Unfaltering Boon Of Nanotechnology On Plant Growth
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 8, August-2019ISSN 2229-5518567REVIEWUnfaltering boon of Nanotechnology onPlant GrowthGarima Tripathi, Soumyadeep Basu, Shrestha Dutta, Shweta Tripathi**Corresponding author. Email : (stripathi@amity.kol.edu)Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, New Town, Kolkata, India 700135AbstractIn the current paradigm of science, nanotechnology has acquired a remarkable threshold indiversifying its effect on technology. Several approaches have been made towards thefrontier of plant growth and enhancement. Nanotechnology proves to be the primesubstantial and effective edge in the era of advancing domain. The main prerogative of thearticle is to showcase the varied prospects of nanotechnology in spite of its certain glitches,which are yet to be tapped in the near future. The amount of knowledge we have received,although being less, has much scope for refinement. To impact the three domains of life flora, fauna, and mankind, the manifold comprehension of nanotechnology provideshumungous opportunity of growth.KeywordsIJSERNanomaterials, Nanoscience, Microscopy, Spectroscopy, ENPs, Phytotoxicity, Anti-bacterialeffect, Nanoherbicides, Nanofertilizers, BiosensorIJSER 2019http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 8, August-2019ISSN 2229-5518568IntroductionNanotechnology is the protean as well as integrative area of inquiry and application. Thewide range of applications that nanotechnology has to offer and will be providing, speaks ofits extensive prevalence, whether it be in the field of agriculture, energy, electronics, medicalpurpose, healthcare sector, textiles, commuting means, constructions, cosmetics, watertreatment etc., nanotechnology has an integral part to offer or rather it has an indispensablerole to play.[1-4]The origin and ideology behind nanoscience and nanotechnology began with a lecture titled,“There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, by physicist Richard Feynman at an AmericanPhysical Society gathering at the California Institute of Technology on 29 December, 1959.Feynman, who is widely recognised for being the Father of Nanotechnology, elucidatednanotechnology to be an exercise in which scientists will be able to manoeuvre and handleindividual atoms and molecules. Almost after a decade, Prof. Norio Taniguchi, in hisanalysis or investigation of ultra accurate machining, conceived the name,“Nanotechnology”. It was with the improvement of scanning tunnelling microscope, that thevisualisation of individual atoms was made possible and modern nanotechnology started itsjourney.IJSERNanoscience is the survey that deals with the occurrence and administration of constituentsat atomic, micro and macromolecular levels, in order to comprehend and make use of theproperties that differ distinctively from those on a larger picture. This type of extraordinaireand diversity unfolds the new prospects for more knowledge and application.Nanotechnology, being such an inspiring medium of technology of rising techno-economicarchetype, is still in its dawning stage of interpretation, advancement and innovation.Keeping in mind its characteristics, the experimentalists have considered this to be aneffective tool of sustaining technology for the long run. As defined by the United StatesNanotechnology Initiative (2001,) that nano-technology is the understanding and control ofthe matter and dimension of roughly 1-100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enablenovel application. Encompassing the nanoscience, engineering and technology involvesimaging, measuring, modelling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.Nature has numerous evidence of nanotechnology, based on its capability to work at atomic,micro molecular and supra molecular levels. Nature is the ultimatum in raisingnanostructures that provide functional proteins and compounds at cellular level of greatimportance in life on earth. Biological systems have been considered by some scientists toinvolve separation and sectionalisation of many structures into a stipulated pattern ordevice. Some biological systems comprise nanosystems that are dedicated towardsparticular functions such as mobility, function,etc. The preparation of nanomaterialscomprise a straight and artificial way that reaps particles in nanosize range, followinggrinding, high pressure amalgamation and disruption to diminish the size.[5,6] On thecontrary, the bottom up process in the synthesis of nanomaterials that deal with reactiveIJSER 2019http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 8, August-2019ISSN 2229-5518569volatile precipitation and solvent displacement.[7] It is very important for deep introspectionto understand that nanomaterials due to their enhanced contact surface area might belethal, an effect which might be absent in its bulk counterpart, mainly in the open agriculturalsetup.[8,9] Examples include, stable mold with nanomaterials that have nanostructure freelypacked to its surface, where it can reasonably be expected to percolate once coming incontact with aqueous medium or air, or when unveiled to rationally anticipated mechanicalforces.[10]The contribution of nanoscience in plant growth and system is acquiring a major importancein the present scientific scenario. Nanomaterial having different physical and chemicalattributes can result in improved plant metabolism. Pros and cons of ENPs on theenvironmental consequences with biological results. Nanoparticles can cause biochemical,physical and physiological changes in plant system and development. Impact of MWCNTand SWCNT on plant architecture, has triggered a scope of in depth study onnanotechnological aspects in plant world. The phytotoxicity, stress, ecological condition arenow put in limelight for further research to make nanotechnology a beneficial tool in theimprovement of agricultural yield.[11]IJSER2. Categorization of NanomaterialsNanomaterials are those particles whose size ranges between 1 to 100nm. The leadingtypes of nanomaterials are— carbonaceous[12], semiconductor, metal oxides[13,14],lipids[5], zero-valent metals[16,17], quantum dots, nanopolymers[18], and dendimers[19]with various types of nanofibres, nanowires and nanosheets.Nanomaterials have a special physical and chemical propagations, and the ability toenhance plant metabolism. Galbraith et al(2007) and Torney et al(2007) conform thatengineered nanomaterials are efficient in effortless transport into leaves, DNA parts andother biomolecules into plant cells[20].The engineered nanoparticles have been broadly helped in diverse area of science likebioengineering, electronics, textiles, chemical engineering, advancement of greenenvironment, pharmaceutical shipment system in navy machinery. The exclusive asset ofENPs is analysed as broad surface area, large surface energy, and adept quantumrestrain.[21,22]When nanoparticles are disclosed into the environment, ENPs may modify their movementby means of physical, biochemical and biological conversion.It requires great realization thatthe disadvantages of nanomaterials due to their enhanced contact surface area might beharsh especially in an agro economic set up. Engineered nanoparticles are those particleswhich contain metals as its main constituent especially metal oxide. The yield of metaloxides and metal nanoparticles could be accomplished by various ways. There are variousarray of nanoparticulate metal oxides including both single oxides (CeO2, TiO2, ZnO, CrO2,MoO3, and Bi2O3) and binate oxides (BaTiO2, LiCoO2, and SnO). This sequence of metalIJSER 2019http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 8, August-2019ISSN 2229-5518570oxides has modern utilization in UV inhibitory effect and detectable clarity of nanoparticlesfoam. ZnO and TiO2 are largely used in cosmetics, suncream, and bottle coatings. In theyear 2005-2010, it was recorded that ZnO and TiO2 have dermatological benefits. Toaugment the grade of emission, CeO2 is used as a combustion catalyst in fuels like diesel,and also in oxygen pumps, gas sensor, solar cells and metallurgical ceramics.Nanoparticles have been broadly classified under two headings – Organic and InorganicNanoparticles.2.1. Organic Nanoparticles :2.1.1. Micelle :Micelles are nanostructures composed of amphiphillic molecules like polymers or lipids. [23]When exposed to aqueous environments, they mask their hydrophobic group inside thestructure and unveil the hydrophilic groups. Whereas in a lipid rich environment theirstructure may set up in a reverse way. [23]2.1.2. Dendimer :A dendimer is morphologically identified by a branched structure grown from one or morecores. The size of these NPs is effortlessly controlled by number of generations that areallowed to breed over these cores.Dendimers offer complication regarding drugincorporation and release, being their synthesis quite time consuming. [24]IJSER2.1.3. Liposomes :Liposomes are vesicles formed solely of lipidic compounds. The most prevalent liposome TYPES OF NANOPARTICLESare unilamellar liposome whose size generally ranges from 100-800nm. [25].Thesespherical structures are composed of amphiphilic compounds and present high productioncost and content leakage. The main advantage of liposome is that they are completelybiodegradable, non-pernicious and non-immunogenic. [26]2.1.4. Compact Polymeric Nanoparticles :Compact polymeric nanoparticles are nanostructures produced exclusively of innate orartificial polymers. They are generally more stable than liposomes favouring continuouslocalised drug delivery for weeks, with restricted drug leakage. [23].In these polymericnanostructures, the therapeutic agent can be eventually linked covalently. Alternatively, itcan be adsorbed at the NPs surface or dissolved or enmeshed within the nanoparticlesstructure (nanospheres) or encoated inside a polymeric shell (nanocapsule). [23, 27]2.1.5. Hybrid :An transitional type of NPs is the core-shell polymer-lipid hybrid NPs. In its structure abiodegradable hydrophobic polymeric core and a lipidic outer monolayer are present [28].Alternatively, an inner polymeric core encompassed by an external lipid bilayer can beutilised [29]. Core-shell polymer-lipid hybrid NPs bring about the complementaryIJSER 2019http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 8, August-2019ISSN 2229-5518571characteristics of both complexes, namely higher stabilised, enriched drug encoated yieldand superior in vivo cellular delivery efficacy [30].2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles :2.2.1. Fullerenes :NPs can also be easily made of carbon molecules with various highly symmetric and stableforms, called fullerenes (allotrope of carbon)[31]. Buckminsterfullerene (C60), the mostreferred to as fullerene, is a rigid icosahedron with 60 carbon atoms. In its structure, singlebounds form pentagons and double bounds form hexagons[32]. Fullerenes disadvantages,such as the low solubility in organic solvents, are overcome by their unique optic, electricand magnetic properties (such as superconductivity[33]), rendering them important devicesin medical diagnosis and imaging [33].2.2.2. Inorganic materials, for example gold, silver, platinum and silica, can also be usedto produce NPs.IJSER2.2.3. Quantum Dots:-Recurrently, quantum dots are delineated as “artificial atoms”. These were one of the firstnanotechnologies to be extensively used in biological sciences and are expected to treasuretrove some applications in the near future, in a number of commercial consumer and clinicalproducts (Klimov 2007, Valizadel et al.2012).[34,35] QDs present exclusive luminescenceproperties and electronic characteristics, such as broad and uninterrupted absorptionspectra, thin emission spectra and high light stability (Bruchez et al 1998).[36]QDs manifesthigh wherewithal for identifying cells, discover particles, and accumulating solar energy.However, before we look into the advantage of this new particle we should first figure out therisk of its toxicity to organisms.Nair et al (2011) observed that when rice seeds were treatedwith CdSe QDs, it was detected that the germination of the seeds were constrained [37].According to Hoshino et al 2004, QDs can lead to DNA damage and decelerate thegermination of cells in culture.[38] It was also noted that cell damage and cell death can beinduced by mercapto-undecanoic acid QDs (Shiohara et al 2004)[39].Although the vulnerability of single walled carbon nanotubules to plant induced benigneffects, the cluster of QDs to the nanotubules effectively transform the viability of the tomatoplants by significantly stimulating leaf senescence and inhibiting root formation(Alimohammadi et al 2011).[40]Furthermore, it was noted that, when Arabidopsis is unveiledto QDs, it induce oxidative stress, as conceded by changes in the GSH/GSSG ratio(Navarro et al 2012).[41]3.Characterization of NanomaterialsCharacterization of nanomaterials being a part of nanometrology, handles thecharacterization of the physical and chemical properties the nanomaterials. This helps us toIJSER 2019http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 8, August-2019ISSN 2229-5518572evaluate nanomaterial in their degree of toxicity an usefulness in different genres of life.However, there are several microscopic and spectroscopic mechanism into practice.Metrics, taken into consideration for the characterization of different nanoparticles are sizeand dispersion, shape, chemical composition and crystal structure, surface area, surfacechemistry and charge, solubility.[42]3.1. UV spectroscopy - It is the method by which light is incorporated by the sample andscattered in the sample is quantified. The measurements of spectroscopy are compared atdifferent wavelengths. Nanoparticles having optical properties can be easily characterizedby this method. The measured spectrum is compared expected spectrum with the help ofmany numerical tools.3.2. Transmission Emission Microscope (TEM) - It is a tool in microscopy to producehighly magnified images produced by transmission of electrons in the sample. Electronsinstead of light is used to illuminate the images produced. Background of the sample playsan integral part in the characterisation of nanoparticles via TEM. Principle behind this is thehigh electron of the nanoparticles that make the imaging feasible. It is most used to measuremetal based nanoparticles and few carbon based nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes,quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles etc.IJSER3.3. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) - This is an important characterisation ofnanoparticles based on their colloid nature. Light gets scattered in the colloidal solution andby the analysis of the brownion motion of the colloidal particles. The hydrodynanic diametermeasured in this case is larger than the size analyzed in TEM.3.4. Zeta Potential - It is a physical characterisation that help to quantify the total sufacecharge of the nanoparticles. It is a measure of the discrepancy in potential between the bulkfluid in which a particle is immersed and the layer of fluid covering the oppositely chargedions on the nanoparticle surface.3.5. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)- It is the analytical technique that helps indetermination of mass concentration of the nanoparticles in consideration. It works on theprinciple of atomic absorption from light to a specific wavelength. The amount of energyhence absorbed is related to the number of atoms on the light path.3.6. Fourier Transform Infrared [FTIR] spectroscopy – Determination of the nature andstructure of functional group can be conferred by measure of infrared wavelength againstlight wavelength. This spectra scrutiny can highlight the optical properties ofnanoparticles.[43]3.7. Energy Dispersive X ray analysis (EDX) – it is an analysis technique for surfaceinspection on nanoparticle, from all sides and proportions. Thus, giving an overall mappingof the nanoparticle surface. It is laborious technique because of the low penetrating power ofthe X rays.[44]3.8. Atomic Force Microscope(AFM) – It is a non destructive analyzing technique, with avery high spatial resolution. This makes it ideal for nano range analysis.Images areIJSER 2019http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 8, August-2019ISSN 2229-5518573generated by the feedback system found between the optical detection and piezoelectricscanners.[44]3.9. Scanning Tunnelling microscopy (STM) – this helps us to study particle surface fromscale lateral resolution. It works on the principle of quantum tunnelling, which implies that onthe contact of conducting tip to the surface, electrons are tunnelled through the vacuumbetween them.[44] It is widely used in the characterization of carbon based nanoparticles.4. Mechanism and Principles in NanotechnologyConsumption, translocation, and assemblage of NPs dependent on the plant system and thesize, kinds, chemical conformation and stability of the NPs. The consumption, biometabolism and transfer of various NPs in a plant architecture has been earlierdemonstrated [45] . The intake, assimilation, and the transfer of organic matter , suspendedfullerene C70 and MWCNT in rice plants were examined in the past [46]. Black agglomeratesof C70 were observed. These stocks were obtained more in the seeds and roots asscrutinised to the stems and leaves of the rice. It has been reckoned that the presenceofaggregates of NOM-C70 in leaves led to the transference route of water and the nutrientsthrough the xylem tissue. In the cell membrane specific ion transmitters have beenconcluded for NPs ascended by the plants [47]. Because of the low surface friction ofCNTs, the passage of organic substances into the cytoplasm can be given out [48]. Interplayof ryegrass with NPs has been recorded. The scanning electron microscopy studiesconfirmed the adsorption and aggregation of the NPs on the root surface [49].TEM images of root cross-sections of the ryegrass also displayed the occurrence ofparticles in the apoplast, cytoplasm and nuclei of the endodermal cells. Birbaum [50]detected CeO2 NPs employed on corn leaves, which were absorbed by the leaves, but nottransferred to new leaves. Zhu [51] informed the uptake of Fe3O4 NPs by pumpkinseedlings in husbandry culture using a vibrating sample magnetometer. NPs were detectedin roots, stems, and leaves of the plants. It was compelling that no uptake was noted whenplants were germinated in soils and a reduction in uptake was noticed, when grown on sand.In accordance with the Fe3O4 NPs, growth medium was not taken into prominence, in thesoil and sand grains. Incapability of uptake of lima bean plant species, was noticed ontreatment with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. the ascent and transmission of Cu NPs in mungbean(Phaseolus radiata) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined by Lee et al., [52] in theagar growth medium.It was inferred that the Cu NPs could navigate through the cell membrane and aggregated inthe cells. Cucurbita pepo when administered with Ag NPs, the Ag concentration in the plantshoots was found to be 4.7 times higher in the plants than those treated with large amountof Ag powder [53]. Cases of biomagnification has been reported in algae and tobacco viananoparticle treatment[54,55]. NPs assimilated in the cells may be trasferred by means ofapoplast or symplast through plasmodesmata. However, the exact methodology by whichplants take up NPs and plant specific accumulation of NPs is are still undiscovered andremain unexplored.Nanomaterial unveils in plant system through numerous pathways, such as peripheralemission from manufacturing orifice in sewage treatment plants [56,57]. In nutrient richorganic compounds from sewage water treatment domain, pesticides e
Nanotechnology Initiative (2001,) that nanotechnology is the understanding and control of - the matter and dimension of roughly 1100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable - novel application. Encompassing the nanoscience, engineering and technology involves imaging, measuring, modelling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.
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