UNIT -I : Chemical Substances : Nature And Behaviour .

UNIT -I : Chemical Substances : Nature andBehaviourChapter - 1 : Chemical Reactions and EquationsFlowchartsisilverqqChapter - 2 : Acids, Bases and SaltsFlowcharts

2] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-XPhysical PropertiesOf Acids(i) Sour in taste(ii) Turns blue litmus red (iii) Give H ions inaqueous solution(iv) Aqueous solutionconducts electricityACIDSandBASESPhysical PropertiesOf Bases(i) Bitter in taste(ii) Turns red litmus blue–(iii) Give OH ions inaqueous solution(iv) Does not conductelectricityChemical PropertiesOf Bases(i) Alkali (Soluble bases)react with metals toliberate H2.(ii) Bases react withacidic oxides to formsalts.Chemical PropertiesOf Acids(i) React with metals toliberate hydrogen(ii) React with metalcarbonate to liberateCO2SALTSFormed when anacid and a base reactwith each otherTYPES OF SALTSCommon saltNaClNaOH HClPREPARATIONSNaCl H2OBleaching powderCaOCl2Ca(OH)2 Cl2Plaster of ParisCaSO4.½H2OCaSO4.2H2O373 KCaSO4.½H2O 1½H2OWashing sodaNa2CO3 .10H2OCaOCl2 H2ONa2CO3 10H2ONa2CO310H2OBaking SodaNaHCO3Na2CO3(aq) CO2(g) H2O(l)2NaHCO3(s)qq

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [3Chapter - 3 : Metals and al Properties(i) They are solids.(ii) They have high M.P. and B.P.(iii) They have high density.(iv) They are malleable and ductile.(v) They are good conductor of heat& electricity.Physical Properties(i) They are found in solid, liquid andgaseous form.(ii) They have low M.P. and B.P.(iii) They are not malleable and ductile.(iv) They are poor conductor of heat &electricity.Chemical Properties(i) Metal O2 Metal oxide(ii) Metal H2O Metal hydroxide(iii) Metal dil acid Salt H2(iv) Metal Cl2 Metal chloride(v) Metal H2 Metal hydrideChemical Properties(i) Non-metal O2 Non-metaloxide(ii) Non-metal steam H2(iii) Non-metal acid No reaction(iv) Non-metal Cl2 Non-metalchlorideqq

4] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-XChapter - 4 : Carbon and its compoundsFlowchartClassification of HydrocarbonsCyclic or closed chainhydrocarbonsAliphatic or open s havingSingle bonds)AlkanesUnsaturatedhydrocarbons(Hydrocarbons havingMultiple bonsAlkynesqqChapter - 5 : Periodic Classification of ElementsFlowchartsArranged withincreasing massGroup of threeelements havingsimilar properties.Dobereiner'sTriadLimitations ledtoMainFeaturesAtomic mass ofmiddle element isarithmetic meanof atomicmass of other twoClassification of elementsupto Ca out of 56elementsNewland'sOctaveMainFeaturesEvery eighthelement hasproperties similarto that of the firstArranged with increasing atomicnumber63Arranged withelements increasing atomic turesElements arrangedin vertical groupsand horizontalperiodsResearchled ts arrangedon the basis ofelectronicconfiguration into4 groups.qq

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [5UNIT -II : World of LivingChapter - 6 : Life ProcessesFlowchartsPATHWAY OF AIR ENTERING THROUGHRESPIRATORY SYSTEMNostrilNasal AlveoliBODY PARTS IN ALIMENTARY CANAL ANDTHEIR SECRETIONS FOR DIGESTIONMouth (Saliva)Salivary amylase or ptyalinPharynxOesophagusStomachHydrochloric acid, Gastric juice, Mucus, PepsinPancreasPancreatic juice (Pancreatic amylase), Bile juice (Liver)Small IntestineIntestinal JuiceLarge IntestineAnus

6] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-XVARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESSOF NUTRITIONIngestionTaking in of foodDigestionComplex food molecules are converted into simpler food moleculesAbsorptionThe simple soluble food is absorbed by blood through diffusionAssimilationCells absorbed food through blood for its growth and repair of the bodyEgestionUndigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown outIn cytoplasmGlucoseDIFFERENT WAYS IN WHICH GLUCOSE ISOXIDISED TO PROVIDE ENERGYAbsence of oxygen(In yeast)PyruvateLack of Oxygen(Muscle cells)Presence of oxygen(In mitochondria)Ethanol Carbon dioxide Energy(2 carbon molecules)Lactic acid Energy(3 carbon molecules)Carbon dioxide Water EnergyORGANS INVOLVED IN EXCRETION INHUMAN BEINGS AND FUNCTIONBowman's capsule and glomerulusFilter the blood passing through themTubular part of nephronReabsorb some substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of waterCollecting ductCollect urine from nephrons and joins the ureterUreterCollect urine from kidney and pass it on to urinary bladderUrinary bladder

Collecting ductCollect urine from nephrons and joins the ureterOswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [7UreterCollect urine from kidney and pass it on to urinary bladderUrinary bladderStore urine until the pressure of expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it outUrethraExcrete out urine from the bodyqqChapter - 7 : Control and Co-OrdinationFlowchartsHUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEMCentral Nervous System(CNS)BrainForebrainCerebrum1.2.3.4.Spinal CordMid brainOlfactory lobesOccipital lobeTemporal lobeFrontal lobeParietal lobePeripheral Nervous System(PNS)Cranial nerves(12 pairs)Spinal nerves(31 pairs)Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)SympatheticHind brainCerebellumPonsMedulla OblongataParasympathetic

8] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-XPLANT MOVEMENT IN RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL STIMULUSDirectional or Tropic MovementPhototropism(In response to light)Geotropism(In response to gravity)Hydrotropism(In response to water)Chemotropism(In response to chemicals)Shoots show positivephototropismRoots show positivegeotropismWater plantsGrowth of pollen tube towardsa chemical produced by ovuleGLANDSExocrine Glands(with ducts)Endocrine Glands(ductless)Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid1. Growth hormone2. Trophic hormoneProlactin renal PancreasParathyroid Thymosin 1. Adrenalinhormone2. Cortisol(PTH)GonadsTestesOvariesTestosterone 1. Oestrogen2. Progesterone1. Insulin2. GlucagonqqChapter - 8 : How Do Organisms Reproduce ?FlowchartTypes of ReproductionAsexual ReproductionSexual ReproductionExamples opagationBuddingExamples asmodiumRejuvenationExamples oforganismsMouldFernMossMushroomExamples oforganismsYeastHydraExamples oforganismsStarfishFlatwormExamples oforganismsBryophyllumRose plantFragmentationExamples oforganismsSpirogyraRegenerationExamples oforganismsPlanariaHydra

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [9BuddingyeastBisexual FlowerAsexualReproductionStructure of a nsect vuleDispersal ofSeedsNatural eed uctionin PlantsPollinationmouldsMature FlowerplantsLayeringConnectivejasmineTissue nationOvarySugar caneGrafting FruitFloral morchidsStamenExamples of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in PlantsTypes of Pollination1. Self pollination : pollenfrom the same flowerSelf Pollination :1Pollen istransferred to thestigma of sameflower or flowersborne to sameplant.2. Self pollination : pollenfrom same plant butdifferent flower23. Cross pollination :pollen from flowerof a different plant3Cross Pollination :Pollen istransferred toflowers of otherplants of the samespecies.OrganFunctionTestis with seminiferoustubulesCollecting ductsSperm productionTransport and storageTransport, maturation andejaculationEpididymisVas deferens(spermduct)Transport and ejaculationSeminal vesiclesurineSecrete thick liquid totransport spermProstate glandSecretes thin alkalinesolution to neutraliseurine and female systemCowper's glandSecretions may lubricate,flush out urine or form agelatinous plugUrethraPassage for urine andspermPenisCopulationMale Reproductive organs and their functions

10 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-XReproduction of Species To Avoid ExtinctionSexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction1. One Parent2. Fast3. No Genetic Variety-if one clone gets sick,all the clones get sick1. ProduceOffspring1. Two Parents2. Slow3. Genetic Variety2. Use DNA3. Grow andDevelopFEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLEAnterior pituitaryEstrogen andprogesteronelevels fallStart of another cycleReleasesFSHCausesLH and FSH secretionCausesStopsPrimary follicleReaches peakat the end of 28 day clockTo mature intoSecondary follicleTo matureintoGraafian follicleProducesEstrogenProducesCausesEstrogen sCorpus luteumCausesAnterior pituitaryTo releaseLHCausesOvulation(day 14)ProducesOvumqqChapter - 9 : Heredity and EvolutionFlowcharts/Round

/RoundOswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [ 11ExperimentQuestion : When peas with two different traits –round andwrinkled seeds–are crossed, will their progeny exhibit one ofthose traits, both of those traits, or a '' blended'' intermediate trait?StigmaAnthers1 To cross different varietiesof peas, remove theanthers from flowers toprevent self-fertilization.FlowerFlowerX2 .and dust the stigmawith pollen from adifferent plant.Cross3 The pollen fertilizes ovawithin the flower, whichdevelop into seeds.4MethodsP generationHomozygousround seedsHomozygouswrinkled seedsX5CrossF1 generationMendel crossedtwo homozygousvarieties of peas.6 All the F1 seedsXSelffertilizationResultsThe seeds growinto plantsF2 generationFraction ofprogeny seeds5474 round seeds3/4 round1850 wrinkled seeds1/4 wrinkledwere round.Mendel allowedplants grownfrom these seedsto self-fertilize.3/4 of F2 seeds wereround and 1/4 werewrinkled. a 3:1 ratio.Conclusion : The traits of the parent plants do not blend.Although F1 plants display the phenotype of one parent, both traitsare passed to F2 progeny in a 3:1 ratio.Pictorial Representation of Mendel's Monohybrid Cross

12 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-XHEREDITYgoverned byeldenMendel's LawddiestuStudieMdMonohybrid Cross Pea withRed and White flowerPhenotype(All red)gris ivesetoDihybrid CrossproducedproducedParental GenerationP1F1 GenerationGenotype(Hybrid)anPhenotype3 red : 1 whitegivris esedisetoanproduced byself polinatoinproducesaRecombinationsrY,Ryandlead toproducesVariation inspeciesMorphologicalevidenceresgivF2 l combinationRYrybyedmrfoF1 Generation(Dihybrids)ndAnatomicalevidenceRound YellowRRYYWrinkled Greenrr yydF2 GenerationGenotype1RR : 2Rr : 1rrresgivGenotype1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1:1:1Darwin's theory idenceqqUNIT -III : Natural PhenomenaChapter - 10 : Light-Reflection and RefractionFlowchartLIGHTTorches andHeadlightsrelated phenomenon can bestudied withSimplemicroscopeFlood lightsReflector forprojector lampsusesSolar devicesand furnacesShavingmirrorsand Dentists'mirrorAt infinityMirrorstypesConverging orconcaveLensestypesDiverging vex /convergingposition of objectBetween infinityand CAt CBetweenF and CAt FBetween poleand FTelescopeCameraspectrometerSpectacles

and furnacesConverging orconcaveShavingmirrorsand Dentists'mirrorConcave/DivergingDiverging orconvexCameraspectrometerConvex /convergingSpectaclesof objectOswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review,positionSCIENCE,Class-X At infinityAt CBetween infinityand CimageAt focusBetween poleand FimageimageBeyond CAt CBetweenF and CAt FBetweenF and Cimageimage[ 13imageAt infinityBehind themirrorPosition of objectBeyond 2F1At infinityimageAt 2F1imageBetween F1and 2F1At F1imageimageAt F2ConcavelensBetweenF2 and 2F2corrected byAt 2F2Between F1and OBeyond 2F2On the same side oflens as the objectAt infinityLens functioning inhuman beingsMyopiacorrected byConvexlensHypermetropiaProblemsHuman eyecorrected byBifocal lensPresbyopiaqqChapter - 11 : Human Eye and Colourful WorldFlowchartSTRUCTURE OF EYEFUNCTIONSORGANS1. CorneaIt provides the refraction for light rays entering the eye.2. IrisIt controls the size of the pupil.3. PupilIt controls the amount of light entering into the eyes.4. Ciliary musclesIt helps in regulating the size of pupil.5. Eye lensIt focus incoming light rays on the retina.6. RetinaIt helps in the formation of image on it.7. Aqueous HumourIt provides nutrition to the eye tissues.8. Vitreous HumousIt helps to keep retina in place by pressing it against the choroid.qq