UNIT 5: Plants: Anatomy, Growth, And Function
UNIT 5: Plants: Anatomy, Growth, and FunctionChapter 13: Plants: Uses, Form, andFunctionChapter 14: Plants: Reproduction,Growth, and SustainabilityHow do plants grow and reproduce?
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, SustainabilitySeeds are the embryos of the next generation of plants. By savingand exchanging seeds produced by plants with desirable traits,farmers and gardeners ensure the plants’ genetic continuation.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.114.1 Plant ReproductionPlants reproduce by both asexual and sexual reproduction. Sexualreproduction is by sporic reproduction (alternation of generations).Haploid gametophyte cells (1n) produce gametes, while diploid(2n) sporophyte cells produce spores. Male and female gametesunite to form the sporophyte that continues the life cycle.All plants have a life cycleinvolving alternation ofgenerations. The cycle variesamong species. The variationis mostly due to the type ofstructure that releases thespores.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Sexual Reproduction in Seedless PlantsSeedless plants include vascular ferns and non-vascular mosses.Fertilization requires the sperm to swim from the malegametophyte to the egg in the female gametophyte. Thus, watermust be present, and the sperm must have a flagellum.In non-vascular plants, the gametophyteis the dominant generation. Invascular plants, the sporophyteis the dominant generation.Peat, or sphagnum, moss commonlygrows in boggy areas. Its antibacterial andabsorbent properties led to its historic useby some Aboriginal peoples as dressingfor wounds.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Sexual Reproduction in Seed PlantsSeed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms. Thegametophytes are not free-living. The male gametophyte, calleda microspore, develops into a pollen grain and sperm.The female gametophyte, called a macrospore, develops into anegg cell. In order for pollination to occur, the malegametophyte must be transferred to the female reproductivestructure.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Sexual Reproduction in GymnospermsDuring pollination, the pollen grain develops a pollen tube toreach the egg. Sperm develop in the tube and travel to theegg. The zygote becomes an embryo with a small amount offood protected by a tough seed coat. The seeds remain in thefemale structure until maturity when they are released. Seedsgrow into sporophytes.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Sexual Reproduction in AngiospermsAngiosperm sexual reproduction involves the flower organ. Flowershave: sepals – protect the flower bud petals – attract pollinators stamens – male reproductive structure pistils – female reproductive structurePollination takes place on the stigma. Female gametophytes developin the ovules, where eggs are formed.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Variations Among Flowers Complete flowers have sepals, petals, stamens, and one ormore pistils (roses, tulips). Incomplete flowers are missing one or more flower parts(grasses, wild ginger). Perfect flowers have both pistils and stamens on each flower. Imperfect monoecious plants have pistils and stamens foundon separate flowers on same plant (corn, oaks). Imperfect dioecious plants have pistils and stamens found ondifferent plants (willow, ginkgo).Continued
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Variations Among Flowers Petal number can distinguish monocots from dicots:o multiple of four or five: dicot (meadow beauty)o multiple of three: monocot (trillium)The meadow beauty (A) and sulfur cinquefoil (B) aredicots. The trillium (C) is a monocot.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Pollination Mechanisms Self-pollination: Plants pollinate themselves or another flower onthe same plant. This can lead to loss of genetic variation andspecies vulnerability. Cross-pollination: Plants receive pollen from another plant,ensuring genetic diversity. Animal Pollination: Insects and other small animals move fromflower to flower collecting nectar and moving pollen. Bright,sweet-smelling flowers attract these pollinators. Wind Pollination: Some plants lack colourful reproductive organsbut produce large quantities of light pollen grains to increase thechances of pollen landing on a receptive reproductive organ.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Asexual ReproductionAsexual reproduction (cloning) can be an advantage when plantsare well-adapted to their environment. Farmers and gardenershave studied and perfected techniques of artificial propagationthat involve asexual reproduction from a plant’s roots, stems, orleaves (vegetative propagation).How does this method of reproduction affect geneticdiversity? Justify your answer.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Asexual Reproduction: Division (splitting) split the plant into two or more; each piece contains rootsand shoots simple and inexpensive way to propagate or thin out plants examples: bulbs (tulips), plants with more than one stem(peonies, hostas)
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Asexual Reproduction: Grafting shoot or root part is cut andjoined to the vascularcambium of another allows combination ofcharacteristics of twovarieties of plants; helpsrepair damaged trees;quickens fruit production examples: fruit trees (apple),nut trees (almond),grapevines
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Asexual Reproduction: Leaf Cutting a part of a leaf or entire leaf is cut and placed in growthmedium (water, soil, or vermiculite) so that meristem cellscan grow shoots and roots faster than propagating from seed; can be done out ofseason examples: African violets, snake plants, aloe vera
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Asexual Reproduction: Stem Cutting A stem or shoot tip is cut andplaced in growth medium togrow roots from meristem cells Faster than propagating fromseed; can be done out of season examples: herbs (basil),gymnosperm and angiospermtrees (pine, willow), floweringbushes (roses), grapevines
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Asexual Reproduction: Root Cutting A root is cut and placed in a growth medium in the sameorientation as the original plant; meristem cells form a newroot and shoot system can be done when plant is in spring or autumn dormancy examples: trilliums, mint, irises
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Asexual Reproduction: Simple Layering A long, vine-type stem is bent to touch the ground, slightly cutto promote growth of roots, and buried until a plant developsthat can be cut from the parent to grow independently Large clone produced quickly; water and nutrients from parentwill support rooting process examples: honeysuckle, willow, hydrangea
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Asexual Reproduction: Air Layering A strip of outer bark is removed froma woody stem; moist sphagnum mossis packed around the wound andplastic-wrapped until roots develop;the rooted stem can then be cut fromthe parent plant and planted Large woody plant clone producedquickly examples: tropical plants (rubbertrees), lilacs, magnolias, fruit and nuttrees
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Asexual Reproduction: Cell Culturing A cell or small piece of tissue is placed in a sterile nutrientmedium that promotes shoot and root growth; a tiny plantletdevelops Can be used to produce millions of plantlets for geneticmodification examples: most ferns,gymnosperms, angiosperms
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Summary of Plant Reproduction
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1Section 14.1 Review
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.214.2 Plant Growth and DevelopmentPlant hormones are chemical compounds. They: play a role in determining cellular differentiation and geneexpression in any cell as a plant grows from shoot and rootapical meristem regulate the differentiation of plant cells, plant growth, and theplant’s response to a given stimulus (gravity, light, touch) act as chemical signals between cells and tissues include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisicacid
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.2Stimulatory vs. Inhibitory HormonesStimulatory hormones: include auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins can stimulate cell division, cell differentiation, early floweringand cell elongation that develops into apical dominance (growthis upward with little lateral growth) used in industry to increase fruit and cluster size examples: indoleacetic acid (auxin)(A) Auxin stimulates apicalmeristem growth and inhibitsthe growth of side branches.(B) Removing the apicalmeristem decreases theamount of auxin. As a result,side branches grow.Continued
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.2Stimulatory vs. Inhibitory HormonesInhibitory hormones: include ethylene and abscisic acid can inhibit growth by weakening cell walls, promotingbreakdown of starch, blocking stimulatory hormones and blockingthe intake of carbon dioxide commercial use: In order to protect fruit in transit, it is shippedlong distances in an unripened state; ethylene gas is then used toripen it when it reaches its market.Bananas and other fruits ripen due to ethylene.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.2Plant Hormones Summary
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.2Plant Responses to Environmental StimuliPlants can respond to a stimulus and grow toward it, or they canperform a simple nastic response, which is a movement of theplant that is reversible, repeatable, and does not include growth.An example of a nastic response is the opening and closing offlower petals as light conditions change.Nastic movements in the leaves of this sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica)are caused by changes in water pressure in the leaf cells. When thestimulus ends, the leaves return to their original orientation.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.2Tropic ResponsesTropic responses are growth responses to external stimulationcoming from one direction in the environment. They include:Phototropism a growth response to light produced by an unequal distributionof auxin. More auxin on the side with less light causes those cellsto elongate and bend the plant toward the light.Gravitropism a “positive” growth response of the roots downward or a“negative” growth response of stems upwardThigmotropism a growth response to mechanical(contact) stimuliWhat tropism(s) are evident here?
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.2Other Plant Growth FactorsA plant’s ability to grow is affected by: sunlight carbon dioxide water soil pH macro- and micronutrients(dissolved in water)Each plant species grows best within a narrow pHrange. Plants that thrive in acid soil include pine,blueberry, and potatoes. Plants that thrive in alkalinesoil include lawn grass, beans, pears, and lettuce.Macronutrients are nutrients that are needed inamounts greater than 1% of a plant’s dry weight andinclude nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium,phosphorus, and sulfur. Micronutrients are needed inamounts less than 1% of a plant’s dry weight.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.2Nutrients
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.214.2 Review
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.314.3 Succession and SustainabilityIn addition to the other human and ecosystem services plantsprovide, they also play a role in establishing and developingcommunities. This is called ecological succession.Ecological succession is the change in an ecosystem whenone community replaces another; it results from changes inabiotic and biotic factors.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.3Ecological DisturbancesEvents that change the structure of a biological community andsometimes destroy all actively growing organisms are calledecological disturbances. They include: forest fires floods volcanic eruptions retreating glaciersWithin months of most disturbances, new vegetation sprouts andanimals repopulate until, over time, the area is again thick withgrowth. Ecologists believe that disturbances, both large and small,are the norm rather than the exception in communities.Understanding how disturbances help and hinder plant and animalspecies is critical for the preservation of natural communities.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.3Primary SuccessionPrimary succession is the establishment of a community inan area after an ecological disturbance has left exposed rockthat does not have any topsoil.Often, liverworts are the first species (pioneer species) tocolonize a barren area. With other organisms, such asbacteria, algae, and lichens, they form a pioneer communitythat can survive in harsh conditions.What traits do these pioneer species have in commonthat make them suited to living in barren areas?
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.3Primary SuccessionAs pioneer species continue to grow in a barren area, earlyorganisms die and begin to form soil. As soil accumulates,nutrient and moisture content builds and pH changes. This allowslarger species to grow in the area.Scientists measured changes in the nitrogen content and the numberof plant species during primary succession in Glacier Bay, Alaska.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.3Primary SuccessionThe area continues to change as larger plants move in. Many earlyspecies are vascular and non-vascular seed species; their seeds havedispersed and germinated quickly. They compete for space and light.Successive surviving species colonize the area. Different types ofplants provide habitat for different birds and animals. Changescontinually occur until a stable climax community of plants andanimals forms.It will remainstable until amajordisturbanceoccurs.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.3Secondary SuccessionSecondary succession is the recolonization of anarea after an ecological disturbance that has left thesoil intact. It also includes changes in thecomposition and number of species over time.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.3Biodiversity and Ecosystem ResilienceResearch has shown that ecosystems (climaxcommunities) with high diversity are better able towithstand disease, competition from invasivespecies, and extreme weather events.Maintaining sustainableand diverse natural andhuman-made ecosystemsis critical to the health ofthe biosphere.
UNIT 5Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.314.3 Review
UNIT 5 STSE Feature
In non-vascular plants, the gametophyte is the dominant generation. In vascular plants, the sporophyte is the dominant generation. Sexual Reproduction in Seedless Plants UNIT 5 Chapter 14: Plants: Reproduction, Growth, and Sustainability Section 14.1 Peat, or sphagnum, moss commonly grows in boggy areas. Its antibacterial and
Clinical Anatomy RK Zargar, Sushil Kumar 8. Human Embryology Daksha Dixit 9. Manipal Manual of Anatomy Sampath Madhyastha 10. Exam-Oriented Anatomy Shoukat N Kazi 11. Anatomy and Physiology of Eye AK Khurana, Indu Khurana 12. Surface and Radiological Anatomy A. Halim 13. MCQ in Human Anatomy DK Chopade 14. Exam-Oriented Anatomy for Dental .
39 poddar Handbook of osteology Anatomy Textbook 10 40 Ross ,Pawlina Histology a text & atlas Anatomy Textbook 10 41 Halim A. Human anatomy Abdomen & lower limb Anatomy Referencebook 10 42 B.D. Chaurasia Human anatomy Head & Neck, Brain Anatomy Referencebook 10 43 Halim A. Human anatomy Head & Neck, Brain Anatomy Referencebook 10
Descriptive anatomy, anatomy limited to the verbal description of the parts of an organism, usually applied only to human anatomy. Gross anatomy/Macroscopic anatomy, anatomy dealing with the study of structures so far as it can be seen with the naked eye. Microscopic
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy: Anatomy is a branch of science in which deals with the internal organ structure is called Anatomy. The word “Anatomy” comes from the Greek word “ana” meaning “up” and “tome” meaning “a cutting”. Father of Anatomy is referred as “Andreas Vesalius”. Ph
Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy and Physiology Integrated Anatomy – Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features Regional anatomy: body areas Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working
Anatomy titles: Atlas of Anatomy (Gilroy) Anatomy for Dental Medicine (Baker) Anatomy: An Essential Textbook (Gilroy) Anatomy: Internal Organs (Schuenke) Anatomy: Head, Neck, and Neuroanatomy (Schuenke) General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System (Schuenke) Fo
abdomen and pelvis volume 5 8 cbs anatomy 1 25 chaurasia, b.d. bd chaurasia's human anatomy: lower limb abdomen and pelvis volume 6 8 cbs anatomy 1 26 chaurasia, b.d. bd chaurasia's human anatomy: lower limb abdomen and pelvis volume 7 8 cbs anatomy 1 27 chaurasia, b.d. bd chaurasia's human anatomy: lower limb abdomen and pelvis volume 8 8 cbs .
ANNUAL BOOK OF ASTM STANDARDS IHS, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112 Efficiently access the ASTM Book of Standards online and obtain the latest standards with just a few clicks of your mouse! You get: 24/7 Online Access (Unlimited users) and searching Ability to find and search a single standard, entire volume or section. Daily content updates No limit on the number .
