N FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction
THECNEICSICSNEFORRICHARIRDEDITIONnoitcudAn IntroD SAFERSTEINTaken from:Forensic Science: An Introduction, Second EditionForensic Science: From the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab, Third EditionCriminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, Eleventh Editionby Richard Saferstein000200010271883662 TP.indd 1000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 110/29/14 2:04 PM11/12/14 12:55 PM
Cover Art: Courtesy of Photodisc/Getty Images.Taken from:Forensic Science: An Introduction, Second Editionby Richard SafersteinCopyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Published by Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Forensic Science: From the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab, Third Editionby Richard SafersteinCopyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.Published by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, Eleventh Editionby Richard SafersteinCopyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.Published by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Copyright 2016 by Pearson, Inc.All rights reserved.This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilationitself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. Permission to reprintthese has been obtained by Pearson Learning Solutions for this edition only. Further reproduction by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage orretrieval system, must be arranged with the individual copyright holders noted.All trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, and registered service marks are the property of theirrespective owners and are used herein for identification purposes only.Pearson, Inc., 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116A Pearson Education Companywww.pearsoned.comPrinted in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXXX 18 17 16 15 14000200010271883662RP/MTISBN 10: 1-269-92520-2 (HS Binding)ISBN 13: 978-1-269-92520-4 (HS Binding)000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 2PearsonSchool.com/Advanced11/12/14 1:14 PM
To my wife, Gail, pillar of my life000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 311/12/14 12:56 PM
ContentsHandbook of Forensic Services—FBI . . xivNext Generation Science StandardsOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiAbout the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Chapter 1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Definition and Scope of Forensic Science . . . .History and Development of Forensic ScienceCrime Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Functions of the Forensic Scientist . . . . . .Exploring Forensic Science on the Internet. . . 4. 6142433Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Chapter 2The Crime Scene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Physical Evidence and the Crime Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Preserving and Recording the Crime Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dealing with Physical Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ensuring Crime-Scene Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48495668Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Quick Lab: Crime-Scene Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Chapter 3Physical Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Common Types of Physical Evidence .The Examination of Physical Evidence.The Significance of Physical Evidence .Forensic Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78808589Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 411/12/14 12:56 PM
Contentsv Chapter 4Death Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104Role of the Forensic Pathologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Role of the Forensic Anthropologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Role of the Forensic Entomologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Chapter 5Properties of Matter andthe Analysis of Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142Properties of Matter . . . . . . .The Nature of Matter . . . . . .Theory of Light . . . . . . . . . . .Physical Properties of MatterForensic Analysis of Glass . . .144147152156163Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Quick Lab: Glass and Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Chapter 6Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184Drug Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Types of Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Drug-Control Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forensic Drug Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence.187191208211233Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234Quick Lab: Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Quick Lab: Drug Screening Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Quick Lab: What Is the White Powder? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 511/12/14 12:56 PM
viContentsChapter 7Forensic Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244The Role of Forensic Toxicology . .Toxicology of Alcohol . . . . . . . . . .Testing for Intoxication . . . . . . . . .The Analysis of Blood for Alcohol .Alcohol and the Law . . . . . . . . . . .The Role of the Toxicologist . . . . .246247253261263266Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Quick Lab: pH Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Chapter 8The Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292Basics of the Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Compound Microscope. . . . . . . . . . . .The Comparison Microscope . . . . . . . . . . .The Stereoscopic Microscope . . . . . . . . . .The Polarizing Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . .The Microspectrophotometer . . . . . . . . . .The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) .294296299301303304307Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314Quick Lab: Focusing the Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Quick Lab: Creating Wet-Mount Slides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Chapter 9Forensic Serology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322The Nature of Blood . . . . . .Immunoassay Techniques . .Forensic Characterization ofPrinciples of Heredity . . . . .Forensic Characterization ofCollection of Rape Evidence.Bloodstains.Semen . . . .325329333338342346Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Quick Lab: Blood Typing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Quick Lab: Luminol Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 611/12/14 12:56 PM
viiContents Chapter 10DNA: The Indispensable ForensicScience Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362Understanding DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Replication of DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DNA Typing with Tandem Repeats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mitochondrial DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis.364369374382384392395395Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404Quick Lab: Buccal Swab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Chapter 11Crime-Scene Reconstruction:Bloodstain Pattern Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414Crime-Scene Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . .General Features of Bloodstain Formation .Impact Bloodstain Spatter Patterns . . . . . .More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns. . . . . . . .Other Bloodstain Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . .416419423427432Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442Quick Lab: Blood Drop Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444Quick Lab: Blood Spatter Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Chapter 12Trace Evidence I: Hairs and Fibers . . . .454Forensic Examination of Hair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456Forensic Examination of Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 711/12/14 12:56 PM
viiiContents Chapter 13Trace Evidence II:Metals, Paint, and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490Forensic Analysis of Trace Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492Forensic Examination of Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Forensic Analysis of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Chapter 14Forensic Aspects ofFire Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528Forensic Investigation of Arson. . . . . . . . . . . . .The Chemistry of Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Searching the Fire Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Collection and Preservation of Arson EvidenceAnalysis of Flammable Residues . . . . . . . . . . . .530530540543545Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557Chapter 15Forensic Investigationof Explosions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558Explosions and Explosives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560Collection and Analysis of Evidence of Explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580Endnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 811/12/14 12:56 PM
Contentsix Chapter 16Fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582History of Fingerprinting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints. . . . . . .Classification of Fingerprints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems .Methods of Detecting Fingerprints. . . . . . . . . .Preservation of Developed Prints . . . . . . . . . . .Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement . .584587593594599607609Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612Quick Lab: Fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Chapter 17Firearms, Tool Marks,and Other Impressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . .Automated Firearms Search Systems . . . . . . . . . .Gunpowder Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Primer Residues on the Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Serial Number Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Collection and Preservation of Firearms EvidenceTool Marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other Impressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622631635639645646648651Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660Quick Lab: Toolmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 Chapter 18Document Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .670The Document Examiner . . . . . . . . . . . . .Handwriting Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . .Typescript Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations .Other Document Problems . . . . . . . . . . .672672679681688Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692Quick Lab: Handwriting Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 911/12/14 12:56 PM
xContentsApplication and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 Chapter 19Computer Forensics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700From Input to Output: How Does the Computer Work?Putting It All Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Storing and Retrieving Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Processing the Electronic Crime Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Analysis of Electronic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forensic Analysis of Internet Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forensic Investigation of Internet Communications . . . .703706707710715722725Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 Chapter 20Mobile Device Forensics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736The Mobile Device Neighborhood: What Makes a Mobile Device “Mobile”?Forensic Challenges: Mobile Devices as Small Computers—Sort Of . . . . . . .Extracting Useful Data: The Differences in Various Types of Mobile Devices . . .Mobile Device Architecture: What Is Inside the Device and What Is ItUsed For?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Analyzing Mobile Devices: Finding Forensically Valuable Artifacts . . . . . . . .Hybrid Crime Assessment: Fitting the Mobile Device into the DigitalForensic Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738. . . . 740. . . . 743. . . . 745. . . . 747. . . . 749Chapter Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753Application and Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755Further References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 Chapter 21Careers in Forensic Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .756Disciplines in Forensic Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758College Courses in Forensic Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786000200010271883662 CH00 FM pi xxi.indd 1011/12/14 12:56 PM
PrefacexiPrefaceThe level of sophistication that forensic science has brought to criminal investigations is awesome.But one cannot lose sight of the fact that, once all the drama of a forensic science case is put aside,what remains is an academic subject emphasizing science and technology. It is to this end that thisthird edition of Forensic Science: An Introduction is dedicated.This high school edition follows the tradition, philosophy, and objectives of my introductorycollege text, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, which is in its eleventh edition. Increating this introductory text, every chapter of the college text was examined to improve the clarityof the narrative. This improvement has been accomplished by presenting the science of forensics in astraightforward and student-friendly format. Topics have been rearranged to better integrate scientificmethodology with actual forensic application. The reader is offered the option of delving into the moredifficult technical aspects of the book by going into the “Inside the Science” features in some chapters,an option that can be bypassed without detracting from a basic comprehension of the subject offorensic science.Only the most relevant scientific and technological concepts are presented to the reader, so thatthe subject is not watered down with superfluous discussions that are of no real significance to currentforensic science
N FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction N Taken from: Forensic Science: An Introduction, Second Edition Forensic Science: From the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab, Third Edition Criminalistics: An Introduction to
Forensic Science is the integration of core scientific disciplines. Forensic science involves a variety of careers. 1. Students will recognize the major contributors to the development of Forensic . Worksheets Lab; Activity Project assessments Research activities such as “famous forensic scientists and their contributions” or “careers inFile Size: 444KBPage Count: 21People also search forforensic science for high school textbook pdfdo forensic criminologist investigate the cri forensic criminology bookswhat is a dental hygienisthow to check fingerprint forensic criminologyare dental hygienists and dentist same thing
Forensic science is the application of science to law. Any science can be applied into a legal situation, but some of the commonest forensic sciences include forensic biology, forensic chemistry, and forensic toxicology. The word forensic in today’s world simply
The Center for the Future of Forensic Science at BGSU offers unparalleled experiential learning to forensic science students and a gateway to advanced training and cutting edge forensic science research for practicing forensic scientists, forensic science technicians, crime scene investigators, and other law enforcement professionals.
The Center for the Future of Forensic Science at BGSU offers unparalleled experiential learning to forensic science students and a gateway to advanced training and cutting edge forensic science research for practicing forensic scientists, forensic science technicians, crime scene investigators, and other law enforcement professionals.
FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction by Richard Saferstein 34 Figure 5-13A. FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction by Richard Saferstein 35 Figure 5-13B. FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction by Richard Saferstein 36 Figure 5-14. FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction by Richard Saferstein 37.
educators, forensic science practitioners, and members of professions associated with forensic science about their conceptions of forensic science knowledge, practice, and identity. This outcome of the methodology has been the proposition of critical features relating to the nature of forensic science. These critical features have become the basis
Subject: Forensic Science Code No.: 82 SYLLABUS Unit – I Forensic Science: Definition, History & Development, Scope, Ethics in Forensic Science . Forensic Entomology: Introduction, Insects of forensic importance, Insects on
forensic science discipline (or equivalent). Experience It is essential that the post holder is an experienced forensic scientist in forensic drug analysis, forensic toxicology and preferably in forensic criminalistics, with a minimum of 10 years performing multi-disciplined forensic
