SSWH 1 Presentation - Mrs. Stanford's World History
SSWH 1 PresentationAncient World
The Beginning of Civilization
What makes a civilization?1.2.3.4.5.6.Centralized GovernmentOrganized ReligionJob Specialization/ Social ClassesArts, Architecture, TechnologyInfrastructureWriting
SSWH1Analyze the origins, structures, andinteractions of societies in the ancientworld from 3500 BCE/BC to 500BCE/BC.
A.Compare and contrast Mesopotamianand Egyptian societies, include: religion,culture, economics, politics, andtechnology.
3000 BC - City-states form in Sumer,Mesopotamia2500 BC - Sumerian metalworkers producebronze spearheads2350 BC - Sargon defeats the city-states ofSumer2000 BC - Babylonian empire begins todevelop in Mesopotamia1792 BC - Hammurabi begins to develop code oflaws for Babylonian Empire
Why are the Mesopotamians so important?It is known as the “Cradle of Civilization” because it was firstin many things: First to invent the wheelFirst to use sails on boatsOne of first to make up a story (Gilgamesh)First to use cuneiform (writing)First to use the calendarFirst to use the seeder plowFirst to give a number place value and recognize the concept ofzero
Mesopotamia Geography Mesopotamia means between therivers Located between the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers hot dry climate mixed withseasonal flooding from the rivers Extended from the MediterraneanSea to the Persian Gulf Most of Mesopotamia was located inpresent day Iraq Considered a River ValleyCivilization
Mesopotamia Geography The rivers would overflow, leavingbehind a rich black silt. Very unpredictable - made ithard to determine when to plant Believed when it flooded thegods were angry with them Environmental effects impacted thedevelopment of to politics andcivilizations. Mesopotamia marked byfrequent change.
Mesopotamia Geography and Development The first phase of Mesopotamia’spolitical history Sumer, was dominated byseveral independent and oftenwarring city-states, each withits own hereditary monarch Each city-state had a walledurban area made up of simplemudbrick dwellings and aceremonial and administrativecenter dominated by aZiggurat.
Organization of the City Role of the city: Religious center (ziggurat) Political center (palace) Trading center (market) Storage for surplus food Walls served as defense forcitizens Outside of the city walls, eachcity-state controlled the large areas ofsurrounding farmland land.
City-States Around 4,000 years ago the Kingof Akkad, Sargon, conquered theregion creating the world’s firstempire. relatively short lived as severalwaves of invasions andinsurrection shifted politicalpower to other groups. Babylonians brought importantpolitical innovation when theyunified the region
City-States Babylonian Empire focused ondeveloping mathematics andliterature. Babylonians fell to invasion Caused a series of warringempires Hittites - iron technology Assyrians who rose inpower around 1900 BCE Persians who began tobuild a long-lived empirearound 550 BCE.
Government Many laws were in place and they varied from citystate to city state King Hammurabi conquered the area and createdBabylonia Had created written laws that everyone had tofollow 282 laws the laws were written in stone (steele) and placedin a public location Based on “eye for an eye”
Hammurabi’s Code dealt with many aspects of dailylife: property rights Business services Crime Family and marriage“to promote the welfare of the people,make justice visible in the land, destroythe wicked person and the evil, in orderthat the strong might not injure theweak.” protected women and children Women still had fewer privilegesand rights expressed the patriarchalnature of society placed all groups in the empireunder one law the intent was to provide a clearsystem to let all people know ofthe laws
Social Organization & Daily Life The King held military powers. The Governors governed theterritories of the kingdom. The aristocracy were priests andtraders. The peasants worked the land.
Mesopotamia Agriculture Farmers grew wheat, barley,dates, and other items. Farmers used irrigation & theplow Irrigation created a surplus offood which led to the growth ofcities Surplus led to a successfulsystem of trade Used the rivers for food andtrade
Writing first to use writing (around 3,000 BC) cuneiform - wedge shaped symbols pressedinto clay tablets What was it used for?wrote myths and poems most famous was the epic poem calledGilgameshkeep records of their transactionssend messages to other lands without travelingpass on their knowledge to future generations
Economy Mesopotamia lacked resources Traded to get metals, timber, stone, and grapevines, etc At first, the Sumerians traded surplus for these goods later they would develop manufactured goods Used the rivers for a trading system created written contracts, loans and a creditsystem They used a barter system. Traded one good for another The ability to produce a surplus allowed forspecialization of work
Religion Mesopotamians were polytheistic Each town was protected by its own, unique deity or god The temple, the center of worship, was also the center of everycity - ziggurats Gods of Mesopotamia were viewed as unpredictable and oftenelicited the fear from the people Mesopotamians had a very pessimisticview on life Tied to the rivers overflowing anddestroying so much believed success of cropsdepended on the gods
Religion Wealth devoted to building temples tried to win their approval with sacrifices and the construction ofelaborate temples, aka ziggurats Ziggurats housed for the priests and priestesses Believed Priest to be representative to the gods
Egyptian Geography Land was viewed asdivided into two areas: The Black Lands Was fertile due tothe black silt leftbehind after flooding Used for growingcrops The Red Lands Barren desert Created abarrier aroundEgypt Provided asource ofprecious metalsand stones
Egyptian GeographyThe Nile Flowsnorthward Longest riverin the world Splits Egyptinto Upper andLower EgyptBenefits: Predictableyearly floodingallowedfarmingsettlements togrow Worshiped theriver as a godb/c of itsabundance ancient Egyptians lived along the Nile River becauseit is close to land that can grow crops.
Egyptian Agriculture Egyptian society couldnot have beenestablished without theNile flooding Produced surplus offood Hand plowed and oxenplowed the fields Use of irrigation Grew wheat, barley,lettuce and beans
Writing Known as hieroglyphics - series of pictographs Written on papyrus Concept was brought to Egypt through trade withMesopotamia Until the Rosetta Stone was discovered byNapoleon’s army hieroglyphics could not betranslatedWhat was it used for? Original idea: provide the means to bring aconcept or event into existence Began to be used for religious purposes Eventually was used to record trade
Egyptian Economy Based on farming andfishing Taxes paid usingagriculture Used a barter system They used a barter system. Traded one good foranother The ability to produce asurplus allowed forspecialization of work
Egyptian Religion Polytheistic Egyptian Pharaoh living god Theocracy rule based on religiousauthority Pyramids - built to house the Pharaoh inthe afterlife Egyptian religion provided a sense ofstability There was no word for religion It was an integral part of life
Egyptian Religion Religion provided explanations for the natural worldBelief in the afterlifegods were divided into two categories, sun gods and earth godsThe government devoted enormous amounts of wealth totemples and the gods
Egyptian Government God-King (Pharaoh) Upper Class of Nobles and Priests Merchants, Artisans, Scribes, andTax Collectors (The Middle Class) Peasants – the largest number ofpeople in Egypt simply worked theland
Social Organization & Daily Life Paternalistic society However, women had a great manyfreedoms Optimistic society - saw their godsas benevolent Practiced many forms ofentertainment houses were built from mud - coolon the inside & had flat roofs sothat in the summer time peoplecould sleep on the tops of them
B.Describe the societies of India andChina, include: religion, culture,economics, politics, and technology.
India
Where is India?
China
Where is China?
Early Indian Civilization Farming villages first appeared inthe fertile plain between the Indusand Ganges rivers South Asia about 3200 BCE Climate is dominated by monsoonrains Walls of mountains to the northand west partially isolate itspeople Cities were elevated surrounded by earthen wallsand levees to protect themfrom flooding
Early Indian Civilization Inside the walls, the streets werelaid out on a grid system. Homes were constructed of bakedbrick bathroom served by a city-widesewer and plumbing system Each city had a fortified citadel served as the political andreligious center Economy was dependent onagriculture
Early Chinese Civilization The farming villages between theHuang He and Yangtze Rivers ofChina grew into cities about 2000BCE. Benefited from and sufferedbecause of the rich but looseyellow silt deposited by theflooding of Yangtze Pro - the fertile soil supportedagriculture Con - its loose nature made majorshifts in the course of the river andmassive floods common
Early Chinese Civilization Chinese used flood control andirrigation First documented dynasty of Chinawas the Shang Started a long tradition ofgovernance that included ahereditary monarch supportedby a complex bureaucracy Craft production and trade werealso present Saw the emergence ofinterconnected Chinese religiousprinciples.
Early Chinese Civilization Concept of Yin and Yang offered an early and enduringunderstanding of the universe asbalanced between male andfemale forces Daoism, founded by Lao Tsu asked humanity to respect andlive in harmony with nature ancestor worship venerateddeceased family members in thehope that they would intercedewith the powers in Heaven onbehalf of the living.
ReligionChina Belief in supernatural forces Priests would read oraclebones Belief in life after death Ancestor worshipIndia Polytheistic Religion was tied tightly toeveryday life Theocratic rule Vedic Religion - predecessorto Hinduism Four religious texts Belief in the “cycle of life”
CultureChina Some natural barriers Higher classes lived in the city Lower classes lived outside thecity Constant conflict - warlike The group is greater than theindividual Family is central to society PaternalisticIndia Social division was not greatProsperous societyLimited conflict - natural barriersPaternalisticDeveloped a written languagePlanned cities - grid systemAround 1750BC culture began todecline
EconomicsChina Agricultural based society - mostpeasants were farmers Feudal system develops Peasants worked their lordsland inside the walled towns Peasant had small plots ofland outside the walls Merchants and artisans livedinside the walled townsIndia Thriving trade system Indus River provided access tothe sea - long distance trading Barter system Grew cotton to make cloth Trade began - 2600 BC Unpredictability of monsoonsmade it hard to farm effectively farms were located directlyconnected to the Indus
PoliticsChina City wall built to protect thecity Constant conflict Professional warriors Farming society ruled by anaristocracy Central government (King)with governors in charge ofterritories to help governIndia Strong central government Citadel to protect the royalfamily City walls to protect the city Belief in Karma System of taxation
TechnologyChina Flood control and irrigationproducts Mastery of bronze casting Advances in farmingtechniques Irrigation Plowshares Written languageIndia Use of sophisticated plumbingand sewage Advances in math Made bricks to build structures Used bronze Constructed tools Used a measuring system Use of water storage
C.Explain the development of monotheism,include: the concepts developed by theancient Hebrews.
Bible History on How Hebrews Came to be. Abram lived with his father’s family in Ur but was ‘touched’ by abelief in God The king wanted to kill him - his family got out of there - met &married Sarai At age 75 God called on him to move south to the land of Canaan,which his descendants would inherit - so he got up and went They reached it - God reaffirmed his promise At 86 with no son, Sarai offered her handmaid to Abram - got hisfirst son, Ishmael
Bible History on How Hebrews Came to be. 13 years later, God appeared, renewed his promise, changed theirnames, & told Abraham, Sarah was pregnant & that child, Isaac, wouldbe the son of the covenant MANY MANY MANY years later descendants began to move into Egyptand eventually the Hebrews are taken as slaves for 400 years Moses shows up, plagues, parts the sea, leads the people out of Egyptand back to Canaan Received the Ten Commandments Couple Hundred years later - the Hebrews unite to form the kingdom ofIsrael
What did the Ancient Hebrews believe? That there was only one god God had power over everyone andwould protect them God gave them 10 Commandment toobey The Torah is the history of theHebrews
Key Facts about the Ancient Hebrews Judaism spread because of theforced movement of the Hebrews(Jews) First to practice monotheism Abraham is the “Father of theJews” Ancient Hebrew monotheism mostinfluenced current day Christianity
D.Identify the Bantu migration patterns andcontribution to settled agriculture.
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Located in Modern day CameroonBANTU MIGRATION: Africa: earliest ancestors ofmodern people all speaking languages derivedfrom one language, Bantu Most closely associated withspreading of cultures in Africa Primary reason for migrating wasto find land for farming andgrazing Farmers & ironworkers, their slashand burn style of farming forcedthem to move
BANTU MIGRATION: The Bantu cleared the land, thenfertilized it with ashes. When the land could no longer supporttheir families, the Bantu moved furthersouth. Stayed on the move to avoid conflictwith local hunting and gatheringsocieties After hundreds of years, the Bantusettled in southern Africa - didn’tmove north because the SaharaDesert blocked the movementLocated in Modern day Cameroon
BANTU settled near rivers and lakes for theability to irrigate Bantu introduced settled agriculture toareas they passed through spread the use of iron (spread oftechnology) Bantu speakers spread their languageand skills all throughout Africa African languages today have Banturoots
E.Explain the rise of the Olmecs.
Olmecs werelocated in ModernDay Mexico.
Rise of the Olmecs Geographic isolation made themunique Agricultural villages based on thecultivation of corn, beans, andsquash emerged about 3500 BCE. Olmec culture found in the modernMexican states of Veracruz andTabasco. Political and social structuredeveloped as a result ofagricultural surplus and the need tomobilize large numbers of people
Rise of the Olmecs Needed people in order to: construct irrigation systems ceremonial buildings drain land for farming Sophisticated urban planningbased on: Movement of the stars Creation of artwork includingseveral giant Olmec headstatues, and the constructionof monumental architecture
Rise of the Olmecs Each Olmec city was independentlyruled by a hereditary monarch Maintained power by presentinghimself as an intermediary tothe gods. Rulers and priests performed ritualson large platforms in the center ofeach included bloodletting andhuman sacrifice served to reinforce the power of thestate
Olmec (1200-400 BC) First major civilization in Mexico to use ballgames in the Americas the first complex civilization inMesoamerica Settled along rivers with good soil foragriculture Farming led to the development oftowns The Empire ended due to changes inthe soil which led to underproduction of crops
Considered a River Valley Civilization. Mesopotamia Geography The rivers would overflow, leaving . development of to politics and civilizations. Mesopotamia marked by frequent change. Mesopotamia Geography and Development The first phase of Mesopotamia’s political history . Early
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