Factors Affecting Adoption Of Beekeeping And Associated .
Biodiversity International JournalResearch ArticleOpen AccessFactors affecting adoption of beekeeping andassociated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district,Assam state, IndiaAbstractVolume 2 Issue 3 - 2018Apiculture is a way of life and management of caring of bees in a scientific way.Beekeepers should not only think that the only product in beekeeping is honeywhereas products like pollen, propolis, wax, royal jelly and venom, the queen,the beehives and the apicultural materials are other products that constitute it. Toimprove the fabrication and productivity of beekeeping, it is important to adoptimproved beekeeping technologies. In this present study, separate open pre-structuredquestionnaire survey for both beekeepers and non-beekeepers were used. To assessthe socio demographic characteristics, types of hives, average production per hive,colonization rate, hive baiting, inspection, cleaning and protection, and constraintsfaced in beekeeping, location and form in which hive products are marketed, factorsaffecting adoption of the beekeeping, beekeeping equipment availability in differentsources, and major pests and predator. It was observed that majority of the beekeeperslacked of working with capital. So, they do not produce the best quality honey product,either they sell it directly or in comb form. Due to the attack of pest, predator anddiseases, and other internal and external constraints, the productivity of hives is notsignificant compared to their potential in the study region.Suraj Sharma, Dhanjit DasDepartment of Eco-Restoration, Dimoria College, IndiaCorrespondence: Suraj Sharma, Department of EcoRestoration, Dimoria College, Khetri, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam,India, Tel 91-8822236180, Email sun.sharma99@yahoo.comReceived: January 09, 2018 Published: May 18, 2018Keywords: apiculture, beekeepers, constrains, honey, technologies, questionnaireIntroductionIn almost all part of the country, beekeeping is a well-establishedhousehold activity. But, this sub sector has not satisfactorily benefitedmuch to the nation as well as to the beekeepers, traders, exporter andprocessors. Due to existence of many constrains, the honey sub sectorfabrication and productivity is very low and its contribution to countryeconomy is much lower than it’s prospective. Even if the interventionof the government to minimize the sub sector constrains is taken as agood practice, the beekeeper’s are not still producing the amount whatthey are supposed to produce, Gidey & Mekonen.1Technical advancement of modern technologies and its applicationin modern livestock production has satisfied the basic needs of therural people. But, the improvement of their living standards is stillchallenging, despite their technological advancement, Kugonza.2 Inthe past, sufficient attention was not received to consider beekeepingas important livestock agriculture, Matanmi.3 In many countries ithas been encouraged as a major rural development engine, (Bees forDevelopment, 2000). The practice of beekeeping not only has intrinsichealth benefits (nutritional value), but also requires few inputs andcapitalize on aready supply of pollen and nectar from the crop theypollinate.4In most cases, beekeeping has remained traditional and neverrewarding. Because of this, the yield of honey and other hive productshave been constantly the same over the past years. It did not exceed45kg per modern hive per year and not more than 7kg from traditionalhive per year. Due to very weak market (major constraint) of this subsector leads to low contribution to the country’s economy. As wellthe traditional beehives are not contented for sanitation and highlevel of production, Gidey & Mekonen.1 In less developed countries,Submit Manuscript http://medcraveonline.comBiodiversity Int J. 2018;2(3):253‒258.beekeeping is considered as an emerging agricultural practice for therural inhabitants mainly due to its economic benefits from its products,Kugonza.2The products obtained from the sub sector are still low as comparedto its potential, although thousands of tons of honey are producedevery year. To increase the yield and to improve the quality, the TigrayGovernment introduced modern beehives and Kenya top bar beehivesand accessories. However, most smallholders could not increase theirproduction because of relatively expensive equipment’s to buy.5 Thisresearch lay emphasis to identify and explore the internal, external,social, managerial and administrative affecting factors of adoptionand associated technologies in Kamrup district (Rural) of Assam,India.General objectiveThe general objective of the study is to assess the affecting factorsof beekeeping in Kamrup district (Rural).Specific objectivea. To identify the specific affecting factor that confronts beekeeper.b. To assess the perception of beekeeper towards their beekeeping inthe study area.c. To explore the impact of the identified affecting factors forbeekeeper.d. To give beekeeper awareness about ecological profile.e. To give important recommendation for the improvement ofbeekeeping performance.253 2018 Sharma et al. 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Copyright: 2018 Sharma et al.Factors affecting adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district, Assamstate, India254Strategic objectiveData collectionTo reduce the direct and indirect affecting factors of beekeepingand promote the improvement of beekeeping.Direct observation: The survey initiated on November 2016. In thearea of Kamrup (Rural) district, four villages (sites) were visitedas Deuduar village, Borka village, Pacharia village and Geruavillage, where the beekeeper used to practice beekeeping in theirsmall household. Some farmer at Deuduar village used to hunt thebee colony from the nearby hills which are covered by bee colony.Very less farmer in Kamrup (Rural) district make the profession ofbeekeeping. Most of the bee colonies were found along their ownmade hive in these villages. The size of the hive, area of the hive,plantation in nearby bee hive, affecting factors in hive, protectivemeasure, ecological profile were observed. Bee colonies are beststudied during winter season, because in the summer they migrate tothe other distance places.Materials and methodsStudy areaDeuduar is a mid-sized village located in the district of Kamrupin the state of Assam in India. It has a population of about 3,500persons living in around 300 households. It is situated almost 30kmaway Guwahati. The 31 national highways go through middle of thisvillage. Geographic location: 26 20’42’’N- 26 34’51’’ N latitude and91 43’35’’ E- 91 72’64’’ E longitude.Pacharia is a medium size village located in Hajo, Kamrup districtof Assam. It is located 11km towards East from district headquarterGoroimari, 11km from Sualkuchi, 15km from state capital Dispur. Theplace is the border of the Kamrup district and Kamrup metro district.Geographic location: 26 23’94’’N latitude and 91 62’36’’E longitude.Maniary village is located in Kamalpur Tehsil of Kamrup district.It is situated 15km away from sub district headquarter Kamalpurand 18km away from district headquarter Amingaon. Geographiclocation: 26 11’06’’N latitude and 91 83’36’’E longitude. Geruavillage is located in Hajo Tehsil of Kamrup district. It is situated 5kmaway from sub-district headquarter Hajo and 35km away from districtheadquarter Amingaon. Geographic location: 26 19’24’’N latitudeand 91 64’16’’E longitude (Figure 1).Indirect observation: During the survey interviews were conductedfollowing an open pre-structured questionnaire to obtain informationabout affecting factors of beekeeping, ecological condition, protectivemeasure, productivity, marketing of productivity etc.ResultsResults section provides an overview of the beekeeping practicesand the affecting factors of adoption of beekeeping and the respondentsin Kamrup (Rural) district based on the questionnaire survey resultsand data observed. The respondents sometimes include more than onedata. Thus, in this part sometimes data are not mutually exclusive.Table 1 & Table 2 provide the socio demographic characteristics,apiary characteristics and the socio-ecological, administrative andmanagerial affecting factors in beekeeping.Table1 Socio demographic characteristics of beekeeper in Kamrup (Rural)Variables (n 40)(%) of beekeeper location ary40605040Secondary60405060Gender of beekeeperAge groupEducation levelExperience in beekeepingFigure 1 Map of the study area.1-540203060Sample selection and sampling technique6-1040505040Randomly and purposively 60 farmer households from fourvillages viz, Deuduar, Borka, Pacharia, and Gerua in KamrupDistrict (Rural) were selected to respond to a (structured) standardquestionnaire. During sampling 10 adopter’s (active participant’s)and 10 non-adopter’s (never carried out beekeeping) households wereselected.11-152030200Sources of capital for al institution20201010Citation: Sharma S, Das D. Factors affecting adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district, Assam state, India. Biodiversity Int J.2018;2(3):253‒258. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2018.02.00069
Copyright: 2018 Sharma et al.Factors affecting adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district, Assamstate, IndiaTable 4 Hive baiting, inspection, cleaning and protectionTable 2 Socio demographic characteristics of beekeeper in KamrupSources of household incomeVariables(n 030Beekeeping20101010DeuduarGeruaTypes of 80100No101020-Bees wax70808090Cattle dung30202010Inspection frequency of colonized hiveProportion (%) of beekeeperPachariaManiaryTypes of hive bait usedTable 3 Types of hive, average production per hive and colonization rateManiaryProportion of beekeeper (%) in the studyareaAre bee hives usually baited?In the Kamrup (Rural) district, 100% of the beekeeper ownedLangstroth hive (Table 3). Due to low cost and high colonization rate,traditional hives were popular and productive, but Langstroth hiveswere the most productive due to their superior design in yielding goodquality honey and wax.Variables (n 40)255100Production per hive(Kg)Honey2-332.5-32-3Colonized hive100100100100In Kamrup (Rural) district, 90% of the beekeepers inspect thecolonized hives at least once or twice per week, ensuring the hivearrangements, position, and are intact, in case predators, pest orunfavourable weather have disturbed them. 5-10% of the beekeepersinspect the hive regular basis but it gives the bees stress. Beekeepersmostly checked the hive arrangement in inspection. They also checkedthe honey deposition, colonization of the hive and the presence of pest,predator and diseases. 80-100% of the beekeepers do the cleaning ofapiary once in a month and the rest of the farmers do the cleaning twotimes in a month. The beekeepers in the study area are experienced, sothey know how the security of the bees is ensured. To protect the hivefrom pest attack beekeepers place the hives at high level. They makethe protective measure at home. Cleaning of the beehive includesslashing, sweeping and cleaning inside the hives (Table 4).The main constraints in apiary are lack of equipment for improvedhives, hive tools and harvesting gears (Table 5). Most of the farmerspractice beekeeping through hiring the equipment from the fellowfarmers. Bad weather and pests causes the major damage in the studysites. Due to changing weather and reduced in flowering patternmakes the harvest less. Heavy rains destroyed the hives too.Daily10--101-2 times aweek90909080Once a month-101010What is checked at inspection?Hive arrangement60506060Honey deposition10101010Colonization10101010Disease and pestpresence20302020Apiary cleaning frequencyOnce a month901009080Twice a month10-1020How the security of the bees is ensured?Fencing the apiary30203010Putting the hives athigh level70807090Table 5 Constraints faced in beekeeping in the study areaVariables (n 40)Proportion of beekeeper (%)ManiaryDeuduarPachariaGeruaLack of equipment60605060Bad weather20202020Pests and diseases30303030Labour shortage10101010Inadequate skill andknowledge20302020Low price in market40403040In Kamrup (Rural) district, Honey is the major marketableproduct of beekeeping. Most beekeeper used to market the honey inCitation: Sharma S, Das D. Factors affecting adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district, Assam state, India. Biodiversity Int J.2018;2(3):253‒258. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2018.02.00069
Copyright: 2018 Sharma et al.Factors affecting adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district, Assamstate, Indiaa semi refined form, i.e. after comb pressing and followed by sievingresulting in removal of most of the wax and other impurities. Someof the beekeeper also markets it in comb form. They usually used tomarket the products at local shop and also at home as per ordered(Table 6). Sometimes they increased the rate as the demand increase.Several factors are found to be affecting the adoption of beekeepingas reported by both adopter’s and non-adopter’s. Most serious factorseffecting adoption of beekeeping are a) Bee phobia i.e. aggressivebehaviour of bees to sting, b) Lack of start-up capital, c) Inadequateskills, and d) Lack of safety equipment’s. Limiting factors for both thebeekeepers and prospective beekeepers is the inadequacy of skills andknowledge in bee farming (Table 7) (Table 8).From the survey of the four sites in Kamrup (Rural) district itis found that lake of equipment is the highest rated constraints inbeekeeping (Table 9). Wide range of accessories and equipment’swere enlisted including protective clothes, cage (queen catcher),containers, brush, smokers, etc. these can be either homemade orsometimes available in the local market. 80% of the beekeeper useshomemade beekeeping equipment (materials) made by themselves,38% equipment from the market and the 30% of the materialsprovided by the government. Based on beekeepers opinion, locallymade equipment’s (materials) are of poor quality and the beekeeper’srarely uses the protective clothes during extraction.256Table 6 Location and form in which hive products are marketedVariables (n 40)Proportion of beekeeper (%) in the studyareaManiaryDeuduarPachariaGeruaWhere hive products are sold?Locale shop70806080At home30204020What is done to honey harvested?Sell80808080Home consumption20202020Factors considered in setting sell priceCurrent price30403030Quantity harvested20201020Demand50406050Form in which the products are marketed?Semi refined honey907090100Comb honey103010-Table 7 Factors affecting adoption of the beekeeping (%)VariablesBeekeeper (n 10)Non-beekeeper(n 5)Study riaGeruaFear of the bees4040404030203020Lack of start of capital6070606070708070Inadequate skills2030202040403030Lack of safety equipment4040404030302040Provision of startup capital5050605070707060Training of 202020302020Factors affecting adoptionGovernment help neededProvide strengthen extensionserviceEnsure price control ofproductsTable 8 Factors affecting adoption of new beekeeping technologiesVariables (n 40)Respondents found in the study area (%)ManiaryDeuduarPachariaGeruaLevel of income70707070Information about the technology60556060Cost of technology65656060Technicalities involved30253530Return from the technology30203030Adoption by neighbor20152520Citation: Sharma S, Das D. Factors affecting adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district, Assam state, India. Biodiversity Int J.2018;2(3):253‒258. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2018.02.00069
Factors affecting adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district, Assamstate, IndiaTable 9 Beekeeping equipment availability in different sources (%)Equipment typeHomemadeMarketProvided bygovernmentHive65530Gloves-7030Protective clothes-7030Water sprayer7525-Queen catcher8515-Queen excluder100--Knife-100-Bee wax6040-Honey extractor9010-Honey container8515-Pests attack is the major problem for beekeeping in the studysites. Pests mainly affected the beehive are- termites, red ants andthe vermin (Table 10). Considerably, beekeeping is one of the leastlabour intensive farming activities. But during swarming, beehiveconstruction, honey extraction and colonisation, highest labour isneeded. Like the shortage labour, inadequate skill and knowledgeof beekeeper is also a major problem. So, the training is necessaryfor beekeeping. In the Kamrup (Rural) district all the beekeepers aretrained except one or two.Table 10 Percent of major pests and predatorMajor pests and predatorAttack percentRed ants25Termites20Vermin10Wax sionsBased on the questionnaire survey result and observation, thissection provides an overview of the beekeeping practices and factorsaffecting adoption of beekeeping in Kamrup (Rural) district. In thissection, the discussions are presented comparing the similar studies inthe other places. Similar studies were made towards the understandingof the internal, external, social, managerial and administrative affectingfactors of adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies. Someof the similar studies are: Mujuni, et al.6 Department of AgriculturalProduction, School of Agricultural Sciences, College of AgriculturalUniversity and Environmental sciences, Makerere University, Ugandahas done the study on the “Factors affecting the adoption of beekeepingand associated technologies in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda”.During their survey in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda the resultsrevealed that majority (95%) of the farmers were male. More than75% of the farmers were aged 30 years and above and the majorityhad attained formal education with 17.5% being tertiary educationCopyright: 2018 Sharma et al.257graduates. Most farmers (37.5%) in Bushenyi had less than 6 yearsof beekeeping experience while 15% had an experience of over 16years. In this present study it is seen that 100% of the beekeepers weremale, not even a single female adopted beekeeping. Approximately50 % of the beekeepers were aged 30 years and above and majorityhad attained formal secondary education (55%). Most of the farmers(40%) in Kamrup (R) had 6-10years of experience while 17.5 % hadan experience of 15 years and above. Constraints in both the researchare with close conformity, revealing phobia for bee stings, startingcapital and hive equipment, inadequate knowledge and skills.Similarly, Bunde & Kibet7 Chuka University, Department ofBusiness Administration and Moi University, dept. of Economics hasalso studied about the “Socio-economic factors influencing adoptionof modern beekeeping technologies in Baringo country, Kenya”.The purpose of this study was to determine factors that affect theadoption of modern Bee Keeping Technology in Baringo County.The study specifically investigated the levels of modern bee keepingtechnologies, challenges facing modern bee keeping farmers, thelevel of household income from bee keeping in comparison withother farm enterprises and socio-economic factors that influence theadoption of modern bee keeping technologies. The researcher adopteda combination of cluster, purposive and random sampling technique.The sample size was 294 bee keeping farmers. The questionnaireswere used for gathering primary data. The data gathered was analyzedusing descriptive statistics such as frequency, means and percentageswith the aid of SPSS (IBM Statistics19).Using the
Factors aectin adotion o beeeein and associated tecnooies in ar rra district ssa state, India 254 orit: 28 ara et a Citation: Sharma S, Das D. Factors affecting adoption of beekeeping and associated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district, Assam state, India.Biodiversity Int J. 2018;2(3):253‒258.
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The 4-H beekeeping project helps youth learn about raising honey bees. Beekeeping offers many exciting educational experiences, from learning about bees and honey plants to learning to raise bees to make and sell honey. The 4-H Beekeeping Leader’s Guide (4-H-576-W) has information about youth development stages, experiential learning, and other resources that might be useful. The learning .
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