Preliminary Vehicle Mass Estimation Using Empirical .
Auto/SteelPartnershipPreliminary Vehicle Mass EstimationUsing Empirical SubsystemInfluence CoefficientsDonald E. MalenUniversity of MichiganA project supported by theAuto/Steel Partnershipwww.autosteel.org
Mass Estimation inVehicle DesignAuto/SteelPartnershipFuel formanceSubsystemSelectionand sizingwww.autosteel.org
VehicleDevelopment ationProductPlanningDetailAdvance VehicleDevelopmentDecide if vehicleconcept is consistentwith missionWhat is mass ifdesigned as atypical vehicle forthis size and class?Decide whichconfiguration is best inmeeting vehicle goalsEngineeringFactoryControl massgrowth to targetsWhat is mass ifconfiguration is changedfrom typical vehicle?www.autosteel.org
Mass Estimation In ThePreConfiguration StageAuto/SteelPartnership Type of Vehicle Number of Passengers Cargo MassPlan View AreaMass of NominalVehicle for Size andVehicle Categorywww.autosteel.org
VehicleSampleAuto/SteelPartnership2004 VW Touareg2004 Nissan Murado2004 Toyota Sienna2004 Toyota Prius2003 Toyota Camry (US)2003 BMW 330i2003 Infiniti G352003 Honda Accord2003 Toyota Corolla Sedan2002 Audi A42007Cadillac SRXChevrolet HHRSaturn OutlookGMC Sierra Crew CabChevrolet ColoradoChevrolet ImpalaPontiac G6 SE1Cadillac STSGMC YukonSaturn VueSedans:14SUV:12Pick Up:5Van:22002 Honda Civic LX2003 Honda Accord EX2003 PT Cruiser2003 Toyota Matrix XRS2003 Toyota Tacoma 4x22004 Dodge Ram 4x42004 Nissan Titan LE2004 Toyota Highlander Premium2004 Toyota Sienna2005 Honda Odyssey Touring2005 Jeep Liberty2005 Jeep Wrangler33www.autosteel.org
Data forEach VehicleAuto/SteelPartnershipFunctional SubsystemBody Non-StructureBody StructureFront SuspensionRear SuspensionSteeringBrakesPowertrainFuel and Exhaust Vehicle Category Vehicle overall dimensions Curb Mass Number of Passengers Cargo Mass Gross Vehicle Mass Subsystem MassWheels and tiresAir .org
Subsystem Mass as aFraction of Curb MassAuto/SteelPartnershipBody Non-structural 0.204Body Structure0.227Front Suspension0.049Rear .067Power Train0.1850Fuel and Exhaust0.040Steering0.014Tires & Closures0.046NoBo nstFr dy rucon S turtRe t Sus ruct alarpe ureSu nssp ionenBr sionakinTran Eng gisPo mis neFu w e s i oelrT n&E rax h inT iraes Steeust&W r in gEle heelc tr sC o ic ao lBu lingmpCl ersosuresEngine0.30.20.1www.autosteel.org
Curb Mass vs.Plan View AreaAuto/SteelPartnershipcurb mass 147.75(PVA) 229.59Curb Mass (kg)curb mass 206.11(PVA) 0.92122000 Sedans160012008004000246810Plan View Area (m2)www.autosteel.org12
AnExampleAuto/SteelPartnershipA new vehicle is in the planning stage (pre-configuration).Target Specifications5passengers120 kgcargo capacity.1815 mmVehicle width4732 mmlength2250 Lbtest weight class for fuel economy( 885kg curb mass)www.autosteel.org
Step 1: Pre ConfigurationMass EstimationAuto/SteelPartnershipFor SedansVehicle Curb Masscurb mass (kg) 147 . 75 A ( m 2 ) 229 . 59A (1 . 815 m )( 4 . 732 m ) 8.59m2curb mass 1500kgTarget: 885kgSubsystem Mass(Body Non-structure mass) 0.204 (Curb Mass)(Body Non-structure mass) 306 kgwww.autosteel.org
Auto/SteelPartnershipSoftware Tool: Pre ConfigurationMass EstimationMass of NominalVehicle for Size andVehicle Categorywww.autosteel.org
Mass Estimation In TheConfiguration StageAuto/SteelPartnershipWhat is mass if configuration is changed from typical vehicle(mass saving materials or technology)?Mass of Nominal VehicleSubsystem Mass reductionsfrom nominal vehicleenabled by technologieswww.autosteel.orgMass of Vehicleresized for alternativesubsystems
Auto/SteelPartnershipStep 2: Mass Reduction TechnologiesStep 3: Sort Technologies by CostsubsystemFor a vehiclewith curbmass 1500kg,what are massreductiontechnologies?mass reduction technologymasssavingscostcost/unitmass (mc)kg /kgTire& wheelMin. cap. wheels and tires20.00-20-1.000non structuresound treatment opt19.45-5-0.257Brakingoptimized pedal bracket3.0000.000rear suspshape optimization6.5900.000body structjoint improvements15.0000.000closureshardware: bar stock10.000.10.010front suspshape optimization7.340.20.027body structAHSS optimization70.0030.043non structurereduce glass thickness5.000.30.060non structureIP substrate optimization21.4320.093Brakingtubular pedals4.000.40.100non structureseat frame shapeoptimization40.0050.125closuresAHSS optimizationFuel&Exhaustlower gage of exhaustInclude all12.4620.161technologieswith5.991cost 0.10.167marginalwww.autosteel.org
Primary MassReductionAuto/SteelPartnershipSubsystemNon StructureBody StructureFront SuspensionRear SuspensionBrakingPowertrainFuel and exhaustSteeringTire & 6.597.0027.725.992.0020.004.9522.46289.93kgThis configuration of technologies provides aprimary mass reduction total of 290kg.Curb Mass from Pre-Configuration Primary Mass Savings fromalternative configurationswww.autosteel.org1500-2901210Target: 885
MassCompoundingAuto/SteelPartnershipAn unplanned mass increase in a component duringvehicle design has a ripple effect throughout the vehicle;other components need to be resizedincreasing vehicle mass even more.mass begets masswww.autosteel.org
Subsystem MassInfluence CoefficientAuto/SteelPartnershipSubsystem Weightwiinfluence coefficientγi wi W SWsγiGross Vehicle WeightWswww.autosteel.org
Example of MassCompoundingAuto/SteelPartnership 1000 kg GVM 10 kg of initial mass change vehicle mass influence coefficient 0.41000GrossVehicleMasskgPrimary masschange990Secondary masschange, due toresizing zing Iteration0.4*(0.4*(0.4*10))www.autosteel.org
Mass CompoundingFormulaAuto/SteelPartnershipInitial Vehicle MassMass Change (primary)Mass Change from resizing (secondary)CompoundedVehicle MassWV W0 Δ ΔΓV γV ΓV (1 )γV nγ V γ i Vehicle influence coefficient is sumi 1of subsystem influence coefficientswww.autosteel.org
Modeling SubsystemMass hicle Massstrong dependenceSpatialmoderate dependenceConfiguration BFI, BOFPerformance refinement levelsubsystem mass f (gross vehicle mass,vehicle area, configuration, performance)Reduced linear modelsubsystem mass C0 C1(gross vehicle mass) εwww.autosteel.org
Subsystem MassDependencyAuto/SteelPartnershipFunctional SubsystemVehicleSpatialMass (veh.vol, area)Config.Body Non-StructurePerformanceLevel refinement levelBody Structure BFI, BOF safety star ratingFront Suspension Strut, SLA handling / isolation levelRear Suspension Ind, etc. handling / isolation levelSteering Mech, RackBrakes FW, RW, AW Long, Trans.PowertrainFuel and Exhaust acceleration level fuel economy level range noise levelWheels andtires styling levelAir Conditioning time-to-coolElectrical option loading levelBumpers low speed impact levelClosureswww.autosteel.org
Subsystem Massvs. GVMAuto/SteelPartnershipTires & WheelsTires & Wheels Mass180160140Sedan120SUV100Pick Up80Minivan60γ 0.049402000100020003000GVMwww.autosteel.org4000
Auto/SteelPartnershipInfluence Steer inTirges&Whee lsBumpers0.0All Vehicles category1975 Study1981 Studywww.autosteel.org
Secondary gsperunitprimarychange γV ΓV 1 γV 2.52.01.51.0 0.5 0.000.10.20.30.40.50.60.7Vehicle Mass Influence Coefficient γ VAll subsystems free to resizeAll subsystems less powertrainwww.autosteel.org0.8
Auto/SteelPartnershipStep 4: Estimate VehicleMass Using Mass CompoundingPrimary mass savingsΔ 290kg γV Secondary mass savings Δ γ(1 )V Taking a nominal value for the vehicle influence coefficient; γV 0.53 γV 1.128 (1 γ V ) for a secondary mass savings (1.128) 290kg 327kgCurb Mass from Pre-Configuration Primary Mass Savings from alternative configurationsSecondary Mass Savings from resizing to new GVM1500-290-327883Target: 885kgwww.autosteel.org
Auto/SteelPartnershipSoftware Tool:Mass CompoundingResize all subsystems with GVM dependencyMass of resizedvehicle for masssavingtechnologieswww.autosteel.org
Auto/SteelPartnershipSoftware Tool:Mass CompoundingWhat is effect if Powertrain cannot be resized?www.autosteel.org
Auto/SteelPartnershipMass Estimation InPreliminary Vehicle Design Rational approach to preliminary mass allocation Effects of mass reduction technologies taken into account Based on contemporary vehicles Estimation requires only sparse data available Adequate precision for decision making FastCD available from AISI with Spreadsheet and technical reportwww.autosteel.org
AcknowledgmentsAuto/SteelPartnership Work sponsored byAuto/Steel PartnershipFuture Generation Passenger Compartment GroupJody Shaw Chair ContributionsKundan Reddy, UM Masters Candidate ContactJody Shaw, US SteelDonald E. Malen, UMjrshaw@uss.comdmalen@umich.eduwww.autosteel.org
2003 Infiniti G35 2003 Honda Accord 2003 Toyota Corolla Sedan 2002 Audi A4 2002 Honda Civic LX 2003 Honda Accord EX 2003 PT Cruiser 2003 Toyota Matrix XRS . γ 0.049 Tires & Wheels 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 1000 2000 3000 4
A spreadsheet template for Three Point Estimation is available together with a Worked Example illustrating how the template is used in practice. Estimation Technique 2 - Base and Contingency Estimation Base and Contingency is an alternative estimation technique to Three Point Estimation. It is less
Introduction The EKF has been applied extensively to the field of non-linear estimation. General applicationareasmaybe divided into state-estimation and machine learning. We further di-vide machine learning into parameter estimation and dual estimation. The framework for these areas are briefly re-viewed next. State-estimation
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existing mass families (Place Mass) or create in place masses (Create Mass). Using either tool the first thing you'll see is a dialog box indicating that Revit has activated the Show Mass mode. Mass visibility is controlled in the following ways: The Show Mass button on the View toolbar toggles mass visibility on and off in all views
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Chemical Reactions, and Stoichiometry Section 2.1: The Atomic Mass The atomic mass is the mass of 1 atom. Atoms are very small and their mass is a . molecular or ionic compound. The formula mass is expressed in a.m.u. Molar mass is the sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a mole of pure substance. The molar mass is expressed in g/mol.
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