Grounding Techniques For Tactical Equipment . - U.S. Army
TC 6-02.6 (TC 11-6)Grounding Techniques for TacticalEquipment and SystemsNOVEMBER 2017DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION. Approved for public release; distributionis unlimited.Headquarters, Department of the Army
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*TC 6-02.6HeadquartersDepartment of the ArmyWashington, DC, 22 November 2017Training CircularNo. 6-02.6Grounding Techniques for Tactical Equipmentand SystemsContentsPagePREFACE . iiiINTRODUCTION . ivChapter 1TYPES OF GROUNDS . 1-1Basic Grounding Systems . 1-1Chapter 2GROUNDING SYSTEMS . 2-1Purpose of Grounding Systems . 2-1Earth Grounding System Key Components . 2-1Chapter 3SOIL CONDITIONS . 3-1Soil Types . 3-1Chapter 4TERRAIN AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS . 4-1Terrain Types . 4-1Soil Resistivity . 4-4Chapter 5HELPFUL HINTS . 5-1Grounding Tips . 5-1Reminders for Grounding . 5-4Appendix A GROUNDING CHECKLIST . A-1GLOSSARY . Glossary- 1REFERENCES .References- 1INDEX . Index- 1Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.* This publication supersedes TC 11-6, dated 3 March 1989.i
ContentsFiguresFigure 1-1. Earth ground . 1-2Figure 1-2. Equipment ground . 1-3Figure 1-3. Chassis ground . 1-4Figure 2-1. Ground rod with terminal screw . 2-2Figure 2-2. Ground rod clamp . 2-3Figure 2-3. Wrap method . 2-4Figure 2-4. Driven head sectional ground rod. 2-5Figure 2-5. Ground rod and driver . 2-6Figure 2-6. Soaking ground rod installation with water . 2-7Figure 2-7. Ground rod removal with vehicle jack. 2-8Figure 2-8. Grounding plate installation . 2-9Figure 2-9. Surface wire grounding kit . 2-10Figure 2-10. Surface wire grounding kit installation . 2-11Figure 3-1. Moisture content . 3-2Figure 3-2. Temperature . 3-3Figure 3-3. Chemical treatment. 3-4Figure 4-1. Sandy or dry soil . 4-1Figure 4-2. Rocky or hard compact soil . 4-2Figure 4-3. Wet or moist soil . 4-3Figure 4-4. Frozen soil . 4-4Figure 5-1. Multiple equipment grounding . 5-1Figure 5-2. Improvised ground rod items . 5-2Figure 5-3. Fall of potential resistance method . 5-4TablesTable 2-1. American Wire Gauge Conductor Size Chart . 2-13Table 3-1. Soil type and quality . 3-1Table 4-1. Soil type and resistance . 4-4Table A-1. Grounding checklist . A-1iiTC 6-02.622 November 2017
PrefaceTraining Circular (TC) 6-02.6 provides various grounding techniques for tactical communications equipment andsystems including the Surface Wire Grounding Kit. This TC is intended to supplement detailed grounding andsafety information found in doctrine publications and equipment technical manuals. Grounding is a basiccommunications procedure, each Soldier should know how and why to perform grounding procedures regardlessof the equipment they are operating.The principle audience for TC 6-02.6 is all Army professionals and contractors who plan, operate, maintain, anduse grounding devices for tactical equipment and systems. This publication provides grounding techniquesinformation and guidance to commanders, staffs, operators, and maintainers that execute oversite groundingprocedures for the Army. TC 6-02.6 provides a significant resource to Army trainers and educators.Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable Unites States,international, and in certain cases, host nation laws and regulations. Commanders at every level ensure theirSoldiers operate according to the laws of war and the rules of engagement. (See FM 27-10.)Additionally, Commanders and subordinate leaders ensure that all members of the Army Profession are expectedto live by, adhere to, and uphold the moral principles of the Army Ethic. The training objective is for trustedArmy professionals to accomplish their missions in the right way; ethically, effectively, and efficiently.Commanders and subordinate leaders, as moral exemplars and stewards of the Army profession, understand thattheir leadership facilitates the command climate, shared understanding, and mutual trust necessary to developcohesive teams of trusted Army professionals (ADRP 1).TC 6-02.6 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both theglossary and in the text; the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition.This publication is not the proponent for any Army terms. For other definitions shown in the text, the term isitalicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition.TC 6-02.6 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard, Army National Guard of the United States, andUnited States Army Reserves unless otherwise stated.The proponent of TC 6-02.6 is the United States Army Cyber Center of Excellence. The preparing agency is theCyber Center of Excellence Doctrine Branch and United States Army Cyber Center of Excellence. Sendcomments and recommendations on a Department of Army Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publicationsand Blank Forms) to Commander, United States Cyber Center of Excellence, ATTN: ATZH-DT (TC 6-02.6),506 Chamberlin Avenue, fort Gordon, GA 30905-5735; by e-mail to il.22 November 2017TC 6-02.6iii
IntroductionThis training circular is a guide to proper earth grounding methods and procedures foruse with tactical systems. It describes different earth grounding systems and providesguidance on the proper methods for their installation. Earth grounding helps to protectpersonnel and equipment from electrical faults and power surges. Earth grounding alsohelps reduce circuit noise and other transmission interference that can degradecommunications-electronics system performance (CECOM TR 98-6). The instructionscontained in this circular are designed to supplement information not often found intechnical manuals. It will help in setting up effective and safe earth grounding systemsfor tactical equipment, systems, and shelters. The procedures outlined in this trainingcircular can assist in solving grounding problems which may be encountered. Fordetailed grounding procedures, consult the specific manual on the tactical equipment orsystems being operated or installed. Failure to ground equipment or improper groundingcan lead to serious injury or death. The equipment is also subject to catastrophic failurefrom electricity surges. Improper grounding can lead to burned-out circuit cards orcomplete destruction of a piece of equipment or the entire system may become nonmission capable.TC 6-02.6 contains five chapters:Chapter 1 covers the three basic types of grounding systems. Earth ground, equipmentground, and chassis ground.Chapter 2 describes the many techniques used for grounding. Such as rods, plates, andwires contacting the earth. This chapter explains each system, recommends materialsand kits to use, and how to install the system you select.Chapter 3 explains the different types of soil conditions that a Soldier may find in atactical operation for the employment of equipment and systems that need to begrounded. The kinds of soil, its moisture content and temperature all affect how well theequipment of system will operate.Chapter 4 discusses the different types of terrain and how it can affect groundingprocedures selected.Chapter 5 provides helpful hints and additional information that will help the user ifgrounding procedures become a problem.Appendix A provides a general grounding checklist that can be utilized by commanders,staffs, leaders, and Soldiers for their equipment and systems that require an earth ground.ivTC 6-02.622 November 2017
Chapter 1Types of GroundsThis chapter covers the three basic grounding systems: earthground, equipment ground, and chassis ground.BASIC GROUNDING SYSTEMS1-1. All Soldiers need to keep basic grounding techniques and procedures in mindprior to employment of their communication and electronic equipment. Failure toperform basic grounding techniques could lead to equipment failure, network outages,and ultimately personnel injury or death.EARTH GROUND1-2. In order to protect communications and electronic equipment from built up orinduced electrical charges or lightning strikes, provide a metal path to earth ground.Charges that can build up or be induced onto equipment or are exposed to external highvoltages are sent harmlessly into the earth if all the fundamental pieces of an effectivegrounding system are used.1-3. An earth grounding system helps to keep the electrical potential on noncurrentcarrying metal surfaces at a similar level as that of the surrounding earth. Earthgrounding is only part of the overall ground system. The other is to ensure that allequipment and power supplies in the equipment, shelter or system are bonded with acommon equipment grounding conductor.1-4. Earth ground consists of three key components that work together (see figure 1-1on page 1-2). These components are the equipment grounding conductor (green wire),the connection point (ground lug or terminal), and the earth grounding electrode (groundrod). (CECOM TR 98-6).22 November 2017TC 6-02.61-1
Chapter 1Figure 1-1. Earth groundNote. That the top of the installed rod is below, the earth’s surface plane. Thisreduces dangerous voltages near the rod during a storm and helps to avoidtripping hazards.EQUIPMENT GROUND1-5. A good equipment ground is needed to connect all the components of the systemor equipment shelter to a common earth ground. This kind of ground connects the metalmounting frames, cases, dust covers and cable shields of the equipment to a commonground bus.1-6. Equipment ground protects the user from being shocked when touching theequipment, and it protects the equipment from being damaged.1-7. Equipment ground creates a low-impedance path to permit overcurrent protectiondevices to open as well as limits voltages between exposed conductive surfaces orground. In most cases the wire used that connects the equipment to the ground bus isgreen (see figure 1-2 on page 1-3).1-2TC 6-02.622 November 2017
Types of GroundsFigure 1-2. Equipment groundCHASSIS GROUND1-8. A chassis ground is used in all electrical (electronic) equipment, vehicles, andgenerators. For example inside the equipment enclosure of a satellite transportableterminal, there are some visible parts connected to the metal chassis (ground) (see figure1-3 on page 1-4).1-9. The purpose of chassis ground is to connect (bond) individual items to theequipment grounding conductor in alternating current systems or negative in DC currentsystems. This bonding holds all conductive parts at the same voltage to prevent shockhazards. Also it provides short-circuit path to clear circuit breakers in the event of aground fault.22 November 2017TC 6-02.61-3
Chapter 1Figure 1-3. Chassis ground1-10. A good example of a chassis ground is in the electrical system of your satellitetransportable trailer and its generator. One terminal of the battery, usually the negative,is connected directly to the chassis. Likewise all equipment in the rear equipmentenclosure is individually connected to a common ground bus which is tied to the chassisof the trailer. This is then tied to the roadside ground lug for which the surface wiregrounding kit is attached thus completing the grounding of all components of thesatellite transportable terminal.1-4TC 6-02.622 November 2017
Chapter 2Grounding SystemsThis chapter discusses the purpose of grounding systems and thevarious key components used with earth grounding.PURPOSE OF GROUNDING SYSTEMS2-1. An earth grounding system helps keep the electrical potential on noncurrentcarrying metal surfaces at a similar level as that of the surrounding earth. Earthgrounding also provides a preferred discharge path for externally generated electricalsurges due to power switching, faults, or lightning. This earth ground reference isestablished by firmly connecting a number 6 American wire gauge wire between theequipment (generator, communications electronics system, shelter) and running it to aburied metal electrode (ground rod, water pipe, plates) which is in contact with moistsubsoil or reaches into the underground water table. See the American wire gauge table2-1 on page 2-13 for more information.2-2. It is important to note that earth grounding is only a part of the total groundsystem. Equally important to the earth grounding system is the need to inter bond allequipment and power supply enclosures through the equipment grounding conductor(green wire), as well as the need to bond the power supply neutral circuit conductor toearth (known as system grounding). However, since the primary area of Soldierinvolvement is in the area of earth grounding shelters, generators, and equipment usingrods and straps, this will be the area of focus. For more information on the additionalrequirements associated with equipment grounding conductors and system grounding,see CECOM TR-98-6.DANGEREnsure equipment being grounded does not havepower applied. If the equipment has power and afault current occurs while working with thegrounding system, a hazardous condition mayexist.EARTH GROUNDING SYSTEM KEY COMPONENTS2-3. The earth grounding system consists of three key elements which when areproperly incorporated together make an effective grounding system. These elements arethe earth grounding conductor, the connection point, and the earth grounding electrode.22 November 2017TC 6-02.62-1
Chapter 2A lack of attention to any of the three elements can create a weak link which could leadto a failure.EARTH GROUNDING CONDUCTORS2-4. The purpose of the earth grounding conductor is to provide a low impedance pathbetween the equipment noncurrent-carrying metal parts (enclosure) and the earth. Theterm "low impedance" is used, which covers both resistance (which is independent ofsignal frequency) and reactance (resistance that changes with frequency). Theimportance of this can be best illustrated as follows: given a properly sized earthgrounding wire is provided which has a number of loops and sharp bends. Thisgrounding path may show a low resistance reading using an ohmmeter, and may indeedbe suitable for DC or 60 Hertz (low frequency) related events. However, the loops andsharp bends will substantially increase the path's impedance during higher frequencyevents such as lightning related transients (over 100,000 Hertz) and signal noise. Thisexample points out the reason why in some cases equipment grounding-related problemsoccur although a grounding wire is provided. Along with loops and sharp bends, otherfactors that affect path impedance include wire size, length, shape and surface area.CONNECTION POINT2-5. Connections in a grounding system are very important and often overlooked.Though grounding connections can look fine, they may fail if loose or corroded. Usuallythe equipment (generator, shelter) has a built-in terminal for connecting the ground strap.To connect the ground strap to the surface end of the ground rod, there may be a terminal(thumb) screw (see figure 2-1) or a ground clamp. If neither is present, install the groundrod using the wrap method.Figure 2-1. Ground rod with terminal screw2-2TC 6-02.622 November 2017
Grounding SystemsClamp or Screw Method2-6. Clamp or screw connections tightly to prevent loosening over time. Use a lockwasher where nuts or bolts are used. Do not over tighten the connection to the pointwhere the conductor strands are damaged. When using a clamp, always have the clampbody compress the grounding electrode conductor against the rod (see figure 2-2). Usingclamp screw to compress the electrode conductor against the ground rod results in a badconnection. CECOM TR 98-6.Figure 2-2. Ground rod clamp2-7. Ground clamps come in many different shapes and sizes, but they all have onepurpose, to hold the ground strap tightly against the ground rod. When attaching, ensurethat the bonding surfaces are free of paint, corrosion, grease, or dirt. Performing weeklyinspections of the ground clamp will ensure the connection points are not building upwith corrosion and also serve to identify any potential tripping hazards.2-8. Connecting dissimilar metals, especially copper and aluminum or copper andgalvanized parts can cause corrosion at the bonding point. If you cannot avoid mixingdifferent metal connections, then more frequent inspection or cleaning of the connectionpoints may be necessary.Wrap Method2-9. Use the wrap method for a temporary installation if a terminal screw or groundclamp is not available. Bind the ground strap to the rod by using strong, flexible barecopper wire. First scrape the rod and the strap with a knife so the metal shines. Place thestrap in parallel with the rod (figure 2-3 on page 2-4) and be sure the strap is connected22 November 2017TC 6-02.62-3
Chapter 2to the rod in an upward direction as shown. The strap should never be wrapped aroundthe rod. Wrap about 24 turns of the copper wire around the strap and rod. Only a copperor bronz
cohesive teams of trusted Army professionals (ADRP 1). TC 6-02.6 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and in the text; the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition. This publication is not t
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