at different times and places alongthe rivers. This study was based on.understanding the hydrologic story of therivers inasmuch as it could be interpreted from past information and fromabout 3 years of new work. Basically, the study consists of six integratedparts. This report deals with two of the parts: The compilation of existingbasic hydrologic data and the presentation of some of the new data collectedduring the study.This report describes the fundamental physical elements of the hydrologicstory of the Truckee and Carson Rivers. It provides, for example, some of thetopographic, flow, and chemical data that define the unique character of therivers.It includes new data such as the results of recent time-of-travelstudies. It also shows revisions of previous data, such as river mileages anddrainage areas determined by using new, high-resolution maps. It acts as aguide to locating maps, aerial photographs, computer files, and reports thatrelate to the rivers and their basins. It describes methods for compiling andexpressing hydrologic information, particularly in graphic format for ease ofreading and understanding by the many users of water-related data. It establishes a framework for analyzing both rivers together in light of theirinterbasin connections.
This report consists of three basic parts:Text, tabular data, andplates. The text provides an overview of the hydrologic system, interpretations of data collected for this study, and explanations as to the compilationof the tabular data. The tabular data, attached to the text as supplements,include previously collected and new data brought together in a common format.These supplements are intended to provide users with a single source of comprehensive information about the rivers. The plates include detailed maps andhydrographic plots that represent a synthesis of some of the data listed inthe supplements.The text,supplements, and plates are extensivelycross-referenced using common river mileages, sampling site numbers, and placenames.INTRODUCTIONIn October 1978, the U.S. Geological Survey began an assessment of riverquality in the Truckee and Carson River basins. The objectives were (1) toidentify the most significant resource-management problems concerning waterquality in the two basins, (2) to develop and apply methods to assess theseproblems, and (3) to communicate the results to the water management communityand the general public in an effective and timely manner. The details of theplanning and design of the study are explained in a report by Nowlin andothers (1980).The study consists of six integrated parts shown schematically in theirrelation to each other in figure 1. The planning and design of the study andthe factfinding and communication workshops provide the direction for theremaining study elements.The compilation of basic hydrologic data and thecollection of new data are fundamental steps toward the planned interpretativework.The modeling and spawning habitat studies represent the specific,intensive technical work to be done as derived from general agreements reachedduring factfinding and communication workshops.This report addresses the compilation of basic hydrologic data and thecollection of new data, and serves as a comprehensive reference work. Theremaining study elements are discussed in reports and other media as plannedby Nowlin and others (1980, p. 40).
PLANNING AND DESIGNOF THE STUDY:What is a realisticprogram to be aimedtoward the solutionof current and potential water-qualityproblems?FACT-FINDING ANDCOMMUNICATION WORKSHOPS:What are the major, immediatewater-quality problems, andwhat study priority do theyhave? How is the study proceeding and what are its interim results?DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONOF WATER-QUALITY MODELS:How do certain water-qualityconstituents change with alternative regulations of flow andinputs of constituents?SPAWNING HABITAT STUDIES;What are the water-qualityconstituents that are harmful to the various lifestages of migratory fish?The Truckee-Carson River-Quality Assessment Study consists of the six integratedelements shown in this schematic. This report addresses two of these elements(shaded). (FIGURE 1)
The Area and the Time Periods ConsideredThe Truckee and Carson River basins lie in eastern central California andwestern central Nevada (fig. 2), and extend from the crest of the SierraNevada near Lake Tahoe
By William M. Brown III, Jon 0. Nowlin, Lawrence H. Smith, and Mary R. Flint WHAT THIS REPORT IS ABOUT The hydrologic story of the Truckee and Carson Rivers is dominated by four principal themes. First is the geomorphic uniqueness of the region through which the rivers flow. The second relates to the ways that the rivers
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