Subject: Operating System (DCA-104)
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, KanpurSubject: Operating System (DCA-104)Class: DCA 1st SemesterUser InterfaceA User interface (UI) facilitates communication between an application and itsuser by acting as an intermediary between them. Each application including theoperating system is provided with a specific UI for effective communication. Thetwo basic function of a user interface of an application is to take the inputs fromthe user and to provide the output to the users. A user interface of any operatingsystem can be classified into one of the following types:1. Graphical user interface (GUI)2. Character user interface (CUI)1) Graphical user interface (GUI)A GUI (graphical user interface) is a system of interactive visual components forcomputer software. A GUI displays objects that convey information, andrepresent actions that can be taken by the user. The objects change color, size, orvisibility when the user interacts with them.Some advantages of GUI based operating system The GUI interface is easy to understand and even the new users canoperate on them on their own. The GUI interface visually acknowledges and confirms each type ofactivities performed by the users. For example when the user deletes a filein the Windows operating system, then the operating system asks for theconfirmation before deleting it. The GUI interface enables the users to perform a number of tasks at thesame time. This features of the operating system are also known asmultitasking.2) Character user interface (CUI)Character user interface is a type of UI that enables the users to interact with theoperating system by issuing some specific commands. In order to perform a taskin this interface, the user needs to type a command at the command line. Whenthe user enters the key, the command line interpreter received a command. Afterprocessing the command are called command line interpreter, the command lineinterpreter displays the command prompt again along with the output of the
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, Kanpurprevious command issued by the user. The disadvantages of the CUI is that theuser needs to remember a lot syntax to interact with the operating system.Therefore these types of interface are not considered very friendly from the usersperspective.Example: In order to perform a task, we need to type a command at the commandprompt denoted by C:\ to copy a text file, from the C drive of our computersystemUser based Operating SystemThere are two type of operating system available accordingly to userSingle User Operating SystemA single-user operating system is a type of system that has been developed anddesigned to use on a computer. It can be used on a similar device, and it only hasone user at a time. . Single-task operating systems can function on electronicdevices, like a computer, and will run only application at a time.Multi User Operating SystemA Multi-user operating system is a computer operating system which allowsmultiple users to access the single system with one operating system on it. It isgenerallyusedonlarge mainframe computers.Example: Linux, Unix, Windows 2000, Ubuntu, Mac OS etc.,In the multi-user operating system, different users connected at different terminalsand we can access, these users through the network as shown in the diagram.Features of the Multi-user Operating System Multi-tasking- Using multi-user operating system we can perform multiple tasksat a time, i.e. we can run more than one program at a time.Example: we can edit a word document while browsing the internet. Resource sharing- we can share different peripherals like printers, hard drives orwe can share a file or data. For this, each user is given a small time slice of CPUtime. Background processing- It means that when commands are not processed firstly,then they are executed in the background while another programs are interactingwith the system in the real time.
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, KanpurDifference Between Single user and Multi user SystemSingle user Operating SystemMulti-user Operating SystemIt is an operating system in which the user canmanage one thing at a time effectively.It is an operating system in whichmultiple users can manage multipleresources at a timeExample: MS DOSExample: Linux, Unix, windows 2000,windows 2003 etc.Single user Operating System has two types:Single user Single task Operating System andSingle user Multi task Operating System.It is of three types: time-sharing operatingsystem, distributed operating system andmultiprocessor system.It is simple.It is complex.It provides a platform for one user at a time.It provides controlled access for thenumber of users by maintaininga database of known users.If another user wants to access the computerresources, then he/she has to wait until thecurrent process completes.There is no need to wait for accessing thecomputer resources.This type of operating system is used for singleuser.This type of operating system is used formultiple users.In this, sometimes CPU is utilised to itsmaximum limit.The operating system stimulates real-timeperformance by task switching.It supports standalone systems.It doesn't support standalone systems.It is the operating system which maximumpeople use on their personal computersor laptops.It is the operating system which is most ofthe time used in mainframe computers
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, KanpurDisk Operating System (DOS)Stands for "Disk Operating System." DOS was the first operating system usedby IBM-compatible computers. "MS-DOS" was the version that Microsoftbought the rights to, and was bundled with the first versions of Windows.DOS uses a command line, or character user-based interface, that allows the userto type commands. By typing simple instructions such as md (make a directory)and cd (change directory), the user can browse the files on the hard drive, openfiles, and run programs. While the commands are simple to type, the user mustknow the basic commands in order to use DOS effectively.DOS has three important files are BAT (batch file) COM (command file) EXE (executable file)The DOS command prompt can be opened in Windows by selecting "Run." fromthe Start Menu and typing cmd.DOS command have three parts: File name, parameters, switches. Mostly thesecommands consist of regular English word like Erase, Copy, Del etc.There are two types of DOS Commands: Internal commands and Externalcommands. An internal command is embedded into the command.com file, andan external command is not and requires a separate file to operate. Some internalcommands are1. Cls – This command is used to clear command prompt screen and redisplaythe command prompt at the top.Syntax:- C : / Cls2. Dir – It Display the list of Directories and files on the screen.Syntax:- C : / dir.a. C : / dir/p – It displays the list of directories or files page wiseb. C: / dir/w- It displays the list of directories or files width wisec. C : / dir/d: –It display list of directories or files in drive Dd. C : / dir file . extension – It displays the information of specified file.
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, Kanpur3. Date – it displays current system date. User can also change existing date withnew date by using this command.Syntax: - C : / dateCurrent date is: Tue 04-07-2020Enter of new date (mm-dd-yy):4. Time – It displays current system time. User can also change existing timewith new time by using this command.Syntax : - C : / TimeCurrent time is 12:39:36 pEnter new Time : 5. Ver – It displays the version of DOS being used currently.6. Copy con – This command is used to create a file.Syntax : - C : / Copy con file name7. Type – It displays the user to see content of a file.Syntax :- C :/ Type file name 8. Ren – The purpose of this command is to rename the old file name.Syntax : - C : / Ren old file name new file name9. Del – The purpose of this command is to delete file.Syntax : - C : / Del file name . extension10. MD – This command is used to create a new directory or sub directory.Syntax : - C : / MD directory Name11. CD – This command is used to change one directory to another directory.Syntax : - C : / CD directory name12. RD –This command is used to remove a directory or sub directory.Syntax : - C : / RD directory name13. Copy – This command is used to copy one or more specified files to anotherdisk/drive with same file name or with different file name.Syntax : - C : / copy source path target path
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, KanpurExternal command – This command is not permanent part of the memory. Toexecute or run this commands an external file is required. Some commonly usedDOS external commands are1. Move – This command is used to move files from one location to anotherlocation.Syntax: C : / Move source path target path 2. Tree – This command displays the list of directory (root directory) and fileson specified path using graphical display. It displays directories of files likea tree.Syntax:- C : / tree directory name/path /f3. Print – This command is allowed user to print a text file to a line printer.Syntax : C : / Print files name 4. Rmdir – This command is used to delete a root directory.Syntax : C : / Rmdir directory name /s5. Format – Format is used to erase information of a computer fixed drive.Syntax : - C : / format drive name6. Diskcopy – Diskcopy is used to make duplicate copy of the disk like Xeroxcopy.Syntax : - C : / disk copy source path destination path Color CommandColor attributes are specified by TWO hex digits -- the first corresponds to thebackground; the second the foreground. Each digit can be any of the belowvalues.0 Black8 Gray1 Blue9 Light Blue2 GreenA Light Green3 AquaB Light Aqua4 RedC Light Red5 PurpleD Light Purple6 YellowE Light Yellow7 WhiteF Bright White
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, KanpurSyntax: color background hexa digit & foreground hexa digit ATTRIBSets or displays the read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes of a file ordirectory.Options R - Use the R option to make a file read-only. Read-only files may be read butthey can t be changed or deleted.-R - Use the -R option to change the file protection attribute back to normal (so itcan be read, changed, or deleted). A - Use the A option to set the ARCHIVE attribute of a file. When the Aoption is used, this flags the file as available for archiving when using theBACKUP or XCOPY commands.-A - Use the -A option to turn off the ARCHIVE attribute. H - With DOS Versions 4 through 6, use the H option to set the HIDDENattribute of a file so that it will not appear in a directory listing.-H - Use the -H option to turn off the HIDDEN attribute. S - With DOS Versions after Version 4, use the S option to set the SYSTEMattribute of a file. When the S option is used, this flags the file as a commandfile used only by DOS. The file will not appear in a directory listing. This attributeis generally reserved for programmers.-S - Use the -S option to turn off the SYSTEM attribute.Batch File:A batch file or batch job is a collection, or list, of commands that are processed insequence often without requiring user input or intervention. With a computerrunning a Microsoft operating system such as Windows, a batch file is stored as afile with a .bat file extension. Other operating systems may define a batch job ina shell script, containing a list of commands to be executed one after the other.
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, KanpurBatch files are often used to help load programs, run multiple processes at a time,and perform common or repetitive tasks.Real Time Operating System(RTOS)A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended toserve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, mostly without bufferdelays. Processing time requirements (including any OS delay) are measured intenths of seconds or shorter increments of time. In a RTOS, Processing timerequirement are calculated in tenths of seconds increments of time. It is timebound system that can be defined as fixed time constraints. In this type of system,processing must be done inside the specified constraints. Otherwise, the systemwill fail.Components of RTOS:Features of RTOS: Here are important features of RTOS Occupy very less memoryConsume fewer resources
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, Kanpur Response times are highly predictableUnpredictable environmentApplications of Real Time Operating System: Real-time systems are used in Airlines reservation system.Air traffic control system.Systems that provide immediate updating.Used in any system that provides up to date and minute information onstock prices.Defence application systems like RADAR.Networked Multimedia SystemsCommand Control SystemsInternet TelephonyAnti-lock Brake SystemsHeart PacemakerWindows (GUI based operating System):Introduction of WindowsMicrosoft Windows is a multitasking operating system developed by MicrosoftCorporation which uses Graphical User Interface to interact with the users.Microsoft was originally named “Traf-O-Data” in 1972, was renamed as “Microsoft” in November 1975, then “Microsoft” on November 26, 1976. Microsoftentered the marketplace in August 1981 by releasing version 1.0 of the operatingsystem Microsoft DOS (MS-DOS), a 16-bit command-line operating system. BillGates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft and windows operating system has beenits primary product.In a nutshell, below is how Microsoft windows evolved over time: Windows 1.0 – Nov 1985Windows 2.0 – Dec 1987Windows 3.0 – May 1990Windows 95 – Aug 1995Windows 98 – June 1998Windows ME – Sep 2000Windows XP – Oct 2001
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, Kanpur Windows Vista – Nov 2006Windows 7 – July 2009Windows 8.0 – Oct 2012Windows 8.1 – Oct 2013Windows 10 – July 2015Windows XPWindows XP is an operating system that lets you use different types ofapplications or software. For example, it allows you to use a word processingapplication to write a letter and a spreadsheet application to track your financialinformation.Windows XP is a graphical user interface (GUI). It has pictures (graphical) thatyou use (user) to communicate (interface) with the computer. This type of systemis popular because it's logical and easy to use.This operating system has multi-tasking capabilities, meaning it can run severalapplications at the same time. Multi-tasking allows you to view this lesson on theInternet at the same time you practice using other applications with Windows XP.Structure of windows XP Screen –Windows XP uses a desktop for the standard interface. Think of the desktop as aworkspace where you can access everything you need to operate your computer,such as system components, applications, and the Internet.The desktop contains – Start button- The Microsoft Windows Start menu is the primary locationin Windows to locate your installed programs and find any files or folders.By default, the Start menu is accessed by clicking Start, which has theWindows logo on it and is located in the bottom-left corner of theWindows desktop screen.
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, Kanpur Taskbar- The taskbar is an element of an operating system located at thebottom of the screen. It allows you to locate and launch programsthrough Start and the Start menu, or view any program that is currentlyopen. It also allows them to check the date and time, items running in thebackground through the Notification Area, and with early versions ofWindows access to the Quick Launch. Icons- Icons is graphical representation of any applications, file and folder. My Computer- My Computer that allows you to explore and manage thecontents of your computer drives. The image shows examples of the MyComputer icon in Microsoft Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7, as wellas the "This PC" icon in Windows 8 and in Windows 10. Recycle Bin- It temporarily store the unused file that has been deleted inwindows. It’s like a dustbin of computer, when a file is deleted by the user;the file can store in Recycle Bin. You can restore your deleted file fromRecycle Bin too until you deleted it permanently.Features of Windows XPThe main Features of Windows: Windows SearchWe can have numerous files and contents located on our system and sometimeswe may run out of memory about the exact location of our file. Windows Searchis a search function included with Windows that allows the user to search theirentire computer Windows File TransferWe may have the need to transfer in or transfer out the files and contents from ourmachine to other devices such as other computers or mobiles and tablets. We can
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, Kanpurdo this by using an Easy Transfer Cable, CDs or DVDs, a USB flash drive,wireless Bluetooth, a network folder, or an external hard disk. Windows UpdatesWindows includes an automatic update feature with the intended purpose ofkeeping its operating system safe and up-to-date. Windows taskbarAt the bottom most part of your windows, you will see a row which is known asthe taskbar. It has the currently running applications, you can also pin applicationsthat you frequently use by using an option Pin to Taskbar”. The taskbar is themain navigation tool for Windows Remote Desktop ConnectionThis feature of windows allows you to connect to another system and workremotely on another system.System requirements for installing Windows 10:These are the basic requirements for installing Windows 10 on a PC. If yourdevice does not meet these requirements, you may not have as great an experiencewith Windows 10 and might want to consider purchasing a new PCProcessor:1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor or System on aChip (SoC)RAM:1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bitHard drive space:16 GB for 32-bit OS 32 GB for 64-bit OSGraphics card:DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driverDisplay:800x600
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, KanpurInternetConnection:Internet connectivity is necessary to perform updates and todownload and take advantage of some features.Program ManagerProgram Manager refers to the basic windows of Microsoft Windows 3.x thatallow users to select and run each program on their operating system. ProgramManager contains all the .exe files of every application and program present inthe computer, and was placed in the root directory of system. Although mostprominent in Windows 3.x, Program Manager was still a part of later versions ofWindows to provide backward compatibility, and could be accessed bytyping PROGMAN.EXE on the Start Menu or Run dialog.Control Panel:The Control Panel is a section of Microsoft Windows that enables a user tochange various computer hardware and software features. Settings forthe mouse, display, sound, network, and keyboard represent a few examples ofwhat may be modified in the Control Panel.Windows Accessory ProgramWindows comes with some additional programs that can be used in our daily life.They can be used for text editing, painting, playing music and video files,recording sounds etc. These programs are sufficient for elementary and midlevelapplications. You may need to by professional programs for advancedapplications, such as Microsoft word for text editing or Corel Draw for drawing.Notepad: Notepad is basic ASCII text editor that you can use to create simpledocuments. ASCII text editors display only ASCII characters and don’t store anyinformation like font color, text indentation or margins. The most common usefor Notepad is to view or edit text (.txt) file, but many users find Notepad a simpletool for creating web pages.
Brijesh DubeyFacultyC.S.J.M. University, KanpurWordPad: WordPad is a text editing program you can use to create and editdocuments. Unlike Notepad, WordPad documents can include rich format andgraphics and you can link to or embed objects, such as picture
Multi User Operating System- A Multi-user operating system is a computer operating system which allows multiple users to access the single system with one operating system on it. It is generally used on large mainframe computers. Example: Linux, Unix, Windows 2000, Ubuntu, Mac OS etc.,
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J P Morgan Chase Bank v. Combee, 883 So.2d 330, 331 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004) 7 Ketchem v. Adler, 826 So.2d 375 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) 8 Lewis v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 427 So.2d 254 (Fla. 5th DCA 1983) 6 Mayfield v. Mayfield, 929 So.2d 671, 672 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) 7 Navarro v. Aurora Loan Services, LLC, 130 So.3d 775 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014) 8
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