A COMPANION THE ROMAN ARMY - Weebly
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page iA COMPANIONTOTHE ROMAN ARMY
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page iiBLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLDThis series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five andforty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in aclear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and generalreaders.Ancient HistoryPublishedA Companion to the Roman ArmyEdited by Paul ErdkampA Companion to the Classical Greek WorldEdited by Konrad H. KinzlA Companion to the Roman RepublicEdited by Nathan Rosenstein andRobert Morstein-MarxA Companion to the Ancient Near EastEdited by Daniel C. SnellA Companion to the Roman EmpireEdited by David S. PotterA Companion to the Hellenistic WorldEdited by Andrew ErskineIn preparationA Companion to Ancient HistoryEdited by Andrew ErskineA Companion to Late AntiquityEdited by Philip RousseauA Companion to Archaic GreeceEdited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van WeesA Companion to ByzantiumEdited by Elizabeth JamesA Companion to Julius CaesarEdited by Miriam GriffinLiterature and CulturePublishedA Companion to CatullusEdited by Marilyn B. SkinnerA Companion to Greek RhetoricEdited by Ian WorthingtonA Companion to Greek ReligionEdited by Daniel OgdenA Companion to Ancient EpicEdited by John Miles FoleyA Companion to Classical TraditionEdited by Craig W. KallendorfA Companion to Greek TragedyEdited by Justina GregoryA Companion to Roman RhetoricEdited by William Dominik and Jon HallA Companion to Latin LiteratureEdited by Stephen HarrisonIn preparationA Companion to Classical ReceptionsEdited by Lorna HardwickA Companion to the Ancient Greek LanguageEdited by Egbert BakkerA Companion to Ancient Political ThoughtEdited by Ryan K. BalotA Companion to Hellenistic LiteratureEdited by Martine Cuypers and James J. ClaussA Companion to Classical StudiesEdited by Kai BrodersenA Companion to Roman ReligionEdited by Jörg RüpkeA Companion to Classical MythologyEdited by Ken Dowden and Niall LivingstoneA Companion to OvidEdited by Peter KnoxA Companion to Greek and Roman HistoriographyEdited by John MarincolaA Companion to HoraceEdited by N. Gregson Davis
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page iiiA COMPANIONTO THEROMAN ARMYEdited byPaul Erdkamp
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page iv 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltdblackwell publishing350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, AustraliaThe right of Paul Erdkamp to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Materialin this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs,and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd1 2007Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA companion to the Roman army / edited by Paul Erdkamp.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-2153-8 (hardback : alk. paper)ISBN-10: 1-4051-2153-X (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Military history, Ancient.2. Rome—History, Military. 3. Rome—Army. I. Erdkamp, Paul.U35.C648 2007355.00937—dc222006009420A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.Set in 10/12pt Galliardby Graphicraft Limited, Hong KongPrinted and bound in Singaporeby Markono Print Media Pte LtdThe publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainableforestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-freeand elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures thatthe text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmentalaccreditation standards.For further information onBlackwell Publishing, visit our website:www.blackwellpublishing.com
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page vThis book is dedicated with great respect and gratitudeto Lukas de Blois on the occasion of his retirement
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ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page viiContentsList of IllustrationsNotes on ContributorsxxiiAbbreviations of Reference Works and JournalsxviiAbbreviations of Works of Classical LiteraturexxiiIntroductionPaul Erdkamp1Part IEarly Rome51Warfare and the Army in Early RomeJohn Rich72The Army and Centuriate Organization in Early RomeGary ForsythePart IIMid- and Late Republic3Army and Battle During the Conquest of Italy(350–264 bc)Louis Rawlings2443454The Age of Overseas Expansion (264–146 bc)Dexter Hoyos635The Late Republican Army (146–30 bc)Pierre Cagniart80
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page viiiviiiContents6War and State Formation in the Roman RepublicPaul Erdkamp7Roman Manpower and Recruitment During theMiddle RepublicLuuk de Ligt114Military Command, Political Power, and theRepublican EliteNathan Rosenstein1328910Part III96Colonization, Land Distribution, and Veteran SettlementWill Broadhead148Army and General in the Late Roman RepublicLukas de Blois164The Empire (Actium to Adrianople)181The Structure of the Imperial Army11 The Augustan Reform and the Structure of theImperial ArmyKate Gilliver12 Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial FleetsD. B. Saddington13 Battle, Tactics, and the Emergence of the Limitesin the WestJames Thorne14 The Army and the Limes in the EastEverett L. Wheeler15 Strategy and Army Structure between Septimius Severusand Constantine the GreatKarl Strobel183201218235267Military Organization16 Military Documents, Languages, and LiteracySara Elise Phang28617 Finances and Costs of the Roman ArmyPeter Herz30618 War- and Peacetime Logistics: Supplying Imperial Armiesin East and WestPeter Kehne323
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page ixContentsixArmy, Emperor, and Empire19 The Roman Army and PropagandaOlivier Hekster33920 The Army and the Urban Elite: A Competition for PowerClifford Ando35921 Making Emperors. Imperial Instrument orIndependent Force?Anthony R. Birley379Soldiers and Veterans in Society22 Military Camps, Canabae, and Vici. The ArchaeologicalEvidenceNorbert Hanel39523 Marriage, Families, and Survival: Demographic AspectsWalter Scheidel41724 Recruits and VeteransGabriele Wesch-Klein43525 The Religions of the ArmiesOliver Stoll451Part IVThe Late Roman Empire (up to Justinian)47726 Warlords and LandlordsWolf Liebeschuetz47927 The FoederatiTimo Stickler49528 Army and Society in the Late Roman World: A Contextfor Decline?Michael Whitby51529 Army and Battle in the Age of Justinian (527–65)Hugh Elton532Index locorum551Index555
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:11 AM Page .319.419.522.122.222.322.422.5Bireme depicted on Trajan’s column, RomeRoman bireme, depicted on a relief from the Temple ofFortuna Primigenia in PraenestePart of a fresco in the Casa dei Vetii at Pompeii, showingtwo Roman warships engaged in a naumachiaStrength report of Coh. I Tungrorum at Vindolanda nearHadrian’s Wall in Britain, c. 92–97 adFragment of petition for leaveArch of Titus: relief depicting spoils from the templeof JerusalemArch of Constantine: Relief depicting part of the GreatTrajanic FriezeArch of Septimius Severus: Reliefs depicting the emperoron campaignArch of Septimius Severus: column bases showing Romanswith chained ParthiansArch of Constantine (attic reliefs): Marcus Aureliusaddressing troopsLeón. Blocking of the eastern side gate of the legionary fortressKöln-Marienburg (Alteburg). Reconstruction of the earth-andtimber rampart of the principal base of the Classis GermanicaHofheim (Taunus). Plan of the “Steinkastell”Lambaesis. Entrance hall of the headquarters of thelegionary fortressMasada. View of siege camp C and the 404405409
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:11 AM Page xiIllustrationsReconstruction of the limes fort Zugmantel and the camp vicusScene from the Bridgeness distance slab depicting a ritual ofthe official army religion25.2Bronze Genius from Niederbieber in Upper Germany25.3a Grave monument of Cn. Musius, aquilifer of Legio XIIII Gemina25.3b Monument of Q. Luccius Faustus, soldier of the LegioXIIII Gemina Martia Victrix25.4Second-century altar from Maryport25.5Bronze statuette of the Egyptian falcon-headed god Horus25.6a The bust of Zeus-Ammon-Sarapis, god of Legio III Cyrenaica onthe reverse of an urban coin-issue from its garrison town Bostra25.6b Zeus-Ammon-Sarapis, god of Legio III Cyrenaica, on the reverseof an urban coin-issue from igure 23.1Percentage of men currently married or commemoratedby their wives422Maps1.1 Early Latium and its environs14.1 Roman East: Southern Theater14.2 Roman East: Northern Theater22.1 Legionary fortresses and camps with legionary troops in theRoman Empire from Augustus until the Tetrarchy9244245396–7TablesTable 7.1Census figures for the period 265 bc–ad 14Table 23.1 Civilian and military dedications by commemoratorTable 23.2 Commemorations of soldiers dedicated by their wives118420421
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:11 AM Page xiiNotes on ContributorsClifford Ando is Professor of Classics and the College at the University of Chicago.He writes on the history of law, religion, and culture in the Roman world. He isauthor of Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2000) andeditor of Roman Religion (2003).Anthony R. Birley was Professor of Ancient History at the universities ofManchester from 1974 to 1990 and Düsseldorf from 1990 to 2002. His publicationsinclude biographies of the emperors Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Septimius Severus.He is Chair of the Trustees of the Vindolanda Trust.Lukas de Blois is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Nijmegen. Hehas published on the history of the Roman Empire in the third century ad, the LateRoman Republic, historiography (Sallust, Tacitus, Cassius Dio), Plutarch’s biographies, and Greek Sicily in the fourth century bc. He also published (with R. J. vander Spek) Introduction to the Ancient World (1997).Will Broadhead is Assistant Professor of History at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology. His research is mainly on the history of Roman Italy, with a particularinterest in geographical mobility and in the epigraphy of the Sabellic languages.Pierre Cagniart has earned his doctorate in 1986 at the University of Texas. He iscurrently Associate Professor at the Department of History at Southwest Texas StateUniversity. He has published various articles on late republican warfare and his researchinterests also include Roman law and cultural history of the Roman principate.Hugh Elton is currently associate professor in the Department of Ancient Historyand Classics at Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario. Previously he was Directorof the British Institute at Ankara. He writes on Roman military history in the lateempire, and on southern Anatolia (especially Cilicia). He is author of Warfare inRoman Europe, ad 350–425 (1996) and Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1996).
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:11 AM Page xiiiNotes on ContributorsxiiiPaul Erdkamp is Research Fellow in Ancient History at Leiden University. He isthe author of Hunger and the Sword. Warfare and Food Supply in Roman RepublicanWars (264–30 bc) (1998) and The Grain Market in the Roman Empire (2005). Heis the editor of The Roman Army and the Economy (2002).Gary Forsythe received his Ph.D. in ancient history at the University ofPennsylvania; and after teaching at the University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College,Bryn Mawr College, and the University of Chicago, he now is Professor in theDepartment of History at Texas Tech University (Lubbock, Texas). He is the authorof four books, the most recent of which is A Critical History of Early Rome: FromPrehistory to the First Punic War (2005).Kate Gilliver is a lecturer in ancient history at Cardiff University and is a Romanmilitary historian. She has particular interests in military reform in the republic andearly empire, atrocities in ancient warfare, and in the relationship between ancientmilitary theory and practice, on which she has published a book, The Roman Art ofWar (1999).Norbert Hanel teaches archaeology of the Roman provinces at the universities ofCologne and Bochum (Ruhr-Universität) and has published Vetera I (1995). Hehas excavated in Germany and other European countries, particularly the Germanicand Hispanic provinces, and studied the naval base of the Classis Germanica KölnMarienburg (Alteburg). His main research interests are the military and cultural history of the provinces especially of the western empire.Olivier Hekster is Van der Leeuw Professor of Ancient History at the RadboudUniversity Nijmegen. His research focuses on Roman ideology and ancient spectacle.He is author of Commodus: An Emperor at the Crossroads (2002), and co-editor ofRepresentation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power (2003) and Imaginary Kings:Royal Images in The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome (2005).Peter Herz studied history, classics, and archaeology at the universities of Mainzand Oxford. He received both his D.Phil. and habilitation in ancient history at theUniversity of Mainz. In 1994 he was appointed Professor of Ancient History at theUniversity of Regensburg. His research interests include social and economic history,epigraphy, the ruler cult, and the history of the Roman provinces.Dexter Hoyos was born and educated in Barbados. After taking a D.Phil. at Oxfordin Roman history, he joined Sydney University where he is Associate Professor inLatin. His academic interests include Roman-Carthaginian relations, Roman expansionism and the problem of sources, the principate, and developing direct-readingand comprehension skills in Latin. His many publications include Hannibal’sDynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247–183 bc (2003).Peter Kehne studied history, philosophy, classical philology, law of nations, and Romanlaw at the universities of Kiel, Hanover, and Göttingen. He received his D.Phil.in ancient history and is now Assistant Professor of Ancient History at the LeibnizUniversity, Hanover. He has published on ancient history and historians, foreign
ACTA01 19/12/06 9:48 AM Page xivxivNotes on Contributorspolicy, international relations, and “Völkerrecht” in antiquity, as well as on Greekand Roman military history, especially the Greek–Persian and Roman–German wars.Wolf Liebeschuetz is Emeritus Professor of Ancient History at the University ofNottingham. He has published on various aspects of ancient history and late antiquityis a central interest of his. His most recent books are The Decline and Fall of theRoman City (2001) and Ambrose of Milan: Political Letters and Speeches (2005).Luuk de Ligt is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Leiden. His researchinterests include the social and economic history, demography, legal history and epigraphy of the Roman Republic and Empire. His major publications include Fairs andMarkets in the Roman Empire (1993) and numerous articles, most recently “Povertyand demography: The case of the Gracchan land reforms,” Mnemosyne 57 (2004):725–57.Sara Elise Phang received a doctorate in Roman history from Columbia Universityin 2000. She has held a postdoctoral fellowship in Classics at the University of SouthernCalifornia. She performs research at the Library of Congress and the Center for HellenicStudies. Her first book, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, 13 bc–ad 235, won the2002 Gustave O. Arlt Award in the Humanities for Classical Studies. She is currentlyconducting research into Roman military discipline.Louis Rawlings is a lecturer in ancient history at Cardiff University. His researchinterests include Italian, Greek, Punic, and Gallic warfare, especially the militaryinteraction between states, such as Rome and Carthage, and tribal societies, and theroles warriors have in state-formation. He is the author of The Ancient Greeks atWar (2006).John Rich is Reader in Roman History at the University of Nottingham. He is theauthor of Declaring War in the Roman Republic in the Period of Transmarine Expansion(1976), Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement (Roman History 53 –55.9) (1990), andarticles on various aspects of Roman history, especially warfare and imperialism, historiography, and the reign of Augustus. He has also edited various collections ofpapers, including (with G. Shipley) War and Society in the Roman World (1993).Nathan Rosenstein is Professor of History at The Ohio State University. He is theauthor of a number of works on the effects of war on Roman political culture andsociety, most recently Rome at War, Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic(2004). He is also the editor, with Robert Morstein-Marx, of the Blackwell Companion to the Roman Republic (2006).Denis Saddington studied English and classics at the University of the Witwatersrand,before being awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Hehas taught in the universities of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Witwatersrand, andZimbabwe, and has written a book on The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces(1982). His main research interests are the early church, Josephus, Roman auxiliaries,and Roman provincial administration.
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:11 AM Page xvNotes on ContributorsxvWalter Scheidel is Professor of Classics at Stanford University. His research focuseson ancient social and economic history, pre-modern historical demography, and comparative and interdisciplinary world history. His publications include Measuring Sex,Age and Death in the Roman Empire (1996) and Death on the Nile: Disease and theDemography of Roman Egypt (2001).Timo Stickler is Akademischer Rat in Ancient History at the Heinrich-HeineUniversity, Düsseldorf. His research interests include the political and social history of late antiquity, especially in the western part of the Mediterranean. He is theauthor of Aetius: Gestaltungsspielräume eines Heermeisters im ausgehenden WeströmischenReich (2002).Oliver Stoll teaches ancient history at the University of Mainz and is research fellow at the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz (RGZM). His researchfocuses on the Roman army, archaeology, and history of the Roman provinces. Variousarticles are included in his Römisches Heer und Gesellschaft. Gesammelte Beiträge1991–1999 (2001). He is the author of Zwischen Integration und Abgrenzung: DieReligion des Römischen Heeres im Nahen Osten (2001).Karl Strobel is Professor of Ancient History and Archaeology at the University ofKlagenfurt. His research is concentrated on the history of the Roman Empire, butalso on the Hellenistic period, on the economic history of antiquity, and on the history and archaeology of ancient Anatolia. He has written numerous publications onthe history of the Roman army, for example Untersuchungen zu den DakerkriegenTrajans (1984) and Die Donaukriege Domitians (1989).James Thorne studied archaeology at University College London before joiningthe British army in 1995, subsequently serving with the Royal Tank Regiment. HisPh.D. thesis (Manchester 2005) was entitled Caesar and the Gauls: Imperialism andRegional Conflict. His current teaching at the University of Manchester includes acourse on “Roman Imperialism 264 bc–ad 69”; his other interests include warfarein classical Greece, on which he has published, ancient logistics, and a planned bookon the transformation of empires into states.Gabriele Wesch-Klein teaches ancient history at the University of Heidelberg,Germany. She is author of several articles concerning the Roman army during theprincipate. She has also publ
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