Foundations Period: 10,000 BCE- 600 CE

Foundations Period:10,000 BCE- 600 CE

Foundations: 3 Major Themes Man vs. Nature– Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to measure/control?– Change from survival (physical needs) to internal peace (spiritualneeds) Civilizations– Patterns, developments– Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences? Sources of Change– Trade– Conquest– Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheel

Geography of China

Geography of India

Geography ofEgypt

Geography of Mesopotamia

Geography of Greece

Geography of Rome

Society TypesForagingPastoralSocialNomadicEgalitarian natureLeaders based on age, strength,courage, intelligenceNomadic – temporary homesSparse PopulationMen are herders/males dominatedPoliticalOrganized in small clans- 20-30Led by strongest maleOrganized huntsOrganized into large BandsSplit into blood/clans- rivalries developedHad military/warriorsReligiousBelief in afterlife. Buried dead with Worship gods of storm, wartools and weaponsIntellectualLimited languageSculptures, pictograms, cavepaintingsRespect for family, courageDomestication of animals – subject matterfor art, hides for clothing and shelterDaggers, spears, hammers, bowand arrow, fire, digging sticksFire is sacred, chariots were developedHunters and gatherersFew possessionsLittle surplus of goods except cattle – splitas size of clans grewLimited personal belongingsTechnologicalEconomic

2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE1. Hunting and gathering: Small bands of 20-30people. Gender equality because both contributedto survival2. Mostly Nomadic but some Permanentsettlements were established in areas withabundant food resources (grains, fish).3. Neanderthal Man: First fully modern humanbeings-physically and mentally. Belief in afterlife,buried dead4. Cro-Magnon man: Interested in fashion and art.Humans during this period found shelter in caves.Cave paintings were left behind.

Homo SapiensNeanderthals(( 200,000200,000 BCEBCE –– 30,00030,000 BCEBCE ))Paleolithic peoples lived insmall nomadic bands withfew class distinctions, andhad an interest in art andsimple spiritual beliefs.Cro-MagnonsCro-Magnons(( 40,00040,000 BCEBCE –– 10,00010,000 BCEBCE ))Homo SapienSapien(40,000-Present ))(40,000 BCEBCE-Present

8000-3000 BCE1. Food surplus lead to population boom2. Permanent settlements andcommunities develop. Idea of privateproperty3. Development on farming technology, art,architecture, language, job specialization,irrigation, etc.4. Development of cities: Catal Huyuk, Jericho.

s/SocialSocial ons:GovernmentGovernmentPublicPublic WorksWorksEconomicEconomic SystemsSystemsOrganizedOrganized religionreligionArtArt eeping

Mesopotamia: “The Cradle of Civilization”“Fertile Crescent” and lack of natural barriersallowed many groups to control this valuable area.

Sumerian City-States3000 B.C.E. Successful agriculture, irrigationsystems Writing, cuneiforms Use of wheel 12 month calendar Polytheistic Polytheistic: The Gods wereAnthropomorphic. City-State: Urban areas that controlled surrounding regions and looselyconnected with other city-states: Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Lagash, Babylon, Kish Developed organized projects: irrigation systems, palaces, ziggurats,defensive walls, temples

The Babylonian EmpiresHammurabi, the JudgeHammurabi, the Judge “King of the four quarters of theworld” Centralized bureaucratic government System of taxation First written code of lawsMathematicsBabylonian Achievements12 MonthCalendarBabylonianNumbers

The Hittites Learned toextract iron fromore and were thefirst to maketools andweapons of iron.The Phoenicians Best knownformanufacturingand trade “Carriers ofCivilization” Created firstalphabetThe Assyrians Centralizedbureaucraticgovernment. Built militaryroads to movetroops quickly. Founded firstlibraries.The Hebrews Belief in Judaism, firstmonotheistic faith Ten commandments

Traders, Invaders, and Empire Builders?The Sumerians The BabyloniansEmpire BuildersTradersAssyriansInvadersThe HittitesInvadersPhoeniciansHebrewsTradersEmpire Builders

Walk Like an Egyptian Rich soil, gentle annual flooding Led by Pharaoh – leader with totalpower water management, pyramids,astronomy, hieroglyphs,mummification, calendar, gold Polytheistic Women rulers, buy, sell property,inherit, will property, dissolvemarriages, still subservient to men Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles,merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves Conquered by (1100 BCE)

China: Shang on the HuangShang: 1700-1100 BCE Stable agri-surplus, trade-centered N. China, walled cities, strong army,chariots “The Middle Kingdom” World View Bronze, pottery, silk, decimalsystem, calendar Patriarchal, polytheistic, ancestorveneration, oracle bones Aristocrats and bureaucrats directed the work and life of the Shang. Warfare a constant feature. Most commoners worked as semi free serfs in agriculture. Otherswere artisans, craftsmen.

It’s Zhou Time! Replaced Shang around 1100BCE Ruled 900 years, kept customs,traditions Mandate of Heaven Feudal system, nobles gained,bureaucracies, war amongstfeudal kingdoms, collapse 256BCEEstablished early forms of feudalism in which the King gave largetracts of land to loyal leaders who became lords. These lords providedthe king with military forces in exchange for the land.

Indus Valley: 3300 – 1700 B.C.E.The Harappan Civilization Outside contact morelimited - moutains Kyber Pass connection tooutside Twin Cities of Harrappa,Mohenjo-Daro Master-planned, watersystem, strong centralgov’t, polytheistic, writtenlanguage Pottery, cotton, cloth Cities abandoned, reasonunknown Aryans arrive 1500 BCE

Aryans: The Vedic Age: 1500-500 B.C.E. From Caucasus Mtns.Black/Caspian Sea Nomads who settled Vedas, Upanashads basisfor Hinduism Caste system warriors, priests, peasants later re-ordered: Brahmins(priests), warriors,landowners-merchants,peasants, untouchables(out castes)BrahminsKshatriyasVaishyasShudrasPariahs [Harijan] ÆUntouchables

Civilization in the Americas Olmecs (Mexico), Mayans(Mexico/Guatemala), and Chavin Cult(Andes) developed similarly to RiverValley Civilizations: urbanization,polytheistic, irrigation, writing,calendar, monumental buildings, socialstructure, city-states. The point: Similar pattern ofdevelopment in different part of earth,no contact The difference: No major river. Had toadapt to rainforest and mountains.

Religions and Belief Systems

HinduismIndia3000 B.C.E.Spreadthroughout IndiaStationaryReligionBeliefs, Practices, Holy BooksSignificanceBrahman-supreme force: Gods aremanifestations of Brahman (Vishnu-preserver,Shiva-destroyer)Reincarnation. Dharma: rules and obligations.Karma: fate based on how dharma was met.Moshka: highest state of being, release of soulVedas and UpanishadsCaste System: Rigidsocial structure, borninto caste, mustperform certain job, orJati.Ganges is sacred river,performance of ritualsSpawned Buddhism

BuddhismIndia, Nepal563 B.C.E.SpreadthroughoutIndia, China,Japan, S.E.AsiaMissionaryReligionBeliefs, Practices, Holy BooksSignificanceFounded by Siddhartha GuatamaNo Supreme Being– Buddha “Enlightened one”Four Noble Truths – Life is suffering caused bydesire, follow Eight Fold PathNirvana, state of perfect peace and harmonypath may take several lifetimes: Reincarnation,Dharma, KarmaTheraveda: meditation, harmony, Buddha not agod (Lesser Vehicle)Mahayana: more complex, greater ritual, relianceon priests. Buddha a dietyNo Caste system,appealed to lowerclasses.Not attached to socialstructure, spread rapidlyto other cultures.Ashoka adoptedBuddhism.Force of cultural diffusionvia trade, Silk Road,missionary Religion

ConfucianismChina500 B.C.E.Spread toJapan,S.E. AsiaBeliefs, Practices, Holy BooksSignificanceFounded by Confucius (Kong Fu Tse)Political-social philosophy, not religionMoral, ethical, also practical – The AnalectsFive Right relationships right society: Parent toChild (Filial Piety), Ruler to Subject, Older toYounger, Husband to Wife, Friend to Friend.Education is valuable and everyone should be ableto get one. Become a gentleman.Put aside personal ambition for good of stateAs a ethical, social,political belief system itwas compatible withother religions, couldpractice Buddhism andConfucianismEmbraced by Han, Tang,Song, Ming Dynasties.Civil Service Exam

Daoism-TaoismBeliefs, Practices, Holy BooksChina500B.C.E.Founded by Lao-tzu, philosopherDao “The Way” (of nature/cosmos)Wu wei- non-doing, harmony with natureEternal principles, passive, yielding.Like water, yet strong, shaping.Yin-Yang – symbol of balance in natureSignificanceSelf-sufficient communitiesCounter to Confucian activismEmphasis on harmony w/ natureleads gains: astronomy, botany,chemistryCo-existed w/Confucianism,Buddhism, LegalismAdded to complexity of Chineseculture

LegalsimBeliefs, Practices, Holy BooksChina Founded by Han Feizi500 The Q’in Dynasty- Shi HuangdiB.C.E. Peace & order through centralized, tightly controlledstateMistrust of human nature; reliance on tough lawsPunish those who break laws, reward those whofollow2 most worthy jobs: farmer, soldierSignificanceAccomplished swiftreunification of China.Completion of projectslike the Great Wall.Caused widespreadresentment amongcommon people, led towider acceptance ofConfucianism-Daoism.

Contrast: Confucianism-Daoism-Legalism Confucianism-creating orderly societyactive relationships, active gov’tTo guide relationshipsPeople are fundamentally good Daoism– harmony with nature, internalpeace– Simple, passive life– Little gov’t interference– To guide individual in meditation Legalism-Social belief systems, not religionsIntended to create orderly societyLegalism-fundamental evilHarsh punishments

JudaismBeliefs, Practices, Holy BooksMiddleEast,CaananJerusalem3000B.C.E.Founded by Abraham, MosesHebrews were chosen by God, special statusPersonal relationship with God – a covenantAfterlife, tradition, doctrines, philosophy, personalsalvation.To honor, serve God, promote prophets – WailingWallA religion & culture - Torah10 Commandments, waiting for messiahSignificanceThe First MonotheisticBelief SystemLed to Christianity andIslamForced migration –Exodus, Diaspora,HolocaustLike Hinduism –Stationary faith

ChristianityBeliefs, Practices, Holy BooksMiddleEast,Jerusalem30 C.E.Spreadnorth andwestthroughoutEurope,AmericasFounded by Jesus of Nazareth - BibleSplinter group of Jews, quickly spread throughoutRoman Empire despite persecutionJesus, son of God, Messiah of Jewish prophecyDevotion to God, love of fellow man - monotheisticJesus sent to redeem man from sinSalvation by faith in divinity, death, and resurrectionof Jesus.Crucified by Roman gov’t 30 CESignificanceEmphasis on salvation,eternal life after deathappealed to lowerclasses, womenCombo of religion &empire huge impacton political, socialdevelopment of EuropeMissionary Religion

IslamBeliefs, Practices, Holy BooksMiddle East,Mecca,Medina,Jerusalem622 C.E.Spread NorthAfrica,S.E.Asia, U.S.Founded by Muhammad- Prophet – KoranFive Pillars of Faith:Allah is one true God, Prophet is MuhammadPray Five times a day facing MeccaAlmsgiving – give to the poorRamadan – FastingHajj – Pilgrimage to MeccaCan not eat pork, gamble, drink alcohol, smokeJihad – Struggle in God’s serviceSignificanceLed to Islamic EmpiresUmayyad Caliphate,Abbasids, Ottoman,Mughal

10,000 BCE- 600 CE. . The Babylonian Empires Babylonian AchievementsBabylonian Achievements 12 Month Calendar 12 Month Calendar . The Romans: 509 BCE-476 CE Describe the Geographical advantages of the Roman Empire. Roman