History Of Life On Earth
Chapter 19History of Life on EarthAdapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 19 Section 3:Evolution of LifeKey VocabularyTermsAdapted from Holt Biology 2008
CyanobacteriaPhotosyntheticprokaryotesAdapted from Holt Biology 2008
EndosymbiosisA mutually beneficial relationship inwhich one organism lives withinanother
Content ObjectivesI will be able to identify: The major evolutionary developments thatoccurred during Precambrian time? The dominant organisms that evolvedduring the Paleozoic Era? The dominant organisms that evolvedduring the Mesozoic and the CenozoicEra?Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 19 Section 3:Evolution of LifeNotesAdapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 19 Section 3:Evolution of LifePrecambrian TimeAdapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Precambrian TimePrecambrian timespanned betweenabout 4.5 billionand 542 millionyears ago.
Precambrian TimeSingle-celledprokaryotes andlater, eukaryotes,evolved andflourished inPrecambrian time.
Precambrian TimeThe evolution ofmulticellularorganisms set thestage for theevolution ofmodernorganisms.
YOUR TURNActive ReadingSection 3 – Evolution of LifeAdapted from Holt Biology 2008
Evolution of LifeThe oldest fossils(3.5 billion yearsold)arecyanobacteria.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Formation of OxygenScientists thinkthat about 2.5billion years ago,cyanobacteriabegan addingoxygen to Earth’satmosphere.
Formation of OxygenAs ancient cyanobacteria carried outphotosynthesis, they released oxygengas into Earth’s oceans.
Formation of OxygenThis oxygen eventually escaped intothe air.
Formation of OxygenHelped to form oxygen gas as aproduct of photosynthesis.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Formation of OxygenThe accumulation of atmosphericoxygen allowed organisms to live onland.
Formation of OxygenAs oxygen reached Earth’s upperatmosphere, the sun’s rays caused someof the oxygen gas (O2) to chemically reactand form molecules of ozone (O3).
Formation of OxygenOzone (O3)helped toblock harmfulUV rays.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Formation of OxygenOrganisms on thevery early Earthcould not surviveon land becauseultravioletradiationdamaged theirDNA.
Formation of OxygenAfter millions ofyears, enoughozone hadaccumulated tomake land a safeplace for organismsto live.
Eukaryotic LifeLater in Precambrian time, the firsteukaryotes appeared.
Origin of Energy-ProducingOrganellesMitochondria andchloroplasts likelyoriginated asdescribed by theendosymbiotictheory proposed byLynn Margulis.
Origin of Energy-ProducingOrganellesEndosymbiotic theory proposes that largerbacteria engulfed smaller bacteria, whichthen began to live inside larger cells.
Origin of Energy-ProducingOrganellesEndosymbiosisis a mutuallybeneficialrelationship inwhich oneorganism liveswithin another.
Eukaryotic LifeAccording to this theory,mitochondria are the descendants ofsymbiotic, aerobic (oxygen-requiring)bacteria.
Eukaryotic LifeChloroplasts are thought to be thedescendants of symbiotic,photosynthetic bacteria.
Size and StructureMitochondria are the same size asmost bacteria. Chloroplasts are thesame size as some cyanobacteria.
Eukaryotic LifeThey also contain their own DNA,which is similar to that of prokaryotes.
Genetic MaterialBoth chloroplasts andmitochondria containgenes that aredifferent from thosefound in the nucleusof the host cell. Thesegenes are closelyrelated to bacterialgenes.
RibosomesMitochondrial and chloroplastribosomes are similar in size andstructure to bacterial ribosomes.
ReproductionLike bacteria,chloroplasts andmitochondriareproduce by simplefission. Thisreplication takesplace independentlyof the cell cycle inthe host cell.
MulticellularityArose fromcolonialorganisms thatdeveloped cellspecialization andcellcommunication(632 mya)Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Mass extinctionsOpen upecologicalniches andhappen beforebursts ofdiversificationAdapted from Holt Biology 2008
Think, Share, Write #1Why is the evolution of colonialorganisms an important step inevolution?Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Think, Share, Write #1Why is the evolution of colonialorganisms an important step inevolution?Colonial organisms developed thefirst example of separate functionsbeing performed by different partsin a larger unit.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 19 Section 2:The Age of EarthPaleozoic EraAdapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Paleozoic EraThe Cambrian Period, the first period inthe Paleozoic Era, was a time of greatevolutionary expansion.
Paleozoic Era (542-299 mya)Marineinvertebratesdiversified andmarinevertebratesevolved.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Paleozoic EraA vertebrate is an animal with abackbone.
Paleozoic Era (542-299 mya)Land plants evolved.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Paleozoic EraThe firstmulticellularorganisms to liveon land may havebeen fungi livingtogether withplants or algae.
Paleozoic EraPlants and fungi began living on thesurface of the land about 475 millionyears ago.
Paleozoic EraEventually, great forests covered muchof Earth’s landscape.
Paleozoic EraSome arthropods,and then somevertebrates, left theoceans to colonizeland.
Paleozoic EraThe first landvertebrates,amphibians,came out of thesea about 370million yearsago.
Paleozoic EraReptiles evolved from amphibianancestors about 340 million years ago.
Mass ExtinctionsThe fossil record indicates thatmass extinctions occurred both atthe end of the Ordovician Period(440 million years ago) and at theend of the Devonian Period (365million years ago).
Mass ExtinctionsThese events eliminated about 70% ofall the species on Earth.
The most devastating of all massextinctions occurred at the end of thePermian Period, about 245 millionyears ago.
Mass ExtinctionsAbout 96%of all animalspeciesliving at thetime becameextinct.
Chapter 19 Section 2:The Age of EarthMesozoic andCenozoic ErasAdapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Mesozoic and Cenozoic ErasMany of thedominant life-formson our planetdiverged during theMesozoic andCenozoic Eras.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras(251-1.8 mya)Reptiles,dinosaurs, andbirds dominatedthe Mesozoicera.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras(251-1.8 mya)Mammals dominated the Cenozoicera.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Mesozoic and Cenozoic ErasDuring theMesozoic Era,dinosaurs andother reptilesevolved to be thedominant lifeforms.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic ErasTherapsids, which were reptilelikemammals, gave rise to modern mammals atabout the same time that dinosaurs evolved,in the Triassic Period.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic ErasThe CenozoicEra is thecurrent era.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic ErasDuring this era,mammalsbecame thedominant lifeform.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic ErasModern humans did not appear untilthe Quaternary Period.
Mass ExtinctionA mass extinction 65 million years agoincluded about two-thirds of all landspecies, including most of thedinosaurs.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Mass ExtinctionScientists thinkthat this massextinction wascaused by acatastrophic eventthat hadwidespreadeffects.
SummaryProkaryotes and later, eukaryotes,evolved in the Precambrian. Theevolution of multicellular life precededthe evolution of modern life-forms.Atmospheric oxygen allowed life tosurvive on land.
SummaryDuring the Paleozoic Era, marineinvertebrates diversified, and marinevertebrates evolved. Some arthropods,and then some vertebrates, colonizedthe land.
SummaryReptiles, dinosaurs, and birds were thedominant animals in the Mesozoic Era,and mammalian animals weredominant in the Cenozoic Era.
Notes Adapted from Holt Biology 2008 . Adapted from Holt Biology 2008 Chapter 19 Section 3: Evolution of Life . bacteria engulfed smaller bacteria, which then began to live inside larger cells. Origin of Energy-Producing . Adapted from Holt Biology 2008 Chapter 19 Section 2: The Age of Earth Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras
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