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NLDB 2019, Salford, UK26, June 2019 محـــــرك بحـــــث للمعاجـــــم العربيـــــة ّAn Arabic-Multilingual Database witha Lexicographic Search EngineMustafa JarrarBirzeit UniversityPalestine
Mustafa Jarrar, Hamzeh Amayreh: An Arabic-Multilingual Database with a LexicographicSearch Engine. The 24th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language toInformation Systems (NLDB 2019). Pages(234--246), LNCS 11608, Springer. 2019.http://www.jarrar.info/publications/JA19.pdf
Why Lexical Resources!v The importance of lexical resources (dictionaries,thesauri, wordnets, linguistic ontologies) is increasingin many application areas, such as: NLP tasks and applications Information search and retrieval Multilingual big data Multilingual semantic web Data integration among many others.v Lack of Arabic Lexical resources for human use!v Lack of Arabic Lexical resources for NLP!
SolutionDigitize, Collect, Build, then clean and linkØ Make available online for peopleØ Make available through APIs for NLP applications
Lexical Resources at Birzeit UniversityLexicographicDatabaseThe largest Arabicmultilingual database(semantics & on of themeanings of the ArabicTerms - formalArabic WordnetA large text in dialect,each word is annotatedwith 16 featuresLinguistic Big Data Graph via aLexicographic Search Engine
The LexicographicDatabase
The Lexicographic Databaseontology.birzeit.edu The largest lexicographicArabic database Contains most lexicon types:glossaries, thesauri,bi/trilingual dictionaries,morph datasets, ArabicOntology, and more.attribute ﻏﺩﻳﺭ ologyOntOntology ﻉ EnDefinitionsSynonymsTranslationsDefini onsSynonymsTransla onsphologyMorries MorphologyDictonariesDic ionaLikeShare43 results (0.09 secs)Share 24 results (3.79 secs) ‑ ﻏﺩﻳﺭ 3 results (3.77 secs)secs)attribute – 3 results (0.04ِْ ﺻﻔَﺔ ٌ َﺧ ّ ﺻﻠَﺔ ٌﻣ ُﻣْﺳﻧ ﺟﺭﻯد ٌ ﺣ ﻣﺎﺋﻲﺎﻟَﺔ ٌ َﻧْﻌ ٌ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ تﻭ َﻣِزﯾﱠ ٌ ﺿﺣﻝﺔ ٌ ﺫﻭَﻣْﯾَزة َ ﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ٌ ﻗﻠﻳﻝِﺳَﻣﺔ ﺷْﻛﻣٌل َھْﯾ ٌ ﺋَﺔ ٬ ﺳﺗﻣﺭ bute ﺍﻹﺿ out using unitsAttri ﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ of an entity withqual ﻣﺎ itiesribes ﺗﻌﻳﺵ ﺍﻟ desc ﺿﻔﺎﺩﻉ ﻓﻲ that ﺍﻟﻐ ract ﺩﻳﺭﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣ abstAn ﺳﺗﻧﻘﻊ ple:exam ﻣﺟرد ﻏﺩﻳﺭ َﻏﺩﻳﺭ اﻟﺻﻔﺔ Attri ﻣﻳﺎﻩ bute ﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ٬ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻕ ٬ ﺭﺍﻛﺩﺓ اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟھﻲ ﺿ اﱠﻔﺎﺩﻻ ُﺳ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء "ﺗﻛﻭّ ﻧﺕ ﺍﻟ ٬ُ ﺍﻟﺳﱠﻳﻝ ﻉم اﻟ ﻓﻲداﺍﻟلﻐُﺩْﻋﻠﻰ أو اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻋ ﻐﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻝ ‑ ﺗﻌﻳﺵ ، ض أﺣوال اﻟذات ." ﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻌ ، واﻟﻌﻠم ّ ﯾﺻف و ﯾُﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ ﻟﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ دون اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل وﺣدة ﻗﯾﺎس اﻟﻠون اﻟﺑرﺗﻘﺎﻟ ﻲ ھو ﺻﻔ ﺔ ّ ﻟ ﺧ ﺎ ﺻ ﯾ ّ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻠ و ن ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﺑ ر ﺗ ﻘ ﺎ example: ل f : { }ﻣﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ TypeOsure293775of mea ﻠﯾﮭﺎ واﻟﺟﮭ . ﻟﺦ rn ل ا Arabic ﺻﻔﺔ n ﻟ of وا Mode، واﻟﺑﯾﺎض ، ﻛﺎﻟﺳواد : اﻟﺷﻲء ﻋﻧد اﻟﻧﺣوﯾﯾن ھ Lexico2) واﺳم ، واﺳم اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ، ﻲ اﻟﻧﻌت Philosophy Lexicon (Vol.1&. واﻟﺻﻔﺔ ا ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد ، اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ract}٬ ﻣﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﺻﻐﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻬﺭ {AbstTypeO ﻳﺻﺏ ﻧﻬﺭ f : ﻓﻲ ﺃ ﻗﺎﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻭﺥ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﺑ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻪ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ example: ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻏﺩﻳﺭ َﻏﺩﻳﺭ )ﺍﻟﺟﻐ ﻧﻬﺭ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ "ﺃﻋﺟﺑﻪ ﻣﻧﻅﺭ ﱡ ٬ ﺭﺍﻓﻳﺎ( ُﻧ َﻬﻳْﺭ ﺻﻔَﺔ ِ Attribute ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﺭﻳﺎ ت ﺑﺍﻟ ﱠﮭﺩﺎﻣﻊﺷﺧﻓﻲ : ﻏﺩﻳﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﻧﺗﻳﻥ ." ﺿﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﻳﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﯾﻧﻌ صأ ﺟﻧﺗﻳﻥ ‑ ﻏﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﱠﻭء ﺍﻟﻭو ﺷ 2) ﺟﺎﻧﺑﺎﻩ : ﻟﺣﻳﺎﺟ ﺍﻣﻟﻐﺩﻳﺭ ﻲء ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻟﻔظ ﻣﺣدد ﻓ‑ﻲ اﻟ n (Vol.1&Modern Arabicn of phy LexicoLexicoPhiloso ﺍﻟﻐﺩﻳﺭ ْﺍﻟﻘﻁ erty ﻌَﺔ ﻣﻥ prop attri ﺍﻟﻣَﺎء bute ﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺳﻳْﻝ nsionِ ﻭ ِ)ﻋ dime ﺻﻔَﺔ ِ ﺻ ْﻔَﻧﺔﺩ ﺍﻟ ﺟﻐﺭﺍ ُﻣَﻣﯾَّز ﻓﻳﻳﻥ(ةﺍﻟ ﱠﻧ ﺑُْﻌ ﺻﯾ َﻐزة ﻬﺭد ﺍﻟ ِﻣ ﱠ ِﻳﺭ َﻧْﻌت Lexicon; "self )ﻣﺞ( َو seet shed ﺻف ْ ( )ﺝ nguiAl‑Wa ﺻ ﻏﺩﺭ َﺧﺎ ﱠ be disti ﺻ can ﻏﺩﺭﺍﻥﯾﱠﺔ ﻭﻏﺩﺭﺔﻭ َﺧﺎ ﱠ lsiduaindivorobjectsendearing property"a construct wherebyconfidence is not anArabic WordNet 293263ٌ ﺻﻔَﺔ ٌ َﻣﺎ ِد ّﯾﱠﺔ ِPhysical Attrithingsan abstract quality of ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺑّر ﻋن ﻗ Attribute that describes ﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻣ ﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻛ ر ﻧﻬﻳﺭ ﺟﻭﻥ ﺳﺎﻗﻳﺔ ﻏﺩﻳﺭ ﯾ م ﻳﻧﺷﺄ ھ ﻲ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺻ ﻔ ﺍ ﺔ ﻣ ﺟ ٬ ﻟﺣﺕ ر ﺍﻟﺫﻱﻋ ﻳ ّ دة ﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ اﻟﻌ ﻭﻫﻭطﺎ ﻐﺎﺩﺭﻩ ء ن ا ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻝ ﻹ ﻧ ﺳ ﺎ ن ple:exam ﻳﻔﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﺓ ﺟﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺷﻳﺔ ﻏَﺩﻳ ٌﺭ ٌ ْ ﻗِﻁﻌَﺔ ﻣِﻥَ ﺍﻟﻣﺎ ِء ﻳُﻐﺎ ِﺩﺭُﻫﺎ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺳ ْﻳ ُﻝ ls Al‑Waseet for Schooattributeِ ﺻﻔَﺔ ﻣْﯾَز ّ ِ ة ُﻣَﻣﯾَّزة َﻧْﻌت َﺧﺎ ﺻﻠَﺔ ْ ﺻﯾﱠﺔ َﺧ of an entityg to or characteristic Arabic ٌﺭ WordN ﻏَﺩﻳ et an abstraction belongin ﻣَﺳﻳ ُﻝ ﻣﺎ ٍء َﻧ ْﻬ ٌﺭ Al‑Waseet for Schools293517TypeOf : { }ﻣﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ bute ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷ ﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟ example: ﺟﺩﻭﻝ TypeOf : {Attribute}293264293720TypeOf : { }ﻣﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ٌ ٌِ ﺻﻔَﺔ ٌ ِاْﻋِﺗﺑﺎِرﯾّﺔ ِ ٌ ﺻﻔَﺔ ُﻣَﺟﱠردة Abstract Attributethingsan abstract quality of ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺑّر ﻋن ﻗ Attribute that describes ﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ ﻛ ر ﯾ م ھ ﻲ ﺻ ﻔ ﺔ ﻣ ﺟ ر د ة ﻟ ّ ﺧ ﺎ ﺻﯾّﺔ اﻟﻌطﺎ example: ء ﻋن اﻹﻧﺳﺎن 293265 ﻣﺣﻣول attribute predicate ﻣﺎ - ﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺎ ﻏﺩﻳﺭ ﯾﻘﺎل ﻋ ﻠﻰ ﻣوﺿوع وﻣﻧﮫ اﻟﻘﺿﺎﯾﺎ اﻟ Philosophy ﺣ ﻣ ﻠ ﯾ ﺔ Lexicon sutiveattribPropositions. ﻣﺳﺗﻧﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء Covers most domains:science, technology, law,business, art, philosophy, .ً ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺍ ًngs ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭ . ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻑ . ﺃﻡ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺍ meaniLexiconophyNames and theirPhilosAcademy of the Arabic ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻣﯾزة attribute flavor difference characteristicLanguage-Cairoproperty savor PrintingHouseAmiria Thesaurus 2 AlGoogleAcademy PortalBrowse Online1 2 3 4 5Birzeit Unive rsity 2018 gy.birzeit.eduAboutONTOLOGY LOGYONTO اﻟﻣﺣﻣول Predicate Attribute َﻏﺩِﻳ ٌﺭ اﻟﻣﺣﻣول ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﯾن ھﻣَﺎو ُءاﻟﻣﺍﻟ ﱠﺣﻛوم ﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺿﯾﺔ اﻟ : " "ﻣﻛَﺎر ُءﯾمﺍﻟ َﻐﺩِﻳﺭ .1 زﯾد : ﻗوﻟﻧﺎ اﻣﺎ ، ﺣﺭﻣﻠﯾ ّﺔ دون اﻟﺷ ْرطﯾﺔ ﻓ ، ﻲ ﻧ ﻬ ا ز ﻟ ﯾ ْﺭ د ﺷ ﺍﻟ ِ ر ھ ط و ﺻ ﯾ ﱠ ا ﺔ ﻐ ﻟ ﻣ ﻓ ﯾ ِﻳﺭ و . ﺳ ﻣ ﺿ و ﻰ ".2 ع ﺗ ِ ﺎ ، ﻏ ﻟ ﯾ ﺎ َﺩﻳ و ،ُ ﻛ ﻓﻔﻲ r 2) .ُ ﺿﻗوِﻁعﻌ ٌَﺔواﻟِﻣ ْﻧﻣﻪ : ﻧﺑﺎواﻟﺕﻣِ"و . رﯾ ِم ھو اﻟﻣﺣﻣولﺍﻟ n (Vol.1&i AzzahiAlghanphy LexicoPhiloso. ﺣﻣول ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﻲ ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد . ﻠﺔ About License ع EnTypeOf : {Attribute}
Some StatisticsCurrently!CategoryLexical ConceptsTotal (Millions)1.1 MSub CountsLexical entriesSynsetsTranslations pairsGlossesSemantic relations2.4 M1.8 M1.5 M0.7 M0.5 M1,100K Arabic1,100K English800K Arabic170K Sub-super links1,000K English-Arabic 400K Arabic200K French800K English29K Part-of links300K English-French 300K English3K Others200K French260K Has-Domain links200K French-Arabic1K Others1,300K Single-word 50K Others30K Other links1,000K Multi-word
Constructing the Database (9 multilingual, semantics,Glossaries Semanticvariationsmanualdigitization150 lexiconsmorphology, features Temp Templates!"# %&' . -/0!"# %&' )* %",-Lexical Entry IDLexical concept IDLexical D 234567289:; 1 234567289:; 2 . . . 234567289:; n DefinitionExampleRelation NameLexicalConceptIDLexicographic DatabaseSemi-automaticcleaning andnormalization
Cleaning and Normalization Lexicons are typically designed to be printed and used as hard copies. Big challenges when converting them into a machine processable format.Examples of challenges:Challenges induced by ordering:“accelerator (linear.)”, “affinity (chemical)”, “drawing (final)”, “earth (the)”, and “crush(to)”, “tube (pipe)”, “academy (of art)”Subterm synonymy:“liquid drier, drier”, “calomel electrode, calomel”, “kelvin's scale, kelvin's absolute scale”Long multiword lexical entries:“buildings or other structures recurrent taxes on land”. Such cases of long and “poor”Character set: Same characters and symbols have different encodings across differentlanguages (e.g., the dash, quotations, punctuations, and whitespaces),Ø See 30 parsers at:Hamzeh Amayreh, Mohammad Dwaikat, and Mustafa Jarrar. LexiconDigitization -A Framework for Structuring, Normalizing andCleaning Lexical Entries, Technical Report, Birzeit University 2018.
Obtaining Copyrights Obtained permissionfrom each lexiconsowner (individuallycontacted). Most accepted!ontology.birzeit.edu ع sDefinitionsAboutMorphology43 results (0.09 secs)Predicate Attribute اﻟﻣﺣﻣول ﻓﻔﻲ ، اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ ﻓﯾﺳﻣﻰ ﺗﺎﻟﯾﺎ ، اﻟﻣﺣﻣول ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﯾن ھو اﻟﻣﺣﻛوم ﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺿﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﻣﻠﯾﺔ دون اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ . واﻟﻣوﺿوع واﻟﻣﺣﻣول ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﻲ ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد . وﻛرﯾم ھو اﻟﻣﺣﻣول ، زﯾد ھو اﻟﻣوﺿوع ، زﯾد ﻛرﯾم : ﻗوﻟﻧﺎ Philosophy Lexicon (Vol.1&2) ONTOLOGYattribute – 3 results (0.04 secs) اﻟﺻﻔﺔ Attribute، واﻟﺑﯾﺎض ، ﻛﺎﻟﺳواد : أو اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺷﻲء ، اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ھﻲ اﻻﺳم اﻟدال ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌض أﺣوال اﻟذات . واﻟﺻﻔﺔ ا ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد ، واﺳم اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ، واﺳم اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ، واﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﻧﺣوﯾﯾن ھﻲ اﻟﻧﻌت . واﻟﺟﮭل اﻟﺦ ، واﻟﻌﻠم Philosophy Lexicon (Vol.1&2) Show lexicon name and copyright symbolbeside each result.ٌ ﺻﻠَﺔ ٌ ُﻣْﺳﻧّد ٌ ﺣﺎﻟَﺔ ٌ َﻧْﻌ Attribute ٌ ﺷْﻛٌل َھْﯾﺋَﺔ ٌ ِﺳَﻣﺔ َ ٌ ت َﻣِزﯾﱠﺔ ٌ َﻣْﯾَزة ْ ﺻَﻔﺔ ٌ َﺧ ِAn abstract that describes qualities of an entity without using unitsof measure ﻣﺟّرد ﯾﺻف وﯾُﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ ﻟﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ دون اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل وﺣدة ﻗﯾﺎس example: ﻲ ھو ﺻﻔﺔ ﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ اﻟﻠون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑرﺗﻘﺎل ّ اﻟﻠون اﻟﺑرﺗﻘﺎﻟ ﺻَﻔﺔ ِ Attribute. ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﯾﻧﻌت ﺑﮭﺎ ﺷﺧص أو ﺷﻲء ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻟﻔظ ﻣﺣدد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ Philosophy Lexicon (Vol.1&2) ﺻﯾﱠﺔ ْ ﺻَﻔﺔ ُﻣَﻣﯾَّزة ﺑُْﻌد ِﻣﯾَزة َﻧْﻌت َو ﺻﺔ َﺧﺎ ﱠ ﺻف َﺧﺎ ﱠ ِ ﺻَﻔﺔ ِ dimension attribute propertya construct whereby objects or individuals can be distinguished; "selfconfidence is not an endearing property"293263TypeOf : {Abstract}Physical Attribute ٌ ﺻَﻔﺔ ٌ َﻣﺎ ِد ّﯾﱠﺔ ِAttribute that describes an abstract quality of things ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺑّر ﻋن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ example: ﻛرﯾم ھﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ اﻟﻌطﺎء ﻋن اﻹﻧﺳﺎن 293264TypeOf : {Attribute}Arabic WordNet ﺻﻠَﺔ ْ ﺻﯾﱠﺔ َﺧ ّ ﺻَﻔﺔ ِﻣْﯾَزة ُﻣَﻣﯾَّزة َﻧْﻌت َﺧﺎ ِ attributean abstraction belonging to or characteristic of an entityArabic WordNet Promote lexicons (clickto see lexicon info)Abstract Attribute ٌ ﺻَﻔﺔ ٌ ِاْﻋِﺗﺑﺎِرﯾّﺔ ِ ٌ ﺻَﻔﺔ ٌ ُﻣَﺟﱠردة ِAttribute that describes an abstract quality of things ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺑّر ﻋن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ example: ﻛرﯾم ھﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ اﻟﻌطﺎء ﻋن اﻹﻧﺳﺎن 293265 ﻣﺣﻣول attribute predicatePropositions attributives ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣوﺿوع وﻣﻧﮫ اﻟﻘﺿﺎﯾﺎ اﻟﺣﻣﻠﯾﺔ - ﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺎ Philosophy Lexicon Philosophy Lexicon ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻣﯾزة Philosophy LexiconAcademy of the Arabic Language-Cairoattribute flavor difference characteristic savor propertyAlGoogleAmiria ThesaurusPrinting House2 Academy PortalBrowse OnlineAcademy of the Arabic Language-Cairo1 2 3 4 51022977Al Amiria Printing HouseAcademy PortalBrowse OnlineBuyCopyright 2018 Birzeit UniversityTypeOf : {Attribute}
LexicographicSearch Engine
Lexicographic Search Engine ontology.birzeit.edu ﻋرﺑﻲ EnglishAbout Free access to people:students, translators,researchers, Arabic learners API accessible for NLPapplications.LicenseTimeMost searched: Book, Table,10229777102297ht 2018 2018CopyrightCopyrigBirzeit stafa Jarrar, Hamzeh Amayreh: An Arabic-Multilingual Database with a Lexicographic Search Engine.NLDB 2019. Pages(234--246), LNCS 11608, Springer. 2019.
Lexicographic Search Engine Search 150 lexicons for definitions, synonyms, specialized translations, morphology, ontology. ontology.birzeit.ed u ﻏﺩﻳﺭ En ع En ﻉ ﺗﻌرﯾﻔﺎت ni ons Defi رادﻓﺎت Synonyms ﻣﺗ ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ Transla ons olog ﺎت ﺗﺻرﯾﻔ Morph y ﺣ ول ries ﻣﻌﺎ ona ﺟم Dic Ont ﺟﯾﺎ olog وﻟو y أﻧط ﻣﺣرك ﺑﺣث ﻣﻌﺟﻣﻲ About License ) secs ONTOLOGY ‑ 3 resu ﻏﺩﻳﺭ Share 24 results (3.79 Like ُﺭ ﺍﻟ ّﻧﺑﺎﺕِ" : ﻗ ِْﻁﻌ ٌَﺔ ِﻣ ْﻧﻪُ . َﻏﺩِﻳ ٌﺭ ِﻳﺭ َ ".2 . ﻏﺩﻳ َﻐﺩِﻳﺭ" : ﻣَﺎ ُء ﺍﻟ ﱠﻧﻬ ِْﺭ ﺍﻟ ﱠ ﺻﻐ ِ ".1 ﻣَﺎ ُء ﺍﻟ ِ ) (3.77 secs ر lts ﻗﺎﻋدة ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻐوﯾﺔ : أﻛﺑ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻝ ‑ ﺗﻌﻳﺵ . م ﺟ ﻌ ﻣ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء "ﺗﻛﻭّ ﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﺭﺍﻥ 15 ﺩﻳﺭ اﻷﻧطوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻌرﺑ ﻏﺩﻳﺭﯾﺔ َ 0 ﻏ ﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺳﱠﻳﻝُ ٬ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﻘﻊ ﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺭﺍﻛﺩﺓ ٬ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻕ ٬ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻹﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺣﻝ ﺫﻭ ﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ٬ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻧﻘﻊ example: ﻣﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺿﻔﺎﺩﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﻳﺭﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻳﺵ 293775 ﻣﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ{ TypeOf : } Alghani Azzahir ﺍﻟ ﺿﱠﻔﺎﺩ ُﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐُﺩْ ﺭﺍﻥ " . ic Lexicon of Modern Arab ﻧﻅﺭ ﻣﻌﺟم Accurate! compared with machine translation. 5 ﻣ ﻋﺟﺑﻪ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ "ﺃﻏﺩﻳﺭ 0 ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻏﺩﻳﺭ )ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺎ( ُﻧ َﻬﻳْﺭ ٬ ﻧﻬﺭ 1 ﱠﻭء ‑ ﻟﺣﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﻳﺭ : ﺟﺎﻧﺑﺎﻩﯾدھﺎ . ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻓﻘط ﺟﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﱠﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﻧﺗﻳﻥ ‑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗمﺿ ﺣوﺳﺑﺗﮭﺎ وﺗوﺣ ﻣ اﻷﻧطوﻟ ﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻌرﺑﻳﯾﺔ ت Lexic اﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺻﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺭ Mod ﻣﺗ of ﻌ on ددة وﺗرﺟﻣﺔ( وﻗرﯾﺑﺎ ﺳﯾﺗم ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء example: و ﺔ ﯾ ern ﺑ ر Arab ﻋ ic ﻣﻌﺎﺟم ﺟﺭﻯوﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﺻﻐﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻬﺭ ٬ ﻛﻭﺥ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﺟﺎﻧﺑﻪ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻣ )ﺗﻌرﯾف ، ﻣﺗرادﻓﺎت ، س 293517 ﺻﻳﻑﻌﺎﻧﻓﻲﻲ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت }وﻟﯾ ﻣﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ{ TypeOf : ﺃﻗﺎﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟ ﺗرﺟﺎع دﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت ف ﻟﻣ ﻣﻔﺎھﯾم اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ، ﺗﺻﻧﯾ ت ). ﺝ( ﻏﺩﺭ ﻭﻏﺩﺭ ﻭﻏﺩﺭﺍﻥ اﺳ ﺻﺗﻐﻘﺎِﻳﺭﻗﺎ)ﻣﺞ( ﺷﺟرة اﻟ ﺗوﺻﻠت إﻟﯾﮫ اﻟﻌﻠوم ، ﻻﺍﻟﺷ ﱠ ﻐﺭﺍﻓت واﱠﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﻳﺭ ع ﻭاﻟ)ﺗ ِﻋ ْﻧﺩﺻﺍﻟﺟرﯾﻔﺎ ﻳﻳﻥ( ﺍﻟﻧ ر ﺟ ﱠﺎﺳﻳْﻝ ﺎ ﺗ ﻏﺩﻳﺭ ﻣ ﺳ ْ ﻌَﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟ َﻣﺎء اﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟ ﺻﻧﻔﺔ وﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺣﺳب ﻧﻬﻳﺭ ﺟﻭﻥ ﺳﺎﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ] ﻣ ، اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت . [ 1 ر Al‑Waseet Lexicon ظ ﻧ ا . م ﺟ ع ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧﺎس ﻛﻣﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﺎ ﺳﻳﻝ ﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺕ ٬ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﻟ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ example: وﻟﯾس ﺣﺳب ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎ ﻣﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻧﺷﺄ ﺑ ﺎﺷﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻳﺑﺔ 293720 ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﺓ ﺟﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻣ TypeOf : ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟ ﱡ َﻏﺩﻳﺭ ﻳﻔﺿﻝ }ﻣﺟﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ{ ﻐﺩﻳﺭ " . ﻏﺩﻳﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﻧﺗﻳﻥ : َﻏﺩﻳ ٌﺭ ﻗ ِْﻁﻌ ٌَﺔ ﻣِﻥَ ﺎ ھﯾم اﻷﻧطوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ols ا Scho ﻟ t for ﻠ ﯾ Al‑W ﻌ asee ﻲ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ، ﺗم ﻣﻔﺎ رﯾداً وھﻲ أﻣﮭﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻧ ﻲ اﻟﻣﻔﺎھﯾم اﻷﻛﺛر ﺗﺟ ﻲ ﺷﺟرة اﻷﻧطوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ . ﺷﺟرة اﻷﻧطوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ھ ﻋﻠ َﻏﻰﺩﻳ ٌﺛﺭﻼﺛﺔ َﻧ ْﻣﻬ ٌﺭﺳﺗوﯾﺎت ﻓ اﻟﻣﻔﺎھﯾم اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ َﻣﺳﻳ ُﻝ ﻣﺎ ٍء ً ﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻌرض أ Al‑Waseet for Scho ﺎ ً وﺗﻌرﯾﻔﮭﺎ ﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺎ . اﻟ ols ﺗﻘﻌﯾدھﺎ ﻓﻠﺳﻔﯾ ﺷﻲء Entity ً ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻑ . ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﻁﺭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺍً ﺃﻡ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺍ . ﻏﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء . ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟ ings ﻣوﺟود Object ﻣوﺟود ﻣﺎدي Physical Object ﺣدث ﺍﻟﻣﺎ ِء ﻳُﻐﺎ ِﺩﺭُﻫﺎ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺳ ْﻳ ُﻝ ﻣﻧوط Dependent Entity Copyrigh Copyrigh t 2018 t 2018 Birze it Universit ersityy Names and their mean ﻣﺟرد Abstract 1022977 977 1022 The first of its kind! e.g., there are no similar search engines for English ! lexicons https://ontology.birzeit.edu
Search TapsOntology tab: results in this tab are ontology concepts retrieved only from theArabic ontology. The tab also allows expanding and exploring the ontology tree.
Search TapsDictionaries tab: results in this tab are lexical concepts retrieved from thelexicons.
Search TapsMorphology tab: results are linguistic features, lemma(s), inflections, andderivations of the searched term (partially implemented!).
Search Engine Architecture
Conformance with W3C StandardsüW3C’s RDF Lemon ModelRepresent (lexical entries, concepts, synsets, ) using the Lemon RDF modelTo interlink it with the Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud اﻟﺗﺳوﯾﺔ levelling grading. ﺗﺣرﯾك اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ أﺛﻧﺎء إﻋداد اﻷرض ﻟﻠري ﻟﻠوﺻول إﻟﻰ ﺳطﺢ ﻣﺳﺗو أو ﺳطﺢ ذي اﻧﺣدار ﻣﻧﺗظم Hydrology Lexicon .@prefix aot: http://ontology.birzeit.edu/term/ .@prefix aoc: http://ontology.birzeit.edu/lexicalconcept/ . aot:lex-grading a ontolex:LexicalEntry, ontolex:Word;ontolex:canonicalForm [ontolex:writtenRep "grading"@en];@prefix aor: http://ontology.birzeit.edu/lexicon/ .skos:inScheme aor:Hydrology Lexicon 1 . aoc:1623 a ontolex:LexicalConcept; aot:lex-levelling a ontolex:LexicalEntry, ontolex:Word;ontolex:canonicalForm [ontolex:writtenRep "levelling"@en];ontolex:isEvokedBy aot:Lex-grading ;ontolex:isEvokedBy aot:Lex-levelling ;skos:inScheme aor:Hydrology Lexicon 1 .ontolex:isEvokedBy aot:Lex- ; ﺗﺴﻮﯾﺔ aot:lex- ﺗﺴﻮﯾﺔ a ontolex:LexicalEntry, ontolex:Word;skos:definition ". @"ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻚ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء إﻋﺪاد اﻷرض ﻟﻠﺮي ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ أو ﺳﻄﺢ ar; ontolex:canonicalForm [ontolex:writtenRep " @"ﺗﺴﻮﯾﺔ ar];skos:inScheme aor:Hydrology Lexicon 1 .skos:inScheme aor:Hydrology Lexicon 1 .Based On:Mustafa Jarrar, Hamzeh Amayreh, John McCarae: Progress on Representing Arabic Lexicons in Lemon. The2nd Conference on Language, Data and Knowledge (LDK 2019), Germany. 2019.
Conformance with W3C StandardsüW3C’s Best Practices for Publishing Linked Dataincluding the Cool URIs, simplicity, stability, and linkingURLs Schema: Each term is given a URL: .edu/term/virus Each lexical concept is given a 000682 Each concept in the Arabic Ontology has a URL:http://{domain}/concept/{ConceptID Term}https://ontology.birzeit.edu/concept/293262 Each Semantic relation is given a /293121 The W3C Lemon representation of each lexical concept is given aURL: cept/304000682
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Ranking Metricsontology.birzeit.eduWe developed three strategies: ع EnattributeTranslationsv Citation strategy (Rcit) frequencyof the lexical concept terms:𝑅 #' %&𝑅./0 ology43 results (0.09 secs)Predicate Attribute اﻟﻣﺣﻣول ﻓﻔﻲ ، اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ ﻓﯾﺳﻣﻰ ﺗﺎﻟﯾﺎ ، اﻟﻣﺣﻣول ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﯾن ھو اﻟﻣﺣﻛوم ﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺿﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﻣﻠﯾﺔ دون اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ . واﻟﻣوﺿوع واﻟﻣﺣﻣول ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﻲ ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد . وﻛرﯾم ھو اﻟﻣﺣﻣول ، زﯾد ھو اﻟﻣوﺿوع ، زﯾد ﻛرﯾم : ﻗوﻟﻧﺎ Philosophy Lexicon (Vol.1&2) اﻟﺻﻔﺔ Attribute، واﻟﺑﯾﺎض ، ﻛﺎﻟﺳواد : أو اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺷﻲء ، اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ھﻲ اﻻﺳم اﻟدال ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌض أﺣوال اﻟذات . واﻟﺻﻔﺔ ا ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد ، واﺳم اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ، واﺳم اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ، واﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﻧﺣوﯾﯾن ھﻲ اﻟﻧﻌت . واﻟﺟﮭل اﻟﺦ ، واﻟﻌﻠم Philosophy Lexicon (Vol.1&2) # 𝐹 ,- ﺻَﻔﺔ ِ Attribute. ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﯾﻧﻌت ﺑﮭﺎ ﺷﺧص أو ﺷﻲء ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻟﻔظ ﻣﺣدد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ Philosophy Lexicon (Vol.1&2) (%& ﺻﯾﱠﺔ ْ ﺻَﻔﺔ ُﻣَﻣﯾَّزة ﺑُْﻌد ِﻣﯾَزة َﻧْﻌت َو ﺻﺔ َﺧﺎ ﱠ ﺻف َﺧﺎ ﱠ ِ ﺻَﻔﺔ ِ dimension attribute propertya construct whereby objects or individuals can be distinguished; "selfconfidence is not an endearing property"𝑅 𝑅(/ 𝑅( 2 𝑅(/ ONTOLOGYattribute – 3 results (0.04 secs)ٌ ﺻﻠَﺔ ٌ ُﻣْﺳﻧّد ٌ ﺣﺎﻟَﺔ ٌ َﻧْﻌ Attribute ٌ ﺷْﻛٌل َھْﯾﺋَﺔ ٌ ِﺳَﻣﺔ َ ٌ ت َﻣِزﯾﱠﺔ ٌ َﻣْﯾَزة ْ ﺻَﻔﺔ ٌ َﺧ ِAn abstract that describes qualities of an entity without using unitsof measure ﻣﺟّرد ﯾﺻف وﯾُﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ ﻟﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ دون اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل وﺣدة ﻗﯾﺎس example: ﻲ ھو ﺻﻔﺔ ﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ اﻟﻠون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑرﺗﻘﺎل ّ اﻟﻠون اﻟﺑرﺗﻘﺎﻟ 293263TypeOf : {Abstract}Physical Attribute ٌ ﺻَﻔﺔ ٌ َﻣﺎ ِد ّﯾﱠﺔ ِAttribute that describes an abstract quality of things ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺑّر ﻋن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ example: ﻛرﯾم ھﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ اﻟﻌطﺎء ﻋن اﻹﻧﺳﺎن 293264TypeOf : {Attribute}Arabic WordNet ﺻﻠَﺔ ْ ﺻﯾﱠﺔ َﺧ ّ ﺻَﻔﺔ ِﻣْﯾَزة ُﻣَﻣﯾَّزة َﻧْﻌت َﺧﺎ ِ attributean abstraction belonging to or characteristic of an entityArabic WordNet Abstract Attribute ٌ ﺻَﻔﺔ ٌ ِاْﻋِﺗﺑﺎِرﯾّﺔ ِ ٌ ﺻَﻔﺔ ٌ ُﻣَﺟﱠردة ِAttribute that describes an abstract quality of things ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺑّر ﻋن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ example: ﻛرﯾم ھﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺟّردة ﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾّﺔ اﻟﻌطﺎء ﻋن اﻹﻧﺳﺎن 293265 ﻣﺣﻣول attribute predicatePropositions attributives ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣوﺿوع وﻣﻧﮫ اﻟﻘﺿﺎﯾﺎ اﻟﺣﻣﻠﯾﺔ - ﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺎ Philosophy Lexicon Philosophy Lexicon ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻣﯾزة v Lexicon renown ranking strategy(Rren): experts assigned each lexicona rank based on its renown.Academy of the Arabic Language-Cairoattribute flavor difference characteristic savor propertyAlGoogleAmiria ThesaurusPrinting House2 Academy PortalBrowse Online1 2 3 4 51022977v Hybrid ranking strategy (Rhyb) is a combination metric:𝑹𝒉𝒚𝒃 𝑹𝒓𝒆𝒏 𝑹𝒄𝒊𝒕Copyright 2018 Birzeit UniversityTypeOf : {Attribute}
The Arabic Ontology
Arabic Ontology ع En Classification of themeanings of the Arabicterms, specified in D. iesDefinitionsAboutMorphologyEntity َﺷْﻲء َﻛْﯾﻧ ُوَﻧﺔ َﻛﺎِﺋن d or imaginedexist, and can be realize أﯾّﻣﺎ ُوِﺟد أو ﺳ Whatever existed or will ﯾوﺟد وﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ إدراﻛﮫ أو ﺗﺧﯾّﻠﮫ example: ﺷﻲء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾرام ﻛّل 293198 Can be used as a formalArabic Wordnet -withontologically-clean content. Linked with WordNet,WikiData, BFO, DOLCE Benchmarked to scientificadvances rather than tospeakers’ naïve beliefs aswordnets do.Objectَ َﻣْوُﺟود ّ ﻛﺎِﺋن ﻗَﺎِﺋم َﺣﻘﯾﻘ d either for its concreteّ ﻲ واِﻗﻌ ﻲ َﺷْﻲء ذَات ﻗَﯾﱡوٌم sent in time, and is realizepreyntlAn entity that is wholly andor social existenceindependeّ ﺷﻲء ﻟﮫ ذا ّ وﺣﺎﺿر ﻛﻠﯾّﺎ ً ﻓﻲ اﻟ ، ت ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﮫ ً وﯾُدرك ﺑذاﺗﮫ ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎ ً أو ٍﻟذاﺗﮫ اﻋﺗﺑﺎرا ، زﻣن ّ ﯾﺧﺗﻠف إدراﻛﻧﺎ ﻷ ي ﻣوﺟود ﻻﺧﺗﻼ ّ ف ﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﯾّز أﻧواﻋﮫ ﻣن اﻟ example: ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺟوھرﯾّﺔ 293200TypeOf : {Entity}Occurrent ﺻْﯾرو َ ُ َرة َﺣدَث ﺣﺎِدث َوْﻗﻊ أ َْﻣر An entity realized by thetime of its happening ﺷﻲء ﯾدرك ذاﺗﮫ ﺑزﻣن ﺣدوﺛﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻓﮭم أي ﺣدث ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻧﻔﺻل ﻋن example: اﻹطﺎر اﻟزﻣﻧﻲ ﻟﮫ 293202TypeOf : {Entity}Dependent Entityٌ ُ ﻣ َ ﻧوط ُﻣْﻌﺗ َِﻣد ُﻣﺗ ََﻌ ِﻠ ٌّق َﻣْﺷُروط time of its happeningAn entity realized by the ﺷﻲء ﯾﻌﺗﻣد وﺟوده ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟود أ ﺷ ﯾ ﺎ ء أ ﺧرى ّ طول اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ ﻣﻧوط ﺑوﺟود اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ example: وإﻻ ﻓﻼ طول ﻟﮫ 293201TypeOf : {Entity}have a locatioَ ي ّ ُﻣَﺟﱠرد ٌ ﺗ َْﺟِرﯾِد َ ي َﻧ ّ ّ ﻏﯾر َﻣﺎ ِد y realized, and does notّ ظِر Abstract ي not be measured or sociallAn entity exists only in min97710229771022d, canright 2018 Birzeit Unive /concept/293198
Top Levels of the Arabic OntologyBased on:Mustafa Jarrar: The Arabic Ontology - An Arabic Wordnet with Ontologically Clean Content. AppliedOntology Journal, IOS Press. (Forthcoming).
Linking Lexicons with the Arabic Ontologyv Lexical concepts (in lexicons) are interlinked with the entities inthe ontology.v Given two entities e1 and e2, a mapping correspondencebetween them is defined as the following: e1, e2, R, P, C v Progress so far:Ø In this way, lexical concepts across all lexicons would besemantically linked
Work in Progress Lemmatize each lexical entry in every lexicon Lemon-izing and Interlinking Arabic resourceswith the Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud Building an Arabic Knowledge Graph Collect and interlink dialect corpora
References1. Mustafa Jarrar. The Arabic Ontology - An Arabic Wordnet with Ontologically Clean Content. AppliedOntology Journal, 2019 [Forthcoming].2. Mustafa Jarrar, Hamzeh Amayreh: An Arabic-Multilingual Database with a Lexicographic SearchEngine. The 24th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems(NLDB 2019). Pages(234--246), LNCS 11608, Springer. 2019.3. Mustafa Jarrar, Hamzeh Amayreh, John McCarae: Representing Arabic Lexicons in Lemon - aPreliminary Study. The 2nd Conference on Language, Data and Knowledge (LDK 2019), Germany.2019.4. Hamzeh Amayreh, Mohammad Dwaikat, and Mustafa Jarrar. Lexicon Digitization -A Framework forStructuring, Normalizing and Cleaning Lexical Entries, Technical Report, Birzeit University 2018.5. Mustafa Jarrar: Search Engine for Arabic Lexicons. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Translationand the Problematics of Cross-cultural Understanding. The Forum for Arab and International Relations.Doha, Qatar. 20186. Mustafa Jarrar, Fadi Zaraket, Rami Asia, Hamzeh Amayreh: Diacritic-Based Matching of ArabicWords. ACM Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing. Volume 18, No 2, Pages(10:1-10:21), ACM, December 2018.7. Mustafa Jarrar, Nizar Habash, Faeq Alrimawi, Diyam Akra, and Nasser Zalmout. Curras: An AnnotatedCorpus for the Palestinian Arabic Dialect. Journal Language Resources and Evaluation, 51(3):745–775,2017.8. Mustafa Jarrar, Nizar Habash, Diyam Akra, Nasser Zalmout: Building a Corpus for Palestinian Arabic: aPreliminary Study. In proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Arabic Natural LanguageProcessing. Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Pages (18-27). October 25, 2014, Doha,Qatar. ISBN: 978-1-937284-96-19. Mustafa Jarrar. Building a Formal Arabic Ontology (Invited Paper). In Proceedings of the ExpertsMeeting on Arabic Ontologies and Semantic Networks. ALECSO, Arab League, 2011
Dictionaries Linguistic Lexicons Lexicographic Database manual digitization 150 lexicons Thesauri Glossaries Semantic-variations multilingual, semantics, morphology, features S
La paroi exerce alors une force ⃗ sur le fluide, telle que : ⃗ J⃗⃗ avec S la surface de la paroi et J⃗⃗ le vecteur unitaire orthogonal à la paroi et dirigé vers l’extérieur. Lorsque la
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This executive summary presents the main findings of the Teacher Status Project, a national four year study of public and individual teachers’ perceptions of the status of teachers and teaching, carried out at the Cambridge University Faculty of Education, and funded by the Department for Education and Skills. It includes the perspectives of .
