The Life And Art Of Artemisia Gentileschi
The Life and Art of ArtemisiaGentileschiin association withSelf-portrait as the Allegory of Painting (La Pittura), Artemisia Gentileschi,1638-1639, Royal Collection Trust, UK
How to Make the Most of This LessonThis lesson serves as a roadmap for your journey through arich and exciting collection of online content made availableby Google Arts & Culture’s partners. You will explorephotographs, slideshows, voice recordings, and more. Theimages in this lesson are just a sample of what’s available toyou via the Google Arts & Culture website.You’ll see some helpful signs along the way:Estimated time forcompleting the chapterAudio recording or videoYou can complete this lesson independently or with fellowstudents, a teacher, or another adult. The content isaccessible to a wide range of ages, but it’s especially gearedtoward students ages 13 to 16.Link to more online contentYour journey in this lesson will take you through threemajor topics:Chapter 1: Artemisia Gentileschi’s LifeChapter 2: Gentileschi’s ArtChapter 3: Inspired by GentileschiLearning activity2
Tools for LearningBelow are tools for learning that you may need for Digital Discovery lessons:A device that connects to the internet(a computer or tablet)A tool for writing your responses andbig ideas (pen, pencil, computer, etc.)Art supplies (markers, crayons, paint)ScissorsA notebookScrap paperExplore! Google Arts & Culture pictures are big. If you want to explore a picture in greater detail, click on themagnifying glass symbol, and zoom in with the zoom slider. By dragging the white box around, you can seeeven tiny details.3
Welcome to The Life and Art of Artemisia GentileschiIn this lesson, you will learn about Artemisia Gentileschi, a femaleItalian painter who worked during a time when few women were ableto have careers in any profession, including the arts. You will find outabout Gentileschi’s early life, some of her most famous works, andthe influence she has had on other artists. Finally, you will reflect onwhat you learned and plan your own self-portrait.What will you do?1.Read stories about Gentileschi’s life and experiences.2.Listen to and read about others who have been inspired byGentileschi’s life and art.3.Reflect on the subject matter of Gentileschi’s art.4.Follow links to see Gentileschi’s work up close.5.Develop and respond to research questions.6.Learn new facts about Italian baroque artists.The Inclination, Artemisia Gentileschi, 1615/1616, Casa Buonarroti4
What’s in this lesson?1.Learn about Gentileschi’s talent as a young girl.2.Find out about a traumatic event in Gentileschi’s life.3.See how Gentileschi survived the trauma and became a famous artist.4.Discover some of Gentileschi’s best-known works.By participating in this lesson, you will be able to:1.Identify how and why Gentileschi became an artist.2.Explore how Gentileschi thrived after facing a traumatic event in her life.3.Describe Gentileschi’s influence on other artists.Vocabularybaroque, commission, patron, chiaroscuro, feministNeed help with some of these terms? See the glossary at the end of this lesson.5
Chapter 1:Artemisia Gentileschi’s LifeWhat is this chapter about?Artemisia Gentileschi’s life andcareerHow long will thischapter take?1 hourPlan of the City of Rome. Part 2 with the Trinita dei Monti, Palazzo Borghese and the Baths of Diocletian GiovanniDomenico de Rossi Cardinal Camillo Pamphili Antonio Tempesta, 1645, The Metropolitan Museum of Art6
Chapter 1: Warming UpBefore you explore, answer the questions below in your notebook.Consider1. What does the word patron mean? Use the glossary at the end of this lesson, if needed. Why do you think it was important for artists to have patrons? Can you think ofexamples of patrons in today’s world?Discover2. Now consider the definition of the word commission. From whom would a commissiontypically come?7
Gentileschi’s Early LifeArtemisia Gentileschi was born in Rome in 1593.Her father was an artist influenced by the famousItalian baroque painter Caravaggio. Gentileschi’sfamily lived in an area of the city that was home tomany artists.Gentileschi’s mother died when Gentileschi was just12 years old. As a result, Gentileschi was forced tostay home, since she had no chaperone. Under herfather’s instruction, she, too, became an artist.Learn more about the artistic connectionbetween father and daughter in this story.Learn more about some of Caravaggio’s workhere.Self Portrait as Saint Catherine of Alexandria, Artemisia Gentileschi, about 1615-17, The National Gallery,London8
A Young TalentIn the 1600s, women had very little control over theirown lives and destinies. Few received professionalinstruction of any kind. In Italy, painting as a professionwas almost exclusively a man’s world. Women had noaccess to the training or models that men did. But asGentileschi’s father taught her and her brothers, herealized that Artemisia was the child with the mosttalent, and her talent was extraordinary.”I find myself with a female daughter and threeother sons, and this daughter, as it pleased God,having been trained in the profession of painting, inthree years has become so skilled that I dare sayshe has no equal today.”—Orazio Gentileschi(1563—1639)Orazio Gentileschi is thought to have usedArtemisia as a model for this painting. See it inthe Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, here.Portrait of a Young Woman as a Sibyl, Orazio Gentileschi, c. 1620, The Museum of FineArts, Houston9
A Traumatic EventIn 1611, Gentileschi was working in her father’sstudio when her teacher, artist Agostino Tassi(1578–1644), attacked her and raped her. Herfather brought charges against Tassi in court. Tassiwas found guilty and imprisoned. Gentileschi thenmarried Pierantonio Stiattesi (1584–?), the son of anotary who had helped with the trial. The pair leftRome behind for a new life in Florence. Gentileschihoped to become successful enough to gaincommissions from Florence’s ruling family, theMedici, and other influential patrons.Find out more about this event in Gentileschi’slife by watching this video.Veduta della catena, Francesco Petrini and Raffaello Petrini, 1887, Palazzo Vecchio MuseumRead more about Gentileschi’s life in Florencehere.10
Success in FlorenceGentileschi quickly gainedrecognition as an artist inFlorence, and many members ofthe Medici family are thought tohave been her patrons. In 1616,she became the first womanadmitted to the Accademia delleArti del Disegno, a prestigiousgathering of artists and othersignificant figures in the city.There, she met many famouspeople, including the scientistGalileo Galilei. The two becamefriends and correspondents.Self Portrait as a Lute Player, Artemisia Gentileschi, c. 1615-18, Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of ArtGentileschi is thought to havepainted this self-portrait afterparticipating in entertainmentat the Medici court. Read moreabout her use of herself as asubject in her paintings here.11
Later LifeIn 1620, Gentileschi and her family were forced toreturn to Rome. They had lived beyond their meansand were heavily in debt. However, Gentileschi hadbecome very famous. In the drawing shown here, theFrench artist Pierre Dumonstier II (1585–1656) paidtribute to Gentileschi’s skill:“after the worthy hand of the excellent andlearned Artemisia, gentlewoman of Rome.”As a celebrity painter, Gentileschi moved to Venice inthe late 1620s. Her work continued to be in demandacross Europe, including from the king of England,Charles I. She traveled to London in 1638 buteventually returned to Italy, where she lived and ran asuccessful studio in Naples until her death.Read about Gentileschi’s fame and later life here.Learn about Gentileschi’s time in London here.Right hand of Artemisia Gentileschi holding a brush, Drawn by Pierre Dumonstier II,1585-1656, The British Museum12
Chapter 1: Wrapping UpNow that you’ve read the chapter, reflect on what you’ve learned by answering the question belowin your notebook.You’ve seen that Gentileschi had wealthy patrons who helped finance her work andoffered her commissions. Look back on your answers to the questions in Warming Up atthe beginning of the chapter. Is there anything you’d change about your answers? Explainyour response.13
Chapter 2:Gentileschi’s ArtWhat is this chapter about?An up-close look at some ofGentileschi’s most famousworksHow long will thischapter take?1 hourEsther before Ahasuerus, Artemisia Gentileschi, The Metropolitan Museum of Art14
Chapter 2: Warming UpBefore you explore, answer the questions below in your notebook.Consider1. Religion played a dominant role in artistic subject matter during the time period in whichGentileschi lived. Why might artists have looked to stories from the Christian Bible for their artworks?Discover2. Gentileschi was one of very few women artists during this time period. How might herunique perspective have affected her work?15
‘Judith and Holofernes’Considered one of Gentileschi’s most well-known works,‘Judith and Holofernes’ tells the story of a young widow whosaves her people by killing an Assyrian general sent to attackher city. This type of religious subject matter was frequentlythe focus of baroque artists’ work. Gentileschi’s paintings arefrom the female perspective, however, which many arthistorians believe sheds a different light on some of thesestories and their characters. Gentileschi began this workduring the same year in which her rapist went to trial—1612.Watch this video to hear more about this painting and tosee it on display.Learn more about Gentileschi’s version of this story andsee how it compares with other artists’ depictions byviewing this story.Judith and Holofernes, Artemisia Gentileschi, ca. 1612-13,Museo e Real Bosco di Capodimonte16
‘Judith and Her Maidservant withthe Head of Holofernes’This painting, ‘Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head ofHolofernes,’ continues the story of Judith’s killing ofHolofernes. In this painting, the women are pausing quietlybecause they think they hear a soldier coming. This painting isparticularly well known due to Gentileschi’s use of the singlecandle as a light source in the painting, to create adramatically lit scene. The technique at work here, calledchiaroscuro, originated with Caravaggio (1571–1610).Examine this painting more closely in this story.Learn more about this painting and Caravaggio’s use ofchiaroscuro in this story.Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, ArtemisiaGentileschi, 1645-50, Museo e Real Bosco di Capodimonte17
‘Jael and Sisera’This painting depicts anotherstory from the Christian Bible.In this story, Sisera (right)attempts to protect theIsraelites by driving a tentstake through an enemy’shead. She was revered as ahero.Why So Violent? Read thisstory to learn more aboutthe violence depicted in17th-century painting.Jael and Sisera, Artemisia Gentileschi, 1620, Museum of Fine Arts, BudapestLearn more about theheroines in Gentileschi’spaintings, including ‘Jaeland Sisera,’ here.18
Chapter 2: Wrapping UpNow that you’ve read the chapter, reflect on what you’ve learned by answering the questions below.1. Summarize the role stories from the Christian Bible played in artworks during this periodof history.2. Do you think being a woman influenced Gentileschi’s artistic perspective? Explain youranswer.19
Chapter 3:Inspired by GentileschiWhat is this chapter about?Modern-day artists who havebeen inspired by the life andwork of Artemisia GentileschiHow long will thischapter take?1 k, Arkansas,1957-09Study: MyEckfordMother Enteringand the Cross,2001,LakelandArts, AbbotHall Art Gallery and05,HighMuseumofArt,AtlantaMuseum20
Chapter 3: Warming UpBefore you explore, answer the questions below in your notebook.Consider1. Do you know what feminism is? Spend a few minutes looking up a definition. How might Gentileschi’s work inspire modern-day feminists?Discover2. How are the women in Gentileschi’s paintings you’ve seen so far depicted?21
Feminist SpiritOne of the greatest sources of inspiration Gentileschiprovides to other artists is a sense of female power andcourage. Her paintings of strong, vibrant women havemotivated other artists to celebrate this feminist spirit. Inthis work by artist Judy Chicago (b. 1939), ‘The DinnerParty,’ a place is set for 39 courageous women fromthroughout history. Gentileschi has a seat at the table.Chicago said that Gentileschi’s painting ‘Judith andHolofernes’ “signifies each woman’s physical andemotional strength.”Find out more about ‘The Dinner Party’ here.Learn more about the women of Gentileschi’swork in this story.The Dinner Party by Judy Chicago, Judy Chicago, 1974-1979, BrooklynMuseum22
The Female FormAs you read earlier, as a young painter,Gentileschi did not have access to themodels that male artists did. She oftenused her own face and body for herwork. Later, when she was famous,she paid female models for herpaintings but expressed frustrationover the cost. Women’s bodies havelong been the subject of painting andother art. In the 1970s, however, manyfemale artists began pushing back onthe standard art forms of generationsand used the female body as a form ofprotest.Yoko Ono preparing for her exhibition, Have you seen the horizon lately? Yoko Ono, 1997/1997, Modern Art OxfordLittle Rock Graduation, Grey Villet, 1959, Life Photo CollectionRead more about this topic andabout women artists inspired byGentileschi here.23
FKA twigs onGentileschiListen to British singer and Grammywinner FKA twigs (b. 1988) exploreGentileschi’s life, inspiration, and legacythrough close-up views of three paintingsin these videos: FKA twigs on Judith BeheadingHolofernes FKA twigs Explores MaryMagdalene in Ecstasy FKA twigs on Self Portrait as SaintCatherine of AlexandriaFKA Twigs, British Fashion Awards Winners, 2015, British Fashion Council24
Chapter 3: Wrapping UpNow that you’ve read the chapter, reflect on what you’ve learned by answering the question below inyour notebook.Do you think Gentileschi could be called an early feminist? Explain your response usingexamples from her work.25
Digital Learning in ActionSo, what did you learn? Read the questions and complete the learning activities below to extend your learning based on what you just experienced.Reflect: Answer these questions: You learned a lot about the baroque period of art in this lesson. What are some of the common elements of baroque art? Why do you think Gentileschi was one of only a few women artists during her time? How has women’s role in society changedsince then? From what key traits in Gentileschi’s heroines do modern-day artists find inspiration? Why might this be?Summarize: View Artemisia Gentileschi’s timeline. Then write a paragraph summarizing the major events from the timelineand from what you’ve learned about in this lesson.Create:You have learned in this lesson that a self-portrait can be used in several ways, including to tell someone else’s story. It can alsotell your own. Study this story about Gentileschi’s ‘Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting,’ and take note of the details the storyexamines. Then, make a plan for your own self-portrait. What would you be wearing, holding, and doing? Would your likenessreflect your own story or someone else’s? Create a presentation that includes this information, along with a quick sketch of yourself-portrait.26
Glossary baroque: relating to a style of artistic expression common in the 1600s that uses complex forms and ornamentation and contrastingelements, such as light and dark, to show drama and movement chiaroscuro: the use of light and dark elements in a pictorial artwork commission: a formal request to produce something, such as an artwork feminist: relating to the belief in the equality of the sexes and in the treatment of women’s rights and interests patron: a wealthy supporter27
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