TOOLKIT
TOOLKITSECTION 3ENCOURAGING MOREWALKING & CYCLING
CONTENTSINTRODUCTION04BACKGROUND05POLICY CONTEXT06ACTIVE TRAVEL ( WALES ) ACT 201308PATHS FOR EVERYONE10PARTICIPATION IN WALKING AND CYCLING11HEALTH BENEFITS OF WALKING AND CYCLING12CASE STUDY - BIKE LIFE14CASE STUDY - LET’S WALK CYMRU15ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF WALKING AND CYCLING16CASE STUDY - TOURISM SPEND ON THE NCN18CASE STUDY - WALES COAST PATH20CASE STUDY - SOUTH WEST COAST PATH21ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF WALKING AND CYCLING22CASE STUDY - GREENER GREENWAYS23Sustrans is the charity making it easier for people to walk and cycle.We connect people and places, create liveable neighbourhoods,transform the school run and deliver a happier, healthier commute.Join us on our journey. www.sustrans.org.ukSustrans is a registered charity in the UK No. 326550 (England and Wales) SCO39263 (Scotland)www.linkingup.wales03
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENCOURAGINGMORE WALKING AND CYCLINGBACKGROUNDTackling poverty and building resilient localIn this final section we set out the policycontext, trends in participation, as well asthe social, economic and environmentalbenefits of developing better infrastructureto encourage more people to walk andcycle on a regular basis.economies are key issues for the Welsh AssemblyGovernment. Rural poverty remains a criticalconcern in Wales, with an average of 700,000people ( 23% of the population ) living in povertyin the three years to 2014-15 .Transport poverty is a critical issue in much ofrural Wales. In the Wales Index of MultipleDeprivation ( http://wimd.wales.gov.uk ) rural localauthorities in Wales are ranked as some of themost deprived areas in relation to access toservices. Many rural areas have seen a decline inamenities such as shops, post offices and healthservices. Most also have poor public transportprovision making it harder for people on lowincomes to access services and employment.By improving walking and cycling links we canhelp to improve the ability of people in rural areasto undertake short journeys on foot or by bike,allowing them to access to the services andemployment opportunities they need.POLICY CONTEXTIn recent years the National Assembly for Waleshave passed two new Acts which are particularlyrelevant to walking and cycling. These are:04www.linkingup.wales05
WELLBEING OF FUTURE GENERATIONS(WALES) ACT 2015The Well-being of Future Generations Act cameinto force in April 2016 and sets out a commonaim for the public sector ‘to improve the economic,Within the Act there are seven goals:A RESILIENT WALESA WALES OF COHESIVE COMMUNITIESA PROSPEROUS WALESA nation which maintains and enhances a biodiverseAttractive, viable, safe and well-connectednatural environment with healthy functioningcommunities.social, environmental and cultural well-being ofAn innovative, productive and low carbon societyWales in accordance with the sustainable developmentwhich recognises the limits of the global environmentprinciple’, i.e. ensuring ‘that the needs of the presentand therefore uses resources efficiently andare met without compromising the ability of futureproportionately ( including acting on climategenerations to meet their own needs’.change ); and which develops a skilled andwell-educated population in an economy whichPublic bodies need to make sure that whenmaking their decisions they take into account theimpact they could have on people living their livesgenerates wealth and provides employmentopportunities, allowing people to take advantage ofthe wealth generated through securing decent work.ecosystems that support social, economic andecological resilience and the capacity to adapt tochange ( for example climate change ).sustainable way.WELSH LANGUAGEA society that promotes and protects culture,A HEALTHIER WALESheritage and the Welsh language, and whichA society in which people’s physical and mentalencourages people to participate in the arts,well-being is maximised and in which choices andand sports and recreation.behaviours that benefit future health are understood.A MORE EQUAL WALESin Wales in the future and do what they do in aA WALES OF VIBRANT CULTURE AND THRIVINGA GLOBALLY RESPONSIBLE WALESA nation which, when doing anything to improveA society that enables people to fulfil their potentialthe economic, social, environmental and culturalno matter what their background or circumstanceswell-being of Wales, takes account of whether( including their socio-economic background anddoing such a thing may make a positivecircumstances ).contribution to global well-being.In applying the principle of sustainable development, public bodies needto demonstrate they have used the following five ways of working:INTEGRATIONDemonstrating ajoined up approachto communities andpeople, the economy,the environment LONG-TERMTHINKINGBalancing currentand long-termneedsPREVENTIONTaking action nowto preventproblems inthe futureCOLLABORATIONWorking withothers to meetour objectivesINVOLVEMENTInvolving thepeople affectedby our actionswww.linkingup.wales07
ACTIVE TRAVEL( WALES ) ACT 2013The Active Travel (Wales ) Act 2013 aims to makeThe Act focuses on the urban and semi-ruralWithin a rights of way context, an Active Travelleractive travel the most attractive option for mostenvironment, considering that 45 minutes is theincludes walkers, cyclists and other highwayshorter journeys. Its purpose is to enable moremaximum suitable time for an active travelusers, such as wheelchair users ( includingpeople to undertake active travel and reduce carjourney to access work, goods and serviceselectric wheelchairs ) and mobility scooters.use. The Act requires Local Authorities to:( 3 miles on foot or 10 miles by bike ). As a result,Equestrianism is not considered to be part ofand in order to balance affordability andactive travel as this is predominantly a leisurepracticality, the Act takes a settlement-basedactivity. However, guidance suggests that theseProduce maps of existing active travel routesapproach, with a current threshold ofusers should not be ignored and that their rightsand related facilities in their area2,000 people.should not be compromised as a result ofLocal Authorities are required to identify theiractive travel network and to make year on yearProduce maps of the new and improved activetravel routes and related facilities needed tocreate integrated networks for active travelin the areaimprovements to that network. The key barriersimproving active travel. Multi user paths areencouraged where newroutes are created.to more people undertaking the types of journeyFurther details about the Active Travel ( Wales )identified under the Act on foot or by bike areAct 2013 can be found here:considered to be safety, practicality and culturalconventions. Local Authorities should undertakework that improves the safety of their networkHave regard to integrated network maps inand promote its use.preparing transport policies and to ensure thatthere are new and improved active travel routesThe Active Travel network is not intended toand related facilitiesinclude recreational routes or routes that do notWhilst details about the design of routes foractive travel can be found here:connect to facilities and services.Integrated Network Maps should focus on routesTake reasonable steps to enhance the provisionthat allow people to make everyday journeys.made for walkers and cyclists and to haveregard to the needs of walkers and cyclists inthe exercise of certain other functionsPromote active travel journeys and securenew and improved active travel routes andrelated 09
PATHS FOR EVERYONE - SUSTRANS REVIEWOF THE NATIONAL CYCLE NETWORKPARTICIPATION IN WALKING AND CYCLINGThe National Cycle Network is a network ofGeneral patterns of participation in outdoorThe most popular activities and their changing16,575 miles of signed routes for walking andrecreation in Wales have been monitored andrate of participation over the life of the WORS iscycling. It spans the UK and is used by millions ofrecorded since 2008 through the Welsh Outdoorshown in the graphic below.people each year.Recreation Survey ( WORS ) which captured data( source: Welsh Outdoor Recreation Survey ).during 2008, 2011 and 2014 respectively.Some 85% of those surveyed said theySustrans has spent more than two years completingthe first ever review of the National Cycle NetworkA wide range of activities are reported to haveto unlock its true potential for everyone. With thisbeen enjoyed by visitors to the outdoors thoughreview, Sustrans wants to build on its success andthe most popular, as identified in the WORS, areinspire a long-term, exciting future for the Network.low input in nature. These include pursuits suchSustrans has developed level of service measures,design principles and quality standards that willkeep assessing the conditions of the network andas walking, sightseeing, taking children toparticipated in walking for recreation, that’s anincredibly high percentage of the adult population.Similarly, almost 25% of those surveyed said theyregularly participated in road cycling and over15% in mountain biking.playgrounds, picnicking, playing informal games,and watching wildlife.inspire positive change.10www.linkingup.waleswww.linkingup.wales11
HEALTH BENEFITS OF WALKING AND CYCLINGWalking and walking groups meet a specificAn estimated 7,940 serious long-term healthWe all know that getting out walking or cyclingneed for accessible opportunities for people toconditions have been averted by walking andburns calories, gets your heart pumping andparticipate in moderate physical activity atcycling on the Network, saving the NHS overworks your legs and abs. It can also lift yourGovernment recommended levels. 51 million in expenditure, equivalent to themood, put a smile on your face and improveIt’s recommended that adults take part inaverage annual salary of 2,206 nurses.your general health and wellbeing.The benefits of walking and cycling are wellBeing inactive is a serious threat to our collectivedocumented. As well as improving your physicalhealth - for example research shows that keepinghealth, such physical activity can be used tophysically active can reduce the risk of heart andovercome, and even prevent, depression andcirculatory disease by as much as 35% and riskIn a their report Walking Works, 2013, Ramblersanxiety. According to the Mental Health Foundation,of early death by as much as 30% .and Macmillan found that walking addresses manyphysical activity can be as effective as medicationof the reported barriers to people being physicallyand counselling. So by making it easier for peopleactive, such as lack of time, money and physicalto get out and walk or cycle you are helping tolimitations. It is also accessible to those who couldimprove the health of your community.2.5 hours of moderate activity per week, but currentphysical activity levels in the UK are low: only 40%of men and 28% of women meet these minimumrecommendations.most benefit from being physically active, such asThere is overwhelming evidence that walking is themost accessible, effective and popular physicalactivity. Outdoor walking groups have been foundto have health benefits over and above makingpeople more physically active. Wide rangingolder people and people on low incomes.benefits have been found in measures ofDownload the report here:NordicWalkinguses 90% ofyour skeletalmuscles andburns 46%more caloriesthan normalwalking.health including:Blood pressureResting heart rateBody fat percentageTotal cholesterolRisk of depression, andQuality of life for physical functioning 20 minsonecappuccinochocolatebar175mlglass wineA 20 minute bike ride to work burns theequivalent calories found in a cappuccino,a bar of chocolate or a 175ml glass of on S, Jones A. Is there evidence that walking groups have health benefits ? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Sports Med wales13
CASE STUDYCASE STUDYBIKE LIFESUSTRANSLET’S WALK CYMRUBike Life is the UK’s biggest assessment of cycling in cities. It was deliveredby Sustrans in collaboration with 15 UK cities and urban areas.The report models the benefit cycling could produceIf this target could be met it would equate tobetween 2017 and the year 2040 with an ambitiousincreasing the number of cycling trips fromcommitment to double the number of cycling trips123 millions trips made in 2017 in the sevenevery eight years in order to deliver change.cities to a staggering 1 billion by 2040.The report uses data from Bike Life 2017 from theThe impacts this could achieve include:seven original cities:Let’s Walk Cymru is a successful health intervention which has, over manyyears, supported communities to develop health walks to improve physicalactivity and health through walking. It was initiated in 2003 under theBritish Heart Foundation as ‘Walking Your Way to Health’ and has satwithin different organisations. The programme has been delivered byRamblers Cymru since May 2012.An average week sees around 135 health walksacross Wales being provided by volunteers forBelfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh,Greater Manchester and Newcastle.By 2040, 2 million cycle trips a day in theseven cities that could otherwise havebeen made by car. If all of these cars werein a traffic jam it would stretch for 3,110miles or 2.5 times the length of the UK.some 1,767 walkers. The groups meet at a localmeeting point for a short led walk in their localarea. The benefits reported by the walkersattending these group walks are not just betterphysical health and fitness, but also increasedmental and social well-being.Between 2017 and 2040 cycling could avert 34,000 long termhealth conditions saving the NHS in the UK 319 million that’sthe equivalent of the annual salary of 13,481 nurses.In 2040, 345,000 tonnesof greenhouse gasemissions would be savedannually, equivalent to thecarbon footprint of 73,000people, roughly the populationof Chester.In 2040 729,000kg of NOx and 81,000kgof particulates would be saved annuallyby removing 2 million cars from our roadsevery day.14www.linkingup.wales15
ECONOMIC BENEFITSOF WALKING AND CYCLINGWalking and Cycling are now widely acknowledgedSimilarly the Ramblers Association estimatesLong distance cycle routes, which are predominantlyas two of the most important elements of tourismthat walking tourism in rural and coastal Walesrural, can generate as much as 30 million perin Wales, benefiting from our world class landscape,contributes over 550 million to the economy.year to the local economy; enough to sustain overheritage, attractions and facilities. In 2017, walking600 full time equivalent jobs. Coast 2 Coastand cycling on the NCN benefitted the UK economy( Northern England ) carries over 240,000 trips perby an estimated 1.3 billion.annum ( of which 14,000 is end-to-end usage ), 90mUK Cycle AccesoriesMarket Value 2014stimulates a spend of 10.7 million in the routecorridor, and supports up to 173 FTE posts.Source: GB Tourism Survey 2015The Way of the Roses ( Northern England ) carriesover 130,000 trips per annum ( of which 7,000 is 956mend-to-end usage ), stimulates a spend of 550mUK Cycle AccesoriesMarket Value 2015contributed to the Wales economy from walking 1.35bnIts not just accommodation providers who benefitAccording to the Great British Tourism Survey(2015), cycling is worth 90 million to Wales eachSource: Mintel 2015year through daily visits and overnight stays.Around 300,000 overnight visits to Wales eachThe last decade have seen significant developmentsin the walking and cycling network in Wales, suchyear involve cycling and/or mountain biking withan annual worth between 55 and 60 million.from this spend. The increasing number of dayvisits involving walkers and cyclists, who mightgenerally spend less than those staying overnight,are facilities there to meet their needs in terms ofthe Valleys Cycle Network and Lôn Las Cefni,security, repairs etc. In 2017, leisure users on theenhancement of Trails such as the Taff Trail andNCN were estimated as having spent 2.5 billionWales also boasts major cycle events such asthe Tour of Britain, Junior Tour of Wales,the British Cycling National Road Championships,Valleys Velo Sportive and the Velothon. And nowwe can boast a Tour de France Champion inGeraint Thomas too.economy. In a report undertaken by LSE on behalfof British Cycling and Sky looked at the widerimpact of cycling on the economy.You can download the report here:choosing to visit attractions such as country parksand the creation of new routes such as parts ofthe Active Travel ( Wales ) Act in 2013.And its not just the direct spend that aids thefood and refreshments. Equally, many visitors areand castles on bike - provided of course that thereAccording to recentresearch by Mintel, the bike issimply the tip of the iceberg astoday’s cyclists are splashing outmore on cycling accessories than thebikes themselves. While UK sales ofbikes only were set to top the 1bnmark by the end of 2015, Britons wereexpected spend an even moreimpressive 1.35bn on cycleaccessories.up to 60 FTE posts.nevertheless represent an important market foras the opening of the Wales Coast Path in 2012Lôn Las Ogwen, and of course the introduction of 3million in the route corridor, and supportsin local businesses.RouteYearDistanceCycle TripsOf whichend to endTotal yearlyexpenditureJobssupportedC2C2006287 Km241,05114,000 10,700,000173Coast & Castles2006151 Km68,0008,100 3,300,00053Hadrian’s Cycleway2006234 Km160,2427,500 6,500,000105Pennine Cycleway2006184 Km39,1822,100 1,800,00027Way of the Roses2012274 Km131,0007,000 3,000,00060Tourism Spend and Route Usage on Key Tourist Routes in the ingup.wales17
CASE STUDYTOURISM SPEND ON THENATIONAL CYCLE NETWORKThe UK cycle tourism market has been estimated to be worth over 1 billion1.Much of this tourism takes place on the National Cycle Network (NCN), often onlong distance routes such as the C2C and the Way of the Roses, but also onshorter leisure rides and day trips from home or a holiday base. Cycle tourismbenefits local economies through accommodation, retail, food, transportand parking.TOURIST AND LEISURE CYCLIST SPENDAnalysis of survey data from 22 tourist sites2 in the UKprovide a range of values for the typical spend per headof leisure cycling and cycle tourism on the NCN.Average spend per head (range)Leisure 7.06 - 15.97Tourist 20.03 - 27.66Overall, the NCN contributesover 650 million to the economyeach year through leisure andtourist cyclingUsing this value, we estimate that over 15,000 FTEjobs are directly and indirectly supported by thisspend. The table shows these jobs split bybusiness type.Average spend per head leisure and tourist cycling from 22 sites on theNational Cycle NetworkSectorHome BasedAccommodationTourist Based46%Food and Drink74%42%Retail2%2%Car Costs12%2%Cycle Costs3%2%Public Transport3%3%Other6%3%1Sky and British Cycling. The ‘Olympic Cycling Effect’, 2012.Available from: lympic cycling effect2On the NCN and the Valleys Cycle Network3University of Central Lancashire and Sustrans (2007) The economic impact of cycle tourism in North East England18www.linkingup.walesESTIMATING LEISURE AND TOURIST CYCLESPEND ON THE NCNIn 2014, 184 million cycle trips on the NCN( 53% of the total ) were for either leisure purposes orfrom a holiday base. Assuming that 50% of thesetrips saw the minimum spend per head calculatedabove (Table 2), we estimate that leisure and touristcycling on the NCN contributes 652 million to theeconomy each year.Research has shown that thisspending is spread across a rangeof different types of business3.Unsurprisingly, the majority ofspending is on accommodation,food
case study - bike life 14 case study - let’s walk cymru 15 economic benefits of walking and cycling 16 case study - tourism spend on the ncn 18 case study - wales coast path 20 case study - south west coast path 21 environmental benefits of walking and cycling 22 case study - greener greenways 23 background 05 policy context 06 introduction 04
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