The Problems Of Patriarchy In Much Ado About Nothing

“Father, As It Please You”:The Problems of Patriarchy in Much AdoAbout NothingChrista WilsonEnglishFaculty Advisor: Dr. Paige ReynoldsIn his renowned comedy, Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespearesheds a critical light on the many failings of the authoritarian patriarchalstructure of Renaissance society. By exploring the theme of honor andthe unreliability of appearances, the play examines the significantdiscrepancies between societal treatment of men and women in earlymodern England. In doing so, the play exposes the ways in which thepatriarchal system that endows men with greater privileges merelybecause they are male ultimately fails to ensure justice for thoseexcluded from the masculine hierarchy.Much Ado repeatedly calls attention to the deficiencies ofEngland’s patriarchal system through its depiction of the problemscreated by the inconsistent standards of honor set in place for earlymodern men and women. For the male characters of the play, theconcept of honor is closely linked to each man’s ability to construct andmaintain for himself an appearance of social dignity and respectabilityamong his peers, whether it be due to social status, militaryCLA Journal5 (2017)pp.

60Wilsonachievement, virtuous behavior, or some other factor. Consequently, aman must always be “consciously keeping up appearances, patrollingsocial perimeters, and fabricating civility” if he is seeking to build andpreserve his good name (Greenblatt 1397). An inherent difficulty with asystem so dependent upon outward appearances, however, is thatappearances are not always the best indicators of reality. Beatrice pointsthis out when, upon being told by a messenger that Benedict is “stuffedwith all honorable virtues,” she skeptically retorts: “But for thestuffing—well, we are all mortal,” implying that despite his honorablereputation, Benedict is still susceptible to human frailty (1.1.45-6, 47-8).While Beatrice’s comment is intended as a personal jab at Benedict, italso suggests an understanding that the outward appearance of honormay not always be reliable since beneath each seemingly virtuousexterior lies a flawed human who is just as capable of virtue or vice asany other person. In this way, Beatrice’s statement suggests that aperson’s honor—regardless of sex—should be judged by their actionsrather than by hearsay or mere reputation.The potential for contradiction between the appearance andreality of honor Beatrice hints at is perhaps best exemplified in the playby the character of Don John, who, though a self-professed “plaindealing villain,” is nevertheless respected by other male characters as anhonorable gentleman for much of the play (1.3.26). In the first scene, forinstance, when Don Pedro and Don John have just arrived in Messina,they are greeted by the governor, Leonato, who says to Don John: “Letme bid you welcome, my lord, being reconciled to the Prince yourbrother. I owe you all duty” (1.1.127-8). Although Don John has justbeen subdued after leading an unsuccessful rebellion against his brotherPedro, Leonato nevertheless readily accepts him as a gentleman worthyof respect merely on the grounds of his princely status and outwardreconciliation with Pedro rather than upon any substantialdemonstration of trustworthiness. Thus, even though John has beenCLA Journal 5 (2017)

61The Problem of Patriarchyknown to “toil in frame of villainies” and proceeds to wreak havocthroughout the play, by feigning the appearance of honor andassociating himself with other men perceived to be honorable, he is ablefor much of the play to occupy a relatively respectable place within themale hierarchy of Messina (4.1.187).Another problematic aspect of male honor within Elizabethansociety that is showcased in Much Ado is its dependence upon femalechastity. Since, within the early modern patriarchal societal structure,the tracing of male lineage was of utmost importance to thepreservation of the male hierarchy, male honor became necessarily tiedto men’s ability to ensure the paternity of their children by also ensuringthe fidelity of their wives and daughters. To be cuckolded by a womanwas an enormous blow to a man’s dignity, and in Much Ado, theprevalence of cuckoldry jokes “points to a larger cultural picture inwhich men share a sense of vulnerability because they have only awoman’s word for the paternity of their children” (Cook 187). Thisvulnerability is suggested in the first scene of the play when Leonatowelcomes Don Pedro and his company into Messina. The brief exchangethat follows between the two characters and Benedict is revealing of the“intense male anxiety about female infidelity” that permeatedRenaissance culture (Greenblatt 1397):PEDRO. You embrace your charge too willingly. I thinkthis is your daughter?LEONATO. Her mother hath many times told me so.BENEDICT. Were you in doubt, sir, that you asked her?LEONATO. Signor Benedict, no, for then were you a child.(1.1.84-8)In this conversation, Leonato acknowledges that his only source ofconfirmation that he is Hero’s father is the word of her mother, but hethen jokes that he need not doubt the truth of her testimony sinceBenedict was not old enough when Hero was born to have posed aCLA Journal 5 (2017)

62Wilsonsexual threat. While this playful exchange occurs within the context ofgood-natured banter among male peers, it provides an early example ofthe male concern regarding female fidelity which becomes a centralfocus of the rest of the play. At the same time, the passage alsohighlights the play’s depiction of a societal perception of chastity as aspecifically feminine virtue. Since Leonato’s jesting so casually impliesthat Benedict is no longer incapable of causing men to becomecuckolded by their wives, it also suggests an attitude toward malepromiscuity that is starkly different from the attitude toward that offemales. Whereas unchaste behavior among women is viewed as anenormous threat by the male characters of the play, the same behavioramong men seems to be regarded with dismissal or perhaps evenacceptance. By representing this inconsistency in the social standardsfor men and women so early in the play, Shakespeare sets the stage forthe problems which these inconsistencies inevitably produce as thedrama unfolds.The societal standard of honor for men in Much Ado, with its tiesto masculine virtues, cultivation of male connections, and exertion ofpower over women’s purity, is strongly contrasted by the standard forwomen, which propounds silence, submission, and chastity. Within thestrict patriarchal structure of Renaissance society portrayed in the play,the character of Hero constitutes the ideal female who exemplifies eachof these qualities, her main function being “to meet or reflect others’expectations of what women are supposed to be” (Cook 191). Indeed,Hero serves as the embodiment of chastity and “maiden modesty”throughout the play, and in contrast to her cousin Beatrice, Hero issilent and submissive, even—and perhaps especially—when her fate isbeing decided by the men around her (4.1.177). When her father,Leonato, for example, indicates that she is to accept Don Pedro’s offer ofmarriage should he “solicit [her] in that kind” (2.1.57), and again laterwhen he offers her in marriage to Claudio instead, her silence serves asCLA Journal 5 (2017)

63The Problem of Patriarchya “golden and virtuous” signifier of submission that “clearly marks herout as the modest, dutiful daughter” (Sales 82). Hero consistentlycomplies with whatever is expected of her, even going so far as to agreeto help the men of the play trick Beatrice into believing Benedict is inlove with her—stating that she “will do any modest office to help[her] cousin to a good husband”—and thereby urge Beatrice towardacceptance of her assigned role as a female in a male-dominated society(2.1.331-2).Whereas the system of honor established by the patriarchal orderwithin which the play takes place offers men oppor

The Problems of Patriarchy in Much Ado About Nothing Christa Wilson English Faculty Advisor: Dr. Paige Reynolds I n his renowned comedy, Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare sheds a critical light on the many failings of the authoritarian patriarchal structure of