AP Human Geo Review - Weebly

Unitary vs. Federal forms ofgovernment a unitarygovernment ishighly centralized,with all authorityemanating from thecapital city a federal systemorganizes theterritory into regionsor provinces withsubstantial powerover local affairs

How are boundariesestablished, and whydo boundary disputesoccur?

Countries Inside CountriesClick here - 3 minutes

BoundaryA vertical plane that cutsthrough the rocks below(subsoil)and the airspace above,dividing one state territory fromanother.

Establishing Boundaries4 Step process1. Define– Legaldocument,treaty2. Delimit–Cartographersdraw3. DemarcateMark with posts,fences, pillars,etc.4. AdministrateDetermine howmaintained

Border demarcation, Caswell St, Derby Line, VT. Credit:Essdras M Suarez/Globe Staff

Boundary Disputes1. Definitional Focus on legal language Example: The boundary betweenChile and Argentina wassupposed to follow the highestpeaks of the Andes Mountains;however, they almost went towar after discovering oil and gasdeposits in the disputed area

Boundary Disputes2. Locational Focus on demarcation anddelimitation Interpretation of definition indispute Example: The dispute betweenJews and Muslims in Palestineabout where the boundaryshould be. Sudan/South Sudan.

Boundary Disputes3. Operational Neighbors differ on function ofborder (movement)Example: the United States andMexico disagree over the issue ofillegal immigration into the U.S

Boundary Disputes4. Allocational Distribution of resources (i.e.water, oil, natural gas)Example: Oil dispute betweenIraq and Kuwait

What does China want? 4 minutesJordan's geographic challenges - 2 min

Miscellaneous Boundaries Relic -A boundary that has ceased tofunction but can still be detected onthe cultural landscape. It no longerexists as an international boundary.Example: The Berlin Wall betweenEast and West Germany

Miscellaneous Boundaries Subsequent -A boundary that isestablished after settlement with anattempt to accommodate culturaldifferences.Example: the border between Chinaand Vietnam is the result of a longterm process of adjustment andmodification.

Miscellaneous Boundaries Antecedent - A boundary that alreadyexisted before the present settlement inthat area occurred. The culturallandscape emerged and stayed in placewhile people moved in to occupy thesurrounding area.Example: 49th parallel separating theU.S. and Canada.

ImmanuelWallerstein’sWorldSystemsAnalysis

1. The world economy has one marketand a global division of labor.2. Although the world has multiplestates, almost everything takes placewithin the context of the worldeconomy.3. The world economy has a three tierstructure.

The Three-Tier System

Core use the resources of theperiphery to continue theirsuccess high wage, high tech, highereducation; generates morewealth in world economy

Semi-periphery where core and peripheryprocesses both occurring countries such as the 4 AsianTigers that are gaining indevelopment by lack politicalimportance of core

Periphery low wage, low tech, lowerlevels of education generates less wealth in worldeconomy less investment by MDCs

Reapportionment Redistribution of representation in alegislative body (figure out wherepopulation is)Redistricting Draw new boundariesGerrymandering Redraw legislative boundaries to benefita party in power

Supranationalism3 or more states organizedto promote sharedobjectives or a commongoal.(supra above; beyond)

Examples of SupranationalOrganizations European Union (EU) NATO, Warsaw Pact League of Nations, UnitedNations NAFTA African Union

Part 5 – Land Use

First AgriculturalRevolution Neolithic era 9-14 thousand yearsago, when humansfirst planted edibleplants anddomesticated wildanimals

Carl Sauer Landscape Theory states that the culturallandscape is shaped by humans andvarious cultural aspects of their culture. Studied 1st Agricultural Revolution &beginning of plant domestication– Cultivation of root crops in Southeast Asiaand South Asia?

Invention of AgricultureCrop Hearths:multiple hearths, disagreement over origin and diffusion

Second AgriculturalRevolutionWestern Europe in the 17thand 18th centuries, whenpeople began to use croprotation & New World crops,fertilizers, heavier plows, andselective breeding oflivestock.

Third AgriculturalRevolutionThe GreenRevolution: theinvention and rapiddiffusion of moreproductiveagriculturaltechniques in the20th century.

Rising sea levels-climate changeWomen, development & agricultureFood Deserts-ChicagoModel for Urban agricultureEating Insects

Women in AgMillennium Development Goals evaluated

Part 6 – Industrial location& Economic Development

Human Development IndexA tool developed by the United Nations tomeasure and rank countries' levels of social andeconomic development based on four criteria:Life expectancy at birth, mean years ofschooling, expected years of schooling and grossnational income per capita.

School of Thought: ModernizationTime Period: 1940s – 1950sMain Ideas Progressive stagesof economic growth Trickle downeconomicsStrategies Investment Large-scaleindustrializationprojects Technology transfer

Stages of Economic Development1. Traditional Society- subsistenceagriculture, labor intensive, barter2. Transitional Stage – increasedspecialization, surplus, emergence oftransport system, external tradeoccurs3. Take Off – industrializationincreases, growth in a few regions4. Drive to Maturity – economy isdiversifying, wide range of goodsand services, less reliance onimports5. High Mass Consumption – economyis geared toward mass consumption,service sector increasingly dominantRostow ‘s“modernization”model ofdevelopment

School of Thought: DependencyTime Period: 1970sMain Ideas Core-peripherymodel NeocolonialismStrategies Import substitution(replacing foreignimports with domesticproduction) Nationalization

Neo-ColonialismThe entrenchment of thecolonial order, such as tradeand investment, under anew form.

School of Thought: NeoliberalCounterrevolutionTime Period: 1980sMain Ideas Free marketeconomics TransitioneconomiesStrategies Privatization Foreign directinvestment Free trade Reduced role of state WTO, NAFTA

School of Thought: SustainableDevelopmentTime Period: 1990sMain IdeasStrategies Global andenvironmental change Environmentaleconomics Women & development Children & development Resource conservation Environmental regulation Micro-loans Renewable resources Partnership w/ developedcountries

Success Stories – International TradeFour Asian Dragons(Tigers)South Korea, Singapore,Taiwan & Hong Kong

Microfinance / MicrocreditHow Kiva worksAbout microfinance

GINI coefficientA measurement of the incomedistribution of a country's residents. Thisnumber, which ranges between 0 and 1and is based on residents' net income,helps define the gap between the richand the poor, with 0 representing perfectequality and 1 representing perfectinequality.

Weber’s Model -- 1909Least Cost Theory – Industrial location1. transportation(most important), considersmovement of raw materials to factoryand finished products to market2. labor3. agglomeration

AgglomerationWhen a substantial number ofenterprises cluster in the same area.This allows them to share talents,services, and facilities.(For instance, big cities have transportationnetworks, insurance providers, high-speedinternet, etc. . .)

Islands of Development A place where a government or corporationhas built up and concentrated economicdevelopment in a certain city or small region. In many countries in the periphery thecapital city is most influential (i.e. primatecity)– Nigeria moved capital to Abuja in the center ofthe state (ethnically neutral)– Brazil moved capital to Brasilia (forward capital)

Export Processing Zones Special manufacturing export zoneswhich offer favorable tax, regulatory,and trade arrangements to foreignfirms.–Maquiladoras (Mexico)–Special Economic Zones (China)

Bulk Reducing Industry Economic activity in which the finalproduct weighs less than its inputs. If weight and bulk of any one input isparticularly great, the firm may locatednear the source of that input tominimize transportation cost. Examples: copper, steel, lumber forpaper and furniture

Bulk-Gaining Industry Industry that makes something that gainsvolume or weight during production Optimal location may be close tomarkets, where the product is sold Examples: beverages, bread products

Just in time deliveryMethod of inventory management madepossible by efficient transportation andcommunication systems, wherebycompanies keep on hand just what theyneed for near-term production, planningthat what they need for longer-termproduction will arrive when needed.

Footloose Industry An industry that can be placed and located atany location without effect from factors suchas resources or transport. These industries often have spatially fixedcosts, which means that the costs of theproducts do not change despite where theproduct is assembled. Example: computer chips

Tertiary Economic ActivityEconomic activity associated with the provision ofservicesQuaternary Economic ActivityService sector industries concerned with thecollection, processing, and manipulation ofinformation and capital. Examples include finance,administration, insurance and legal services.Quinary Economic ActivityService sector industries that require a high level ofspecialized knowledge or technical skills. Examplesinclude scientific research and high-levelmanagement.

New International Division of LaborTransfer of some types of jobs,especially those requiring lowpaid, less-skilled workers, frommore developed to lessdeveloped countries.

Basic vs. Nonbasic industries Basic industries – industries that selloutside the local region and thusbring new money into the region. Nonbasic industries – producemainly for the local market,supplying the needs of the region’sinhabitants and businesses.

Part 7: Cities & urbanland use

What connections can youmake to Human Geography?India Struggles to develop - carbon footprint

Central Place TheoryTheory that explains the distribution ofservices, based on the fact thatsettlements serve as centers of marketareas for services; larger settlements arefewer and farther apart than smallersettlements and provide services for alarger number of people who are willing totravel farther.

Megacities 2050Click here for 3 minutes on megacities

The Law of the Primate City andthe Rank-Size Rule RSR - “If all the settlements of a countryare ranked according to population size,the sizes of the settlements will beinversely proportional to their rank” (George Zipf) PC - The primate city is commonly at leasttwice as large as the next largest city andmore than twice as significant. (Mark Jefferson, 1939)

Five Hearths of UrbanizationMesopotamia, 3500 BCENile River Valley, 3200 BCEIndus River Valley, 2200 BCEHuang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500BCEMesoamerica, 200 BCEIn each of these hearths, an agricultural surplus and socialstratification created the conditions necessary for cities to formand be maintained.

World CitiesCities that function at the global scale, beyondthe reach of the state borders, functioning asthe service centers of the world economy.

Global Cities OverviewGlobal Cities-2 minutesUrbanization in ChinaClick here for 4 minute videoWorld's Most Polluted City

Bid Rent TheoryA geographical economic theory that refers tohow the price and demand for real estate changeas the distance from the central business district(CBD) increases.

Bid Rent Theory It states that different land users will competewith one another for land close to the city center. This is based upon the idea that retailestablishments wish to maximize theirprofitability, so they are much more willing topay more for land close to the CBD and less forland further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that themore accessible an area (i.e., the greater theconcentration of customers), the more profitable.

Making Cities in the Global Core Redlining – financial institutionsrefusing to lend money in certainneighborhoods. Blockbusting – realtors purposefullysell a home at a low price to an AfricanAmerican and then solicit whiteresidents to sell their homes and lowprices, to generate “white flight.”

“Geographers have suggestedmany different models to describecities in the United States. No onemodel accurately predicts orportrays every city in the UnitedStates.”(Kaplan review book)

Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

Peripheral model

Urban RealmsModelEach realm is aseparate economic,social and politicalentity that is linkedtogether to form alarger metroframework.

Edge City A term introduced in order to describe theshifting focus of urbanization in the US awayfrom the CBD toward new area of economicactivity at the urban fringe. These cities are characterized by extensiveamounts of office and retail space, fewresidential areas, and modern buildings

Urban SprawlUnrestrictedgrowth in manyurban areas ofhousing,commercialdevelopment, androads over largeexpanses of land,with little concernfor urbanplanning.Milton, Ontario

Boomburb Rapidly growing suburban cities emerging in last20 years (more than 100,000 residents) Characteristics––––Large, sprawlingLack large downtownsHousing, retail, entertainment, offices“drive-by cities of highways, office parks, andshopping malls are much more horizontally built andless pedestrian friendly than most older suburbs”(Brookings Institution)

Smart GrowthAn urban planningand transportationtheory thatconcentratesgrowth in compactwalkable urbancenters to avoidsprawl

New Urbanism–A movement started in the 1980s tocombat the growth patterns of suburbiaand sprawl–The idea was a return to what originallymade neighborhoods and cities greatbefore the car took over—goodpedestrian connections, a mix ofindependent businesses, access to lotsof greenspace. (Alissa Walker)

Borchert’s Epochs of Transportation 5 distinct periods in the historyof American urbanization. Each epoch is characterized by the impact ofa particular transport technology on thecreation and differential rates of growthof American cities. This model was conceptualized by Universityof Minnesota geographer John R.Borchert in 1967.

Borchert’s Epochs of Transportation The five epochs identified by Borchert are:– Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830)– Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impactof steam engine technology, and development ofsteamboats and regional railroad networks– Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by thedevelopment of long haul railroads and a nationalrailroad network– Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth inthe gasoline combustion engine– Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?), alsocalled the High-Technology Epoch

How Freeways TransformedAmerican CitiesClick here for cool pictures

Making Cities in the Global Core Redlining – financial institutionsrefusing to lend money in certainneighborhoods. Blockbusting – realtors purposefullysell a home at a low price to an AfricanAmerican and then solicit whiteresidents to sell their homes and lowprices, to generate “white flight.”

Food Deserts – urban challenges Chicago-Food Deserts Duluth, MNFood Deserts inBaltimore:Baltimore’s fooddeserts are clusteredin predominantlylow-income AfricanAmerican inner-cityneighborhoods.

In recent years, the number of refugees has been increasing.However, most refugees come from just a few countries.A. Define the term refugee.B. Discuss ONE political, ONE social, and ONE environmentalreason why refugees flee their country of origin.C. Using the chart shown, select a country of origin; then identifyand explain ONE reason why refugees have left the country.D. Explain TWO economic impacts that refugees can have on areceiving country.

Rostow’s five-stage model of economic growth andthe core-periphery concept of Wallerstein’s threepart world system theory are two of the morecommon economic development models.1. Identify and compare three differences betweenthe stages of economic growth and the coreperiphery model.2. Use one of the two models to explain the levelof economic development in either Mexico orBrazil.3. Give two examples of how the core-peripheryconcept can be applied below the national scale.

Describe the differences in holy places for universalizing and ethnic religions. In addition, give at least one example of each. Ethnic religions have holy places that are connected to the physical environment of its hearth. –In Hinduism places are