Available Online Through Ijpbs (or) Www .
Available Online throughwww.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.comIJPBS Volume 3 Issue 1 JAN-MAR 2013 203-213Review ArticlePharmaceutical SciencesClitoria ternatea (APARAJITA): A REVIEW OF THE ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIDIABETICAND HEPATOPROTECTIVE POTENTIALSManju Lata Zingare1, *, Prasanna Lata Zingare1, Ashish Ku Dubey2, Md. Aslam Ansari31Department of Biotechnology, Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P.G. College, Rajnandgaon, C.G., 491441, India.2Department of Botany, Govt. Shaheed Bhagat Singh P.G. College, Jaora, Ratlam. M.P., 486001, India.3Department of Zoology, Govt. L.C.S. College, Ambagarh Chowki, Rajnandgaon, C.G., 491665, India.*Corresponding Author Email: mzingare@yahoo.co.inABSTRACTClitoria ternatea commonly known as Butterfly pea is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Fabaceae. Theplant is reported to be used in insect bites, skin diseases, asthma, burning sensation, ascites, inflammation,leucoderma, leprosy, hemicrania, amentia and pulmonary tuberculosis. It is commonly called “Shankpushpi” in theSanskrit language where it is reported to be a good “Medhya” (brain tonic). The major phytoconstituents found inClitoria ternatea are the pentacyclic triterpenoids such as taraxerol and taraxerone, ternatins, alkaloids,flavonoids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, resins and starch. Clitoria ternatea has been evaluated forits medicinal properties and shows promising effects as having antioxidant, antidiabetic and hepatoprotectiveactivities.KEY WORDSAntidiabetic, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Clitoria ternatea, Ethanol extract, Flavonoids, Methanol extract,Phenolic compounds.Page203INTRODUCTIONClitoria ternatea commonly known as Butterflypea belonging to the family Fabaceae and subfamily Papilionaceae is a perennial leguminoustwiner. Clitoria Linn. comprises 60 speciesdistributed mostly within the tropical belt with afew species found in temperate areas. Themostly frequently reported species is Clitoriaternatea. The plant is mainly used as a forage asit is highly palatable for live-stock and it is welladapted to various climates [12]. Native to theisland of Ternate in the Molluca archipelago, thisspecies is now widely grown as ornamental,fodder or medicinal plant [17]. The plantoriginated from tropical Asia and later wasdistributed widely in South and Central America,East and West Indies, China and India, where ithas become naturalized [4].Clitoria ternatea is commonly also called Clitoria,blue-pea, kordofan pea (Sudan), cunha (Brazil orpokindong (Philippines). This plant is known asAparajit (Hindi), Aparajita (Bengali), andKokkattan (Tamil) in Indian traditional medicine[43]. It has several synonyms in Ayurvedicscriptures like: Sanskrit names: Aparajita,Girikarnu, Asphota and Vishnukranta. Englishnames: Butter-fly pea, Mazerion and Wingedleaved Clitoria. Local names: Aparajita (Hin),Aparajita (Beng), Gorani (Guj), Gokarna (Mar)and Buzrula (Arabic).International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)Int J Pharm Bio SciManju Lata Zingare*et alwww.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com
Available Online throughwww.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.comThe juice of flowers is reported to be used ininsect bites and skin diseases [1]. The roots areuseful in asthma, burning sensation, ascites,inflammation, leucoderma, leprosy, hemicrania,amentia, pulmonary tuberculosis, ophthalmologyand reported as bitter, refrigerant, ophthalmic,laxative, diuretic, cathartic, aphrodisiac, tonic [36].Consequently they are used in the treatment of anumber of ailments including body-aches,infections, urinogenital disorders and asantihelmintic and antidote to animal stings.Seeds are cathartic and useful in visceralgia.They are considered safe for colic, dropsy andenlargement of abdominal viscera [32]. The root,stem and flower are recommended for theFig 1: A Clitoria ternatea twinerPage204HISTORYFrom ancient times “Shankhpushpi” is known asreputed drug of Ayurveda and reported as abrain tonic, nervine tonic and laxative. It isconsidered as a “Medhya- Rasayana” inAyurvedic texts. It comprises of entire herb withfollowing botanicals viz. Convolvulus nscoradecusata(Gentianaceae). It is an Ayurvedic drug used forits action on the CNS (Central Nervous System),especially for boosting memory and improvingintellect [52]. The flowers of the plant ClitoriaIJPBS Volume 3 Issue 1 JAN-MAR 2013 203-213treatment of snakebite and scorpion sting inIndia [26].PLANT DESCRIPTIONClitoria ternatea has twining fine stems, 0.5-3 mlong. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-7 elliptic tolanceolate leaflets, 3-5 cm long and shortlypubescent underneath (Fig. 1). Flowers aresolitary, deep blue to blue mauve; very shortpedicellate and 4-5 cm long (Fig. 2). Pods are flat,linear, beaked, 6-12 cm long, 0.7-1.2 mm wideand slightly pubescent with upto 10 seeds. Theseeds are olive, brown or black in colour, oftenmottled, 4.5-7 mm long and 3-4 mm wide [14].Fig 2: A Clitoria ternatea flowerternatea resemble a conch shell; therefore it iscommonly called “Shankpushpi” in the Sanskritlanguage where it is reported to be a good“Medhya” (brain tonic) drug and, therefore, usedin the treatment of “Masasika Roga” (mentalillness) [10]. Extracts of this plant have been usedas an ingredient in Medhya- Rasayana, arejuvenating recipe used for treatment ofneurological disorders [28].PHYTOCONSTITUENTSRoots, seeds and leaves are the reported plantpart used from ancient times. The majorphytoconstituents found in Clitoria ternatea areInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)Int J Pharm Bio SciManju Lata Zingare*et alwww.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com
Available Online throughwww.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.comPage205the pentacyclic triterpenoids such as taraxeroland taraxerone [5, 6]. Phytochemical screening ofthe roots shows the presence of rbohydrates, proteins, resins, starch, taraxeroland taraxerone [61]. A new simple, sensitive,selective and precise High Performance ThinLayer Chromatography method has beendeveloped for the determination of taraxerol inClitoria ternatea Linn. which was beingperformed on Thin Layer Chromatographyaluminium plates [28]. A wide range of secondarymetabolites including triterpenoids, flavonolglycosides, anthocyanins and steroids has beenisolated from Clitoria ternatea Linn. [35]. Fourkaempferol glycosides I II, III and IV were isolatedfrom the leaves of Clitoria ternatea Linn.Kaempferol-3- glucoside (I), kaempferol-3 rutinoside(II)andkaempferol-3neohesperidoside (III) were identified by UltraViolet, Protein Magnetic Resonance and MassSpectrometry. (IV), C33H40O19, mp: 198, wascharacterized as Kaempferol-3-orhamnosylglucoside from spectral data and was namedClitorin [33].The seeds contain nucleoprotein with its aminoacid sequence similar to insulin, ,pentosan, watersoluble mucilage, adenosine, ananthoxanthin glucoside, greenish yellow fixedoil,[21] a phenol glycoside, 3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rhamoglycoside, an alkaloid , ethyl Dgalactopyranoside, p-hydroxycinnamic acidpolypeptide, a highly basic protein-finotin, abitter acid resin, tannic acid, 6% ash and a toxicalkaloid [45]. According to Yoganarasimhan cosanol and anthocyanin glucoside. Italso contains anti-fungal proteins and has beenshown to be homologous to plant defensins [42].Another study demonstrated that minorIJPBS Volume 3 Issue 1 JAN-MAR 2013 203-213delphinidin glycosides, eight anthocyanins(ternatins C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and D3 andpreternatins A3 and C4 were isolated from theyoung Clitoria ternatea flowers [60]. Recent studyshowed that malonylated flavonol glycosideswere isolated from the petals of Clitoria ternateawith different petal colors [26]. It was alsoreported that five new anthocyanins, ternatinsA3, B3, B4, B2 and D2 were isolated from Clitoriaternatea flowers [60].ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF Clitoria ternateaAntioxidants act as radical scavengers, inhibitlipid peroxidation and other free radicalmediated processes, and therefore they protectthe human body from several diseases attributedto the reactions of radicals. Various phenolicantioxidants such as flavonoids, tannins,coumarins, xanthenes and, more recently,procyanidins have been shown to scavengeradicals in a dose-dependent manner andtherefore are viewed as promising therapeuticdrugs for free radical pathologies [49]. Phenoliccompounds are a large and diverse group ofphytochemicals, which includes many differentfamilies of aromatic secondary metabolites inplants [15]. They are known to exert variousphysiological effects in humans, such asinhibiting platelet aggregation [11], reducing therisk of coronary heart disease and cancer andpreventing oxidative damage of lipid and lowdensity lipoprotein [34, 53, 56]. Phenolic compoundshave strong in vitro and in vivo antioxidantactivities associated with their ability toscavenge free radicals, break radical chainreactions and chelate metals [54].Flavonoids and other classes of phenolicCompounds are important phytochemicals [20].Flavonoids are very effective antioxidants [65] thatconstitute a large group of naturally occurringplant phenolic compounds including flavones,International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)Int J Pharm Bio SciManju Lata Zingare*et alwww.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com
Available Online throughwww.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.comflavonols, isoflavones, flavonones and chalcones.Flavonoids contain a characteristic C6–C3–C6structure, with free hydroxyl groups attached toaromatic rings, and they inhibit lipid oxidation byscavenging free radicals or by other mechanismssuch as singlet oxygen quenching, metalchelation, and lipoxygenase inhibition [65]. Manyplant phenolics exhibiting antioxidant propertieshave been studied and proposed for protectionagainst oxidation [41, 62]. Natural antioxidantsoccur in all parts of the plant (wood, bark, stems,pods, leaves, fruit, roots, flowers, pollen, andseeds) [46]. Flower is an important part of plantwhich contains a great variety of naturalantioxidants, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids,anthocyanin and many other phenoliccompounds [24, 68].Page206Medicinal plants are considered as potentialsources of antioxidant compounds. There is anincreasing interest in the investigation ofnaturally occurring antioxidants from plants [39].One of the plants that deserve attention isClitoria ternatea. The ethanolic extract of Clitoriaternatea Linn. was evaluated for its in vitroantioxidant activities [43] by DPPH free radicalmethod. DPPH (Diphenyl picryl hydrazine) is afree radical at room temperature whichproduces violet colour in ethanol. It is reduced inthe presence of an antioxidant molecule, givingrise to uncoloured solution. Ascorbic acid wasused as the standard drug for the determinationof the antioxidant activity and the EC50 value ofascorbic acid was found to be 6.1 μg/ml. Anincreased EC50 value was observed (36.5μg/ml)for the plant extract when compared withstandard drug ascorbic acid (6.1μg/ml). Theextract exhibited potent antioxidant activity withan EC50 of 36.5μg/ml.The antioxidant properties of Clitoria ternateahas also being assayed by using the free radicalIJPBS Volume 3 Issue 1 JAN-MAR 2013 203-213scavengers Feric reducing power assay (FRAP),super oxide dismutase (SOD), Di phenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and total poly phenols [29]. Thestudy showed that methanolic extract showedgood antioxidant activity than hexane andchloroform extracts.The antioxidant activities of the ethanol extractof Clitoria ternatea on acetaminophen (APAP)induced toxicity in rats suggest that the ethanolextract of Clitoria ternatea can prevent renaldamage from APAP (Acetaminophen) inducednephrotoxicity in rats and it is likely to bemediated through active phytoconstituents andits antioxidant activities [50]. Acetaminophen(APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyreticdrug that is safely employed for a wide range oftreatments [66].Phytoconstituents like ,1,4,7-tetramethyl-,[1aR(1aa,7a,7aa,7ba)] [Synonyms: Varidiflorene],Pterocarpin, 9-dimethoxy-,(6aR-cis)[Synonyms: Homopterocarpin], Isoparvifuran,Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Myo-Inositol,Propane, 1,1-diethoxy- were identified fromethanol extract of Clitoria ternatea by using a gaschromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC MS). Theantioxidant studies revealed that the levels ofrenal SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT(catalase), GSH (reduced glutathione) and GPx(glutathione peroxidase) in the APAP treatedanimals increased significantly along with areduced MDA (malondialdehyde) content inethanol extract of Clitoria ternatea treatedgroups [50].The white flowered leaves had higher content ofall the enzymic antioxidants analyzed than theblue flower [22]. The enzymatic antioxidantactivity of Clitoria ternatea was analyzed byusing goat liver slices, in both blue flowered leafInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)Int J Pharm Bio SciManju Lata Zingare*et alwww.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com
Available Online throughwww.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.comand white flowered leaf of Clitoria ternatea andH2O2 was used as oxidant.The total phenolic compounds (TPC) and 1, 1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavengingactivity in the flowers and leaves of Clitoriaternatea has been analysed [47] and the presenceof antioxidant activity in both leaves and flowersshowed that Clitoria ternatea have the potentialto be an alternative source of naturalantioxidants. It is concluded that scavengingactivity expressed by Clitoria ternatea flower isaffected by the amount of total phenoliccompound.Page207Phytochemical analysis has revealed that thestem contains phytosterols, phenolic compound,flavonoids and carbohydrates [18]. Various in vitromodels were applied to evaluate anti oxidantproperty of these extracts. In vitro studiesincluded Free Radical Scavenging Capacity (RSC)on DPPH Radicals, Scavenging capacity forhydroxyl radicals, (by measuring the degradationof 2 - deoxyribose with OH radicals generated inFenton reaction), scavenging capacity for superoxide radicals (NBT reduction assay, Nitro blueTetrazolium assay) and Antioxidant using β Carotene linoleate model system (β-CLAMS). Thephytoconstituents responsible for antioxidantactivity were isolated by preparative TLCmethod. The methanolic extract showed themaximum free radical scavenging capacity ascompared to acetone extract.Comparative evaluation of in vitro antioxidantactivity of root of blue and white floweredvarieties of Clitoria ternatea [44] showed thatmethanol extracts of blue and white floweredvarieties of Clitoria ternatea showed a verypowerful antioxidant activity in DPPH radicalscavenging assay. Methanol extracts of Clitoriaternatea also showed significant reductive abilityIJPBS Volume 3 Issue 1 JAN-MAR 2013 203-213as well as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.Methanol extract of white flowered variety ofClitoria ternatea showed more significantantioxidant activity as compared to blueflowered variety of Clitoria ternatea.The phenolic compounds and antioxidantcapacities of free and bound phenolics from 12available Thai edible flowers which have longbeen consumed as vegetable and used asingredients in cooking, has been investigated [23],Clitoria ternatea was one of them. Majorphenolic acids identified in these analyses weregallic acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid, whilepredominant flavonoids were quercetin andrutin. The soluble as well as bound fractions ofedible flowers are rich sources of phenoliccompounds with antioxidant, DPPH radicalscavenging activity and reducing power. DPPHradical scavenging capacity of bound phenolicfraction was found to be 17.6% in Clitoriaternatea, this suggests that screening edibleflowers as potential sources of bioactivecomponents with high antioxidant propertiesmay be of interest to consumers and publichealth workers.A polyherbal formulation (Rheumatone) madeusing five medicinal plants namely Clitoriaternatea, Sida cordifolia, Cleodendron serratum,Bacopa monnieri, Cardiospermum Halicacabum,does not exhibit any side effects and it has theenzymatic antioxidant activity [55]. There was asignificant reduction in the levels of Super oxidedismutase (SOD), Catalase, Peroxidase andGlutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver andkidney of adjuvant induced arthritic rats andthere was an elevated level of Super oxidedismutase, Catalase, Peroxidase noted in theLiver and Kidney of rats that were treated withthe polyherbal formulation Rheumatonecompared with the toxic rats. There was aInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (e-ISSN: 2230-7605)Int J Pharm Bio SciManju Lata Zingare*et alwww.ijpbs.com or www.ijpbsonline.com
Available Online throughwww.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.comsigniciant increase of GPx in Liver and Kidney ofrats treated with Rheumatone compared withGroup II rats treated with Freund’s CompleteAdjuvant (FCA).Page208ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF Clitoria ternateaDiabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized bychronic hyperglycemia and disturbances ofcarbohydrate, fat and protein metabolismassociated with absolute or relative deficiency ininsulin secretion or insulin action [19]. Diabetesmellitus is also associated with an increased riskfor developing premature atherosclerosis due emia and hypertension.Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agentsoffer effective glycemic control; yet, theirshortcomings limit their usage [2]. The worldhealth organization has also recommended theevaluation of the effectiveness of plants inconditions where we lack safe modern drugs [64].Phytochemicals isolated from plant sources areused for the prevention and treatment of cancer,heart disease, diabetes mellitus and high bloodpressure [63]. Plants are reputed in the indigenoussystems of medicine for the treatment of variousdiseases [3], the available literature shows thatthere are more than 800 plant species showinghypoglycemic activity [30] and Clitoria ternatea isone of them.Chronic administration of plant extracts(100mg/kg) for 14 days reduces the bloodglucose level of the diabetes induced animals(Wistar Albino rats) as compared to diabeticcontrol group [13]. There was significant decreasein the blood glucose level in the 7th and 14thdays of the diabetes induction, showingantidiabetic effect. The effect was comparable tothat of standard antidiabetic drug Glibenclamide.Hyperglycemia was induced by intra peritonealinjection of freshly prepared aqueous solution ofIJPBS Volume 3 Issue 1 JAN-MAR 2013 203-213alloxan monohydrate. Extensive damage to theislets of langerhans and reduced dimensions ofislets were found in control animals. Restorationof normal cellular populatation and size of isletswith hyperplasia were seen in extract treatedgroups. The partial restoration of normal cellularpopulation and enlarged size of β-cells withhyperplasia were indicative of the antidiabeticpotential of the plant. Aqueous extracts ofClitoriaternateaplantshowedantihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin treatedrats and this effect is because of increase inglucose uptake and glycogen deposition inisolated rat hemi diaphragm.Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts exhibitantihyperglycaemic effect in rats with alloxaninduced diabetes mellitus [10]. The effect of orallyadministered aqueous extracts (400 mg/kg bodyweight) of Clitoria ternatea leaves and flowerson serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, andinsulin were examined in control and extracttreated diabetic rats. The aqueous extracts ofClitoria ternatea leaves and flowers significantlyreduced serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobinand the activities of gluconeogeni
Available Online through www.ijpbs.com (or) www.ijpbsonline.com IJPBS Volume 3 Issue 1 JAN-MAR 2013 203-213 R eview A rticle P harmaceutical S ciences e International Journa
Available Online through www.ijpbs.com IJPBS Volume 1 Issue 3 JULY-SEPT 2011 311-318 International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (eISSN: 2230-7605) S.S.Pawar * et al Int J Pharm Bio Sci www.ijpbs.com e 313 The transverse section of th
Stock priced 2 Not available online OTC Stock priced 5 (excludes ADRs) Not available online OTC Caveat Emptor Not available online OTC Pink Sheet - No Information Not available online OTC Grey Market (excludes ADRs) Not available online Mutual Funds Not available online
807 Katherine Golf Club YES ONLINE 808 Palmerston G & CC YES ONLINE 809 RAAF Darwin GC YES ONLINE 810 Tennant Creek GC YES ONLINE 811 RAAF Tindal GC YES ONLINE 812 Elliott GC YES ONLINE 20010 National Assoc Left-handed Golfers - NSW YES ONLINE 20011 The Sydney Veteran's Golfers Assoc. YES ONLINE
When asked if the online course(s) taken in 2010 was fully online, spring partially online, or both fully online and partially online, the majority of students who responded reported their course(s) online onlyas (77%). (See Table 2.) This was similar to fully online course enrollment by the general online population (76%).
Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2019 July; 10(3): (B) 181-185 Original research article This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net B-181 Anatomy International journal of pharma and b
Solubility affected by molecular size of particle. The solubility of the substance is decreased when molecules have higher molecular weight and higher molecular size because larger molecules are more difficult to surround with solvent molecules in order to solvate the substance. 4 Temperature: Solubility affected by temperature.
13. Singh A and Aggarwal G. Technology Transfer in Pharmaceutical Industry: A Discussion. IJPBS, 2009; 1-3. 14. Mahboudi Mand Ananthan BR. Effective factors in technology transfer in the Pharmaceutical Industries of Iran: A Case study. The IUP Journal of Knowledge Management, 2010; 1-2. 15. Biswajit D and Rao N. Transfer of Technology for
First course (on tables) Breads/rolls of many types (white, sour, rye, sesame, olive/caper, Italian season) Flavoured butters (honey, garlic, italian others .) Preserves (apple, pear, blackberry, salal) Two scalded milk cheese, one sweet, one savory Stout/Portwine cheese fondue Then: Soups/Stews - one beef/barley, one borshch and one bean pottage 2nd course Salmon Pie (head table gets .
